Greenhouse-gas（GHG） emissions in China have aroused much interest,and not least in recent evidence of their reduction.Our intent is to place that regional pattern of CO₂ emissions and its change in context.A lengthy time perspective is combined with a cross-provincial approach and addressed through two general models,namely the industrial-energy interconnection model and the energy-CO₂ emissions interconnection model.The findings are salutary.First,they suggest that a diversified economic structure is the determined factor in not only the regional economic development but also the changing pattern of regional CO₂ emissions.For instance,the numbers of over-heavy CO₂ emissions at provincial level increased from none to two during the period between 1980 and 2000 as the local economic development dominated by industrial processes in the coastal zones gone rapidly. Secondly,they imply that the more diversified economic structure a region is,the slower increasing in energy use it has.The total energy consumption of East China between 1990 and 2000,for example,had 4% increase,when its ESD values rose from 10.5 to 23,or achieving 36% increase.Finally,together,the findings argued that the stiff structural change of energy use in China makes it very difficult for any region to reduce its CO₂ emissions.It implies that China could have a long way to go in the reduction of its CO₂ emissions if the country still resists in the traditional energy consumption pattern.

Because temperature is a key factor that controls the growth and distribution of vegetation,and there is no apriori reason to assume that ecosystems will respond similarly to changes in the minimum and the maximum temperatures,it is very important to explore the ecological consequences of global warming,especially the changes of the maximum and the minimum temperatures in different seasons,on terrestrial communities. Arid/semiarid biome transitional zones or ecotones are considered to be particularly sensitive areas to directional changes in climate.The desert/grassland biome transitional zone of Sevilleta in central New Mexico,U.S.provides an important region for testing species' different responses to global warming.Based on the data of climate and two dominant plants,Bouteloua eripoda and Bouteloua gracilis,which are collected from the Deep Well station in Sevilleta,this paper studies the effects of global warming on the vegetation at arid/semiarid biome transitional zone with methods of regression and correlation.The results show that the maximum and the minimum temperatures at this zone changed to different directions,that is,the increase of the maximum temperature in the summer and the fall went faster than the decrease of the minimum temperature in the winter and the spring during the study period from 1989 to 1998,which was different from the trend of climate changes that showed the minimum temperature in the winter increased faster than the maximum temperature in summer in other places(such as in North China).There were on significant changes for annual mean temperature. Responses of the two dominant plants(Bouteloua eripoda & Bouteloua gracilis)of this area to temperature changes were different due to their ecological characteristics.The cover of Bouteloua gracilis,the second dominant plant,decreased significantly,with stronger relationship to the minimum temperature of the winter and the spring than Bouteloua eripoda,the first dominant plant.The structure of biome has no significant changes.The author suggests that the structure and function of the transitional zone could be altered if the temperature changes further.So,the identification of key elements of temperature change is very important for understanding and predicting the impacts of global warming on ecosystem.

The adsorption isotherms,kinetics and thermodynamics parameters of phosphate on three sediments that are in different trophic levels respectively were studied in simulated condition,and the differences of phosphate adsorption on different sediments were also compared.The conclusions are as follows. （1） The Qmax,K,m,NAP and EPC₀ of phosphate adsorption on the sediments from the East Taihu and the Gonghu lakes were almost the same,and the Qmax,K,NAP and EPC₀ of the two sediments were lower than that from the Wuli Lake,but m was higher.That means the Qmax and K of the sediment from the heavily polluted Wuli Lake were higher than that from the slightly polluted East Taihu and Gonghu lakes.At the same time NAP and EPC₀ of the Wuli Lake were also higher,the risk of phosphorus release of the sediment from the lake was higher,and m was lower.So the polluted state of sediment has significant effect on its phosphate adsorption.For the sediments from the East Taihu and the Gonghu lakes,they maintained a phosphate adsorption-desorption equilibrium state between the sediments and the overlying water,and for the sediment from the Wuli Lake,it tended to release phosphate into the lake′s overlying water. （2） The phosphate adsorption rate of the lake sediment within 0.5 h was the highest,and was 10 times or 100 times higher than that sampled in other time intervals,so the majority of phosphate adsorption on sediment was completed within 0.5 h.The phosphate adsorption rate within 0.5 h of the sediments from the Gonghu Lake was almost the same as the sediment from the East Taihu Lake,and the rate of the two sediments was higher than that from the Wuli Lake.Phosphate adsorption on sediment mainly depends on its physical and chemical properties such as distribution of sediment grain size.In this study,the adsorption rate within 0.5 h had no strong positive correlation with its volume percentage of fine particles less than 63μm.This suggests that the phosphate adsorption on the sediments studied was not only affected by its volume percentage of the fine particles,but also by its other physical and chemical properties. （3） The adsorption isotherms of phosphate on the sediments from the Wuli,the Gonghu and the East Taihu lakes at 283 K,298 K and 308 K were studied.The results show that the adsorption process of phosphate on the sediments was the endothermic reaction as the phosphate adsorption rate increased along with the increase of temperature.ΔH⁰ of the sediments from the East Taihu,the Wuli and the Gonghu lakes were 7.84,15.49 and 8.59 kJ·mol^-1,and ΔG⁰ were 8.50,5.95 and 8.07 kJ·mol^-1,respectively.The effect of phosphate adsorption by temperature was lower for the sediment from the Wuli Lake,and higher for the sediments from the East Taihu and the Gonghu lakes in this study.

Some of previous studies showed that the drying-up of the lower Yellow River was resulted from decreasing precipitation and excessive industrial and agricultural consumption of water from the middle and lower Yellow River.The analysis for the long-term trend of precipitation is helpful for the rational use of water resources in the Yellow River basin. The Mann-Kendall statistictest is a rank-based,non-parametric approach and has been widely used to estimate the significance of long-term trends in the hydro-meteorological time series such as water quality,streamflow,temperature,and precipitation.The long-term trend of precipitation in the Yellow River basin was analyzed in this paper and the Mann-Kendall test was applied to annual and monthly precipitation time series.The linear regression was compared with the results obtained by using Mann-Kendall test.The results show that 65 of 77 stations exhibited downward trend for annual precipitation.April,July and October contributed the most of the decreasing trend of annual precipitation,and the spatial distribution of long-term trend for typical months is different.In all months except January,February,March and June,the values of trend are negative,exhibiting the decreasing tendency.In all seasons except summer,there is a similar increasing trend in the upstream of the Yellow River,south of the northern latitude 35 degrees.Except the regions in the upstream of the Weihe River and Hohhot the precipitation showed a decreasing trend in the Yellow River basin,especially in the downstream of the Yellow River.Comparing the results estimated by two methods,the Mann-Kendall test and linear regression test,the stations in winter(from December to next February),without trend tested by Mann-Kendall method,are much more than those tested by linear regression method,and the number of stations with trends tested by both methods is similar in other seasons.The magnitude of trend estimated by both methods is also similar in all months except July and December,and the absolute values of trend estimated by linear regression method are greater than those estimated by Mann-Kendall method.

For the past approximate millennium, the general changing trend in climate is warmer due to the snow fall in summer and winter and snow cover for the whole year in the Western Xia regime,the snow cover for the whole year in the Ming Dynasty,and snow cover without snow fall in the summer of the early Qing Dynasty according to the historic snow cover record of the Helanshan mountains.Also it is confirmed that the period from the Western Xia regime to the Yuan and Ming dynasties witnessed cold climate,and the characteristics of the snow cover reflected climate change agreed well with the characteristics of the climate change in western China.It is found that the time change process and the change regularity are of agreement,and the inference for the minimum limit of permanent snow cover of the cold stage in the 12^th century was given by comparing historic snow cover changes of Halanshan,Tianshan,Taibaishan and Diancangshan mountains. Helanshan recorded the climate change in a specific stage.In the warm stage of the Middle ages,Helanshan presented the characteristic cold and cool climate of the western China,and gave an evidence of the existence of the cold stage in the 12^th century by the snow cover and the other environmental record.It showed the characteristic of both cold and wet,and the decline of snow line.The Little Ice Age was also reflected in the record of the Helanshan mountains,i.e.,it was cold and dry with decreasing in snow line. According to the relationship between the number of the annual lowest temperature（≤0℃） days and the annual mean temperature of the Helanshan Observatory and taking into the consideration of the change in temperature in the specific stage,the inferences that annual mean temperature of the cold stage in Helenshan in the 12^th century was predicted to be 1.5²℃ lower than the present, and the lower limit of the permanent snow cover was estimated to be 3400 to 3500m;the annual mean temperature of the Little Ice Age in the 17^th century was 1¹.5℃ lower than that of the present and the lower limit of the permanent snow cover decreased to 3400 to 3500m were also given.

About 214 trees in 9 sampling sites, representing 5 endemic conifer species,were collected from the western Sichuan province and eastern Qinghai province,China.In this study,we try to investigate tree-ring sensitivity to climate change in order to reconstruct past climate from this region.All the 5 species present distinct ring boundaries with few ABS(absent rings) and are available for cross-dating.They all passed the test by program COFECHA.Statistics for all the 8 residual chronologies also exhibit significant inter-correlation between series and high values of mean sensitivity.These results indicate the usefulness of these chronologies for dendrochronological studies.Pearson correlation analyses were applied to provide a basic estimate of the causal relationships between tree-ring width and climate factors.We found some significant relationships between tree-ring width and temperature as well as precipitation.Regardless of tree species,chronologies in the study area presented accordant variations of which may reveal strong common climate signal.Thus these chronologies are shown to be dependable for building tree-ring network in the near future. However,there was limitation in this study,only monthly mean of temperature and precipitation were available.Also,for this typical subtropical mountain system,meteorological stations are usually located in valleys and biased to represent moisture conditions on the slopes.Thus the estimation of precipitation both in temporal and spatial domain was rather restricted.Further studies,such as wood anatomy,physiology and densitometry,are needed for better understanding the environmental and climatic history in this area.

In Qilian Mountains,Sabina przewalskii is one of the most important intolerant trees on south-facing mountain slopes.In this study,a plot of 50m×15m of the Qilian Juniper community in the central Qilian Mountains was used for stand structure and dendroecological sampling.Within the plot,all trees(>5.0cm DBH) were cored and diameter at breast height was measured.Besides,the amount of all trees and saplings was recorded respectively with their spatial distribution patterns being mapped.A total of 23 trees and 64 saplings were cored and recorded respectively in this plot. The community of Qilian Juniper was very sparse and its compositions could be simply divided into two layers,i.e.the arborous layer and the herbaceous layer.The arborous layer was entirely occupied by Qilian Juniper.The diameters of trees in the plot ranged from 9cm to 33cm,with 78.3% of all individuals falling into the diameter range between 10cm and 25cm.The age structure indicated that most of the trees in this region were less than 250 years old,and there were not any trees with an age of less than 60 years being found in this stand.It was notable that there were large numbers of saplings in the plot now.The radial growth rates of Qilian Juniper of this plot varied between 0.02mm per year and 1.84mm per year,with the mean radial growth rate being 0.62mm per year.Release events in radial growth,indicative of different disturbances,occurred once or more in most of the trees during the last 200 years,with the highest frequency of releases occurred in the 1970s.The result of correlation function analysis indicates that temperature is the main environmental factor influencing tree ring growth of Qilian Juniper in this region,and high temperature could accelerate the radial growth.Besides,precipitation in June and July of the growth season is significantly and positively correlated with the radial growth of Qilian Juniper.The tree-ring chronology displayed a persistent growth increase from the 1970s to now,suggesting a positive growth response to the global warming.Under recent climate warming,it can be concluded that the forest would have regrown rapidly in this region once the anthropic disturbances are well controlled.More extensive samplings and corresponding physiological research will greatly improve our knowledge of Qilian Juniper's growth and regeneration patterns in different environmental gradients.

The Funiu Mountain and Jigong Mountain naturalreserves are two famous forest reserves in Henan province.This paper compared the floras of these two natural reserves and calculated the comparability coefficients of the plants.The conclusion is as follows: the floras have certain comparability in the two regions,but they also differ to a certain extent.On the whole the transitionality in Funiu Mountain is stronger than Jigong Mountain,the flora of Funiu Mountain has a more tightness contact with Central China and North China,there are not only tropical and subtropical species but also many species of north temperate zone.Jigong Mountain is even more closely related to the north subtropical plant flora.The characteristics of these two regions are as follows:(1) the plant species and flora in Funiu Mountain are complex,dominated by tropical,subtropical and temperate zone components,while the plants in Jigong Mountain are mostly tropical and subtropical components, with temperate zone species in dominance to a certain extent.(2)Both regions are characterized by various geographical compositions,extensive flora contacts,association with east and west and transition between north and south.(3)There are many species proper to China.Funiu Mountain has close contact with floras of Central China,Southwest China and North China.Floras in Jigong Mountain are more closely related to Central China and East China.(4)Both are the unique species distributing centers of China in Henan Province,especially 80% of Henan unique species are concentrated in Funiu Mountain natural reserve.There are much more plant species in Funiu Mountain than in Jigong Mountain.This is propably related directly to their areas,the impacts of the human activities and the characteristics of transition.Furthermore,based on the comparative studies of the contact and characteristics of the floras in the two regions,we found that there are certain transitional characteristics in them,but the case of Funiu Mountain is clearer than that of Jigong Mountain.Since the two regions have an extremely higher comparability,it is suggested that these two regions should be put into one vegetation zone.However as there must be some differences between the northern slope and the southern slope of the Funiu Mountain,so whether there are close relations of vegetation between the two slopes of Funiu Mountain and Jigong Mountain need to be further studied.

In the area of Three Gorges,two slope types,namely the deep weathering slope and the colluvium-debris slope,are identified according to our field survey from Fengjie to Badong.Deposits on the deep weathering slope are mainly composed of eluvial materials,and the shallow layer landslide is probably one of the forms of deposit accumulation on the lower part of the slope.The colluvium-debris slope is characteristic of the occurrence of escarpment on the upper part of the slope.Deposits here can be treated as the assemblage of two end members,i.e.,the collapsed block mass and fine slopewash.The amount of the collapsed blocks decreases downslope,while the slopewash layer thickens gradually.The poor stability of deposits on these two types of slopes is revealed by the high rate of denudation and accumulation.The depositing rate can be roughly estimated by dividing total thickness by the deposition age.However,this approach is complicated by the lack of reliable dating of the slopewash.Since the thermoluminescence signals of the slopewash are not completely bleached when deposition,the measured ages can only be treated as the maximum ages in general.As a result,the activity period of the shallow layer landslide on the deep weathering slope is evaluated to be about 1.5ka,the corresponding deposition rate is about 33cm/ka.The main period of the collapse of escarpment is 40ka⁶0ka,and the deposition rate on the middle part of the colluvium-debris slope is approximately 4cm/ka.The distorted trees are often found on this type of slopes.The distortion is caused by deposit creeping,and the distortion extent is an indicator of the creeping rate.The considerable high creeping rate is the denudation rate on the middle part of the slope,as well as the rate of detritus supply to the lower part of the slope.This shows the denudation rate and the deposition rate vary greatly from one place to another place.Although the periodicity of earthy landslide based on the deposition rate cannot be directly derived from this study,we still believe the deposition process controls the occurrence of the earthy landslide to some extent.According to these findings,we assume that efforts of putting an earthy landslide under control should pay attention to the deposition rate in the areas of being prone to slide.These findings should also be taken into consideration when we attempt to prevent soil erosion.

Three typical study cases were analyzed based on rural socio-economic statistical data,land survey and remote sensing image interpretation and 136 household questionnaires since 1980.All the three study areas are situated in the interlock area of farming and pasturing along the Great Wall,including Yulin city of Shaanxi province,Jiuquan district of Gansu province in Hexi Corridor of arid Northwest China,and Deyang city in hilly areas of Sichuan Basin. The results showed that land use changes have characteristics of integrity and regionality,which are not only restricted by natural geo-bio-physical mechanisms but also affected by other factors such as society,economy,technology and history.Western China has a long history of land reclamation and varies in types of land cover patterns.Dramatic changes in land use of western China have taken place since the beginning of the 21st century due to unique physiographical characteristics,and some complicated social,economic and political factors.These factors are closely related with land resources utilization relative to agriculture,forestry,and animal husbandry as well as sustainable development relative to urbanization and land degradation.Among these,human factors constitute the main driving forces influencing the region's land use change,including population growth,urbanization,fixed assets investment,development of industry,mining and transportation,economic restructuring,development of science and technology,and policy management etc.

Comparative study of LUCC between Fujian and Taiwan could be a good case for study because of their geographical proximities and historical,cultural similarities.Fujian and Taiwan had gone through and were in different economic development phases.Taiwan is in the stage of post-industrialization and Fujian is in the middle stage of industrialization. By using the official statistics,changes of construction land in Fujian and Taiwan were analyzed.The results showed that these two provinces seemed to have the same characteristics of constructionland changes,i.e.,accelerating development,and concentrated distribution on both sides of the Taiwan Straits,forming a pattern with the economic layout of two sides acting in cooperation with each other.From the contrast of different industrialized areas in Fujian with Taiwan industrialized stages,it is clear that these two provinces seemed to have the same characteristics of synthesized index of construction land change(Lc),i.e.,from stabilization or comparative stabilization at the initial stages of industrialization to high expansion at the middle stages of industrialization,then followed by low expansion at later stages of industrialization,but the Lc of the initial and the later stages of industrialization in Taiwan was slightly higher than that in Fujian.Relevant indexes are compared with the result of the study and shown: The industrial structure change rate of Fujian is faster than that of the construction land in Taiwan,but the construction land efficiency of the area is also obviously lower than Taiwan in the middle and later stages of industrialization in Fujian.The major driving forces of the constructionland changes in both provinces were analyzed in Causal Models of Path Analysis,the result indicates that the difference in construction land change of the two provinces is closely related to their economic development stage and industrial structure.Countermeasure for the realization of sustainable utilization of construction land in Fujian put forward in this article is to strengthen intension and tap the latent power.

The extraction of drainage network,catchment properties information and the simulation of distributed hydrological process of catchment based on DEM have been a hot spot over the last ten years,the construction of digital drainage network model of catchment based on DEM and the extraction of drainage network of catchment are important premises of simulating catchment's distributed hydrological processes.The structure of digital drainage network model suitable for extracting catchment properties and simulating hydrological process of catchment is proposed.The methodology and algorithm suitable for the topography of complex catchment are designed to overcome the shortcomings in the efficiency,validity and effects of existing methods,such as classification of raster drainage,classification and amalgamation of depression area,valid fill-up of depression,classification of flat area,the method of out-flow cost of constructing direction and order of raster drainage in flat areas of river valley,which considers ambient terrain and astringency toward potential waterway.These methodologies and algorithms are applied and implemented in the software systems developed,and the systems are successfully used in constructing digital drainage network model and extracting catchment properties information including classified waterway,subbasins raster,the vector polygon borders and properties parameters of subbsins of Huangtuling catchment in Zhejiang province.The result of test shows the proposed methods in the paper can cope with and handle various catchments with complex terrain,the drainage network extracted matches well with the natural drainage network in Huangtuling catchment.The shortcoming of parallel,odd waterways and deformation waterways created in the existing methods can be effectively overcome and solved.The research result can provide a basis for the simulation of the distributed hydrological processes for catchment.

Water is scarce in North China and the contradiction between water supply and water demand is increasingly distinct.Industrial water use is only less than agriculture's and is listed in the second.The scale,manner and efficiency of water use of industrial enterprises directly influence the total water demand in North China.Based on the questionnaire surveys on industrial enterprises,this article analyzes many questions,such as the main factors which influence enterprises' benefits,the influences of water plan on water use of enterprises,the proportion of water fees to the total costs,the enterprises' views on the present and future water prices,the enterprises' wills on rise of water price,the enterprises' strategies to deal with rise of water price,enterprises' attitudes to water-saving and measures to watersaving,etc.It shows that water plan has an obvious role in restricting water use of enterprises,and that the rise of water price has also obvious effects on promoting enterprises to save more water.We choose two typical enterprises,whose water consumptions of ten thousand yuan production value are discriminated comparatively,and analyze their water use,and validate the influences of water plan and water price on enterprises' behavior of water use.

With the acceleration of the urbanization process in China,in the highly developed areas such as Yangtze River Delta; Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region;Pearl River Delta Region and the central and southern Liaoning province,the regional spatial organization of metropolises began to turn from a simple pattern with a single city to a complicated pattern with the central city as a core and developing mutally with many other cities and regions.The rudiment of Shanghai metropolitan region,Beijing metropolitan region,Guangzhou metropolitan region,and Shenyang metropolitan region have taken shape.At the same time,some regional metropolitan regions and local metropolitan regions have been formed around some big and medium-sized cities with relatively high economic development.The formation and development of the metropolitan regions with these cities as a core have played a more important and supporting role to the regional social and economic progess.The actualization of development strategy of a metropolitan region has become the common view by consulting the experience of developed countries.The correct induction of metropolitan regional construction and development has become a key issue in the new situation of urban development in China.However,there are still some misunderstandings in the theoretical research of our metropolitan regions,for example,the knowledge of some issues like the geographical nature,formation mechanism,spatial structure,models and scales of such regions is not very scientific,which has led to the blind expansion in the size and scale of the metropolitan regions in our planning and practice.As a result,the planning of internal transportation,land utilization and construction of urban infrastructure within the metropolitan regions lacked feasiblity and scientific support.This paper points out some long-standing mistaken ideas in the theoratical studies and planning practices of the metropolitan regions and analyzes the basic concept,geographic hypostasis,formation mechanism,geographic structure and spatial form,types and size of the metropolitan regions.The author attempts to offer a scientific theoretical guidance to the construction and development of Chinese metropolitan regions in the 21st century.

Suburbanization in Beijing region appeared in the early 1980s and has been accelerated since the 1990s because of rapid growth of both its socio-economy and its traffic.In an approach of combining microscopic analysis with macroscopic analysis,this paper examines spatial distribution,dynamisms and future trends of suburbanization in Beijing based on the questionnaires of random-selected residents in newly developed residential areas.The locational characteristics of the residential expansions are such as gradual extensions around the city core,arterial roads outwards,and the modern industrial parks.Most of the residential neighbourhoods are dormitory towns that have simple functions although they vary in types and sizes.Many factors collectively lead to residential areas expansions.For example,high land prices and the relatively scarcity of land,industrial development and distribution,development of the city road systems are primary forces of suburbanization in Beijing region.The eastern and southern suburbs that are around the No 5 loop and the No 6 loop within Beijing region are primary locational choices besides suburban towns such as Shunyi,Tongzhou,Yizhuang,and Liangxiang. Overdispered settlements resulted from suburbanization contribute to land waste and energy waste and environmental pollution,and unfavor public transportation construction and operation as well as other supporting facilities construction.So the following measures are proposed to manage and gradually control urban sprawl in Beijing region.First,relative policies and plans must be made and implemented to minimize over-decentralization of suburban residential neighbourhoods.Secondly,more mixed-use land must be practised in suburban settlements to add more functions there and sub-centers must be planned and built to serve suburban residents.Finally,the city's ecological environment must be protected and highlighted and the city greenbelts must be built to hold up the urban sprawl.

Population movement is a regular population phenomenon of population system development,and also the social and economic phenomenon in substance,which is bound to spark off the chain reaction of social and economic system.Since the last one hundred and more years,many scholars who were in the fields of demography,geography,economics,sociology and so on have studied the reason,regularity and mechanism of population movement.They brought forward many theoretical models with far-reaching influence,whose emphases were laid on different aspects of population movement.Unfortunately,the achievement in the research on floating population prediction was relatively less. The available data of floating population in Beijing is characterized by its small amount and discontinuity.In view of this situation,the author predicted the amount of floating population in Beijing during the National "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" with the aid of both Logistic model and isodimensionally fill-vacancies-in-the-proper-order grey theory.Firstly,by means of the curve fitting and prediction of Logistic model,we got the general tendency of floating population increase.Secondly,the different-dimensional population time-series were used to construct several isodimensionally fill-vacancies-in-the-proper-order grey system models,then the rationality and deficiencies of predicted results were tested and analyzed.Finally,taking into account of the analysis,three schemes of low,middle and high levels are formulated. On the one hand,the floating population has turned to be an organic part and been actively thrown themselves to Beijing's economic development.On the other hand,with sharp increase of the floating population,urban management faces up to a new test,such as the constant increase in the pressure of urban infrastructure and the frequent occurrence of social problems.Therefore,it is very necessary to predict the amount of floating population in future for various government departments such as urban management,urban planning or urban contruction,etc.But the limited data often impedes us from accurately forecasting the changing amount of the floating population.As the above practice demonstrates,with the help of fill-vacancies-in-the-proper-order grey system models,it is feasible to forecast the change of population which is characterized by small amount of data and limited interrelated information.

The research about urban social area and social spatial structure started in the mid 1980s in China.Since then most of the studies about urban social area have been focused upon the super-large central cities with comprehensive urban functions such as Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Xian.Few similar researches have been done in the other kind of cities.This paper chose Shaoguan City in Guangdong Province as a case study,which is characterized by large size,locating in mountain area,and taking mineral resources developing and processing industries as its dominant function.In the study,19 spatial statistical units based on the fifth national census were divided,data of 11 categories and 75 variables for each spatial unit were used,and the method of ecological factorial analysis was adopted.The main conclusions are: there are seven categories of social areas in Shaoguan City,including old urban area with high population density and comprehensive functions,high class residential area,mixed residential area in urban fringe,scattered residential area of agricultural population,moving-in residential area of middle income households,residential area of state-owned enterprises,residential area of old population,etc.The main features and spatial locations of the first five categories within these seven social areas are very similar to those in the super-large central cities with comprehensive urban functions,while the last two are different,which reflect the special feature of Shaoguan and its similar cities. Four main factors,including occupation structure and socio-economic status, scientific and cultural level,urban developing history and constructing order, and family feature,played the most important roles in the course of the formation and change of Shaoguan's urban social areas.Within which the scientific and cultural level,and the urban developing history and constructing order are very similar to those in the super-large central cities with comprehensive functions,while the other two are different,i.e.,the occupation structure played much more important role in the cities like Shaoguan than those like Beijing,Shanghai and Guangzhou;and some family and demographic features like age,sex proportion,proportion of migrants,were not playing as important roles in the super-large central cities with comprehensive functions as in a city like Shaoguan characterizing by large size,locating in mountain area,with mineral resources developing and processing industries as dominant function.

The developing level of the producer services in Hong Kong is higher than that of Guangzhou,however based on the questionnaires to the companies of producer services and manufacturing in Guangzhou and the Pearl River Delta,it is found out that the negative impact of the producer services of Hong Kong on the same industry of Guangzhou is limited so far.One reason is that the demand level for the services in the mainland is very different,depending on the capital origin or the scale of the company.This means that not all the companies in the Pearl River Delta would need the high level services from Hong Kong.And the other two reasons are the protecting policy for the services industry in the mainland and the capability of the producer services of Guangzhou in obtaining market share.According to the in-depth interviews with some managers,five factors acting on the impact from the producer services of Hong Kong are drawn,including the demand from the consumer,the distance between the suppliers and the consumers,the price of the service product,the policy of the services trade in the region where the consumers come from and the relationship among the companies.As to the negative impact after CEPA,since the market for producer services are far from saturation in domestic,the producer services organization of Hong Kong and Guangzhou are both advanced in China and the producer services of Guangzhou have possessed a somewhat wide market.Hence it concludes that CEPA will not bring too much negative impact to the development of producer services of Guangzhou in a period of time. Finally,according to the necessity and feasibility analysis,it points out that the development of producer services in the Pearl River Delta can form a harmonious pattern and Guangzhou and Hong Kong can be the regional service centers of different levels.

Spatial analysis has been an important field of study in tourism geography.When this field has been researched since the early 1970s in foreign countries,it didn't emerge as a significant field of tourism study until the late 1980s in China.At present,tourist spatial analyses in China encompass researches on tourist spatial behavior,spatial allocation of tourism region,spatial relationship of tourist supply and demand,spatial structure of tourist market,tourist spatial competition and cooperation,etc.However,studies on spatial organization of tourist activities based on nearest-neighbour analysis,the marginal utility of the tourist destinations and the model of "thermometrical users" have not emerged so far.This research paper aims at an indepth study of tourist spatial organization,based on nearest-neighbour analysis,the marginal utility of the tourist destinations and the model of "thermometrical users",together with related theories from Geography,Tourism,Economics,and Architecture.This paper applies nearest-neighbour analysis to analyze the spatial distribution of tourist resources in tourism region of Hulun Buir-Aershan.And it takes cluster A and B(Hailar and Aershan as center) as the objective of research project,which have a discernible density of point "collection",to analyze the logical relation of their characteristics of resource and the type of tourist activities.From the perspective of economics,the paper analyzes the implications and the mathematic modal of marginal utility theory of tourist destinations,and it is certainly possible to realize spatial organization of tourist activities between clusters A and B with the modal of marginal utility theory.According to the theory of the architectural diagrams of the section elevation form,the paper applies the model of "thermometrical users" to analyze the congruent degree between the site attribution and the tourist presences expressed by the target tourist segments,to organize the tourist activities effectively and exploit the various tourist products.Based on the study,the model of nearest-neighbour analysis,the marginal utility of the tourist destinations and the model of "thermometrical users" are not only the ideal methods of spatial analysis,but also a consultant basis for spatial organization of tourist activities in regional tourism.

Assessments on tourist satisfaction about tourism environment is very popular but difficult in the field of tourism environment management.Using the model of American Customer Satisfaction Index（ACSI） for reference,this paper establishes the model of Tourist Satisfaction Index（TSI） on beauty spots.TSI includes six sections: environmental perceptions,tourism expectations,tourism values,tourist satisfaction,tourist complains and tourist loyalty.Its aim is to measure the degree of tourist satisfaction,look for the relevant factors influencing tourist satisfaction,and manage the tourism environment more effectively.This paper applies the model to Huangshan Mountain and finds its TSI is 82.34.The score is high,but it does not match with Huangshan Mountain and many problems still exist in tourism environment.By TSI,from six sections influencing tourist satisfaction,tourism value is the main influencing factor(β₃₂=1.266),then the environmental quality(β₃₁=0.672);the influence of tourist expectations on tourism values and satisfaction index is relatively small(γ₂₁=-0.147,γ₃₁=-0.265 respectively);the relations between tourist satisfaction and loyalty is obvious(β₅₃=0.972),whether a tourist is satisfied or not directly influences whether he is loyal to destination or not.But the influence on tourist complain is small(β₄₃=-0.16),also,if the tourist is not satisfied,perhaps he will not complain.Analyses on factors influencing six sections,the social service environment perception is the main factor influencing environmental perceptions(λ₂₁=0.878),but natural environment is only 0.188;the influence of social service expectations on total tourism expectation is also intensive(λ₂=0.94);price perceptions are the very important factor influencing tourism values(λ₅₂=0.913).By this token,in Huangshan Mountain,the natural environment is very good,but reasonable ratio of price to quality must be given,social service environment should be improved,and the transparency of the result of travel complaint should be increased.Finally, the paper adopts multiple linear regression analysis and the model of factor-important deduction to validate.The same conclusions are made.

According to the theory of economic growth and economic growth accounting models(Barro,1999),we conduct a research on the general economic growth accounting for Shanghai,and in order to analyze the sustainable development problems such as green economic growth accounting,we make a study of the green GDP economic growth accounting models(Asheim,2000).Some important results concerning the calculation research on the economic growth of Shanghai are obtained.Firstly,before implementing reform and opening policy,the achievement of Shanghai's economic growth was mostly supported by the input of capital,human resources and labors.And wage policy ensured the input of human resources because of planned economy,but it failed to cause technological progress.After the reform and opening,the achievement of Shanghai's economic growth was benefited from the technological progress caused by some reasons such as institutional innovation and so on,but interfered by the revenue policy.Secondly,Shanghai's green NNP value is far lower than the GDP value,and the latter is at least 2 to 4 times of the former.The ratio between Shanghai's GDP value and green NNP value was maintained more than 3 times that in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.In recent years,the ratio reduced to a relatively rational level,being around 2 times between Shanghai's GDP value and green NNP value.This shows that people have awared to pay more attention to the environmental problems and resource wasting problems,and have taken actions to protect environment and reduce resource wasting.Thirdly,at present,we believe that,because of the accounting results of Shanghai's green NNP,green GDP should not be used as a unique index of measuring economic development,but it can be used as an index of measuring the effect on environment and the wasting of resource by economic development as well as a supplement for the GDP index.

The rise of information economy has restructured the competitive advantage of cities in many ways in which cities rise and fall in the global economy.Although the bubble of New(Digital) Economy has collapsed,Internet continues to be a driving force in many places.In these local economies,the leading infrastructure is not highways,ports,rail-ways,or airports,but fiber optic glass network connected around the world.With rapid advances in Internet technology,the spatial framework of telecommunication infrastructure has also been developed rapidly China during the last decade.However,little advances in academic research on Internet,especially the relationships between cities and Internet,are still neither achieving the attention it deserves,nor delivering the quality of empirical research it demands.This paper aims to fill the gap.Firstly,it presents a literature review of communication networks and urban system and recent efforts to measure their structure and performance.Secondly,this paper applies network analysis methods to evaluate Internet connectivity,focusing on the spatial structure and city accessibility of five major Internet backbones in China.The overall Internet infrastructure within China is illustrated in light of the calibration of basic graph-theoretic measures based on gross characteristics.The degree of connectivity of cities included in the networks is measured with the total accessibility matrix(T) and the Shimbel distance matrix(D).The results reveal the construction of new accessibility of cities follows the traditional urban hierarchy.The three national network access points(NAPs) Beijing,Shanghai,and Guangzhou and several regional hub cities are near the top of the accessibility hierarchy.In addition,geographical location of cities plays an important role in the decision-making of infrastructure constructions.Finally,several new themes for further research are highlighted.

This paper presents a study on the fractal urban form of Beijing.We use the city built-up area to define the urban form.It includes all the built-up area of houses,squares and roads,but the roads connecting central cities are not included,nor the water and vegetation.The data is obtained from the Landsat TM images of Beijing.Two TM scenes from 1984 and 1999 are used to cover the city and its adjacent areas.Based on the unsupervised classification using the IMAGINE ERDAS 8.6,the authors conducted an aborative correction on the map so that the classification is accurate enough. ESRI ARC GIS 9.0 is used to get the area data.The authors use the area-radius relationship method in this paper.In this view,the fractal dimension is a way to clarify the convergence and decentralization of urbanized area. The authors found that the city of Beijing bears clear fractal characteristics.The computation shows that there exist double scaling range.The first scaling range is good to reveal the fractal evolution of Beijing.The scaling range is 8km in 1984 while it is 14km in 1999.The extension of the scaling range shows that the fractal characteristic in 1999 is better than that in 1984.The dimension values also indicate the building density of Beijing.In 1984,the density remains almost unchanged in a region of 10 km distance from the center(Tian'an Men).In 1999,the building density increases from the center to a region with a radius of 16.5 km.Both of the building densities decrease outside the corresponding ranges of 1984 and 1999.The fractal model from the area-radius relationship method in this paper has important theoretical significance,which needs further studies. The fractal computation in this paper has important practical significance. The scaling range of a city is a special variable that carries individual characteristics.It is also a comparable variable among cities.Based on this,the authors identified a new city definition using the scaling range.The new definition can avoid the subjective and incomparable factors of the ordinary definition method.The scaling range also has important theoretical significance.

A survey was conducted among 997 city-and-towns selected from 127 counties or county-level cities in Henan province in 2004.Data collected include 4 attributes for each city-and-town,and 3 attributes for about 900 traffic lines and 12 attributes for 127 county-level units.The different attribute values of each city-and-town were converted into the unified index named city-and-town growth equivalent for the sake of simplicity.In the same way,the different length numbers of traffic lines and other indexes in a city-and-town were converted into the linkage intension index,and the development level of its matrix.And here,the other indexes includes passenger traffic,freight traffic,passenger-kilometers,freight ton-kilometers, business volume of telecommunications,number of local telephone subscribers at year-end,number of mobile telephones subscribers,capacity of long-distance call exchanges,number of subscribers of internet service.The paper separately discusses the centralized degree of city-and-town from the following three angles such as the growth of node,and the linkage of traffic network and traffic flows and volume of telecommunications and the level of regional development,and then classifies the study units in the spatial distribution by the corresponding scores.By employing GIS software,this paper divides the spatial structure based on the county unit data,and finds the following results:(1) the core region,including 13 county-level units such as Zhengzhou city,Gongyi city,Xinzheng city etc.;(2) the secondary core region,including 12 county-level units such as Dengfeng city,Zhongmou county,Xinxiang county etc.;(3) the latency core region,including 18 county-level units such as Kaifeng county,Qixian,county,Tongxu county etc.;and(4) the periphery region,including 14 county-level units mainly located to the south of Luoyang city,the south of Pingdingshan city and the north of Xinxiang city.Per capita GDP of the core and secondary core regions,is 2.04 times of the average value in Henan province,but population accounts for 12.22% of the provincial total population,and the GDP occupies 25.93%.In addition to the further development of city-and-town concentrated area in the Central Plains by means of perfecting the city-and-town systems,strengthening the linkages among cities and towns and improving their economic capacities synchronously,more attention should be paid to the improvement of the development level of less developed areas in the future.

Along with the socio-economic development,the various contacts between cities and regions are becoming more and more close and complicated.Although the research on regional characteristic and difference was dominant in geography thoroughly,traditional positive research on economic location and contacts was weak in quantitative methods,one of the main reasons was the shortage of statistic data.By use of the gravity model,we calculated the economic contacts intensity between cities in Henan province and intensity between this province and the other core metropolises all over the country,and with reference to the data of highway and railway passenger traffic,we found the strongly linear correlation between economic contacts intensity and passenger traffic.So we can use the percentage of economic contacts intensity of each city to total region to indicate the economic contacts direction and economic location quantitatively.The directions and intensities of urban economic contacts in Henan province show that the formation of Zhongyuan urban agglomeration including Zhengzhou,Kaifeng,Luoyang,Xinxiang,Jiaozuo,Xuchang,Pingdingshan,Luohe and Jiyuan has close internal economic linkages and passenger traffic contacts,and they also show that the contacts and cooperation between Zhongyuan and Jingjinji(Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei),Changjiang delta,Wuhan and Guanzhong urban agglomerations are beneficial to the economic development of Henan Province.

Human activities have been playing a more and more important role in the environmental changes,especially in the city area where the human activities are most frequent.China is right at high tide of urbanization;and people are putting more and more attention to the environmental problems.Theoretical research indicated that,there is an inverted 'U-shaped' model between the economic development and environmental quality,i.e.Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC).It means that economic growth helps to improve the environmental quality as the economic development reaches a certain level(the turning point).It has its rationality.From the efficiency of resources utilization and the improvement of the technique,economic development indeed helps to improve the environmental quality.So is there such a rule between urbanization and urban climate? How does urbanization influence urban climate?These directly connect the problem of strategic choice of urbanization in the western development. Through analyzing the influence mechanism of urbanization on the urban climate and the trend of the urban climate changes in about 50 years in Northwest China,this paper studies the influence of the urbanization on the urban climate in Northwest China.And then through setting up the relationship models,it further validates that there exists the Kuznets phenomenon between the urbanization and the urban climate to a certain extent. The study shows that the urbanization has had great influence on the urban climate.The results lead to three main conclusions: 1) This region in urban heat island effect,urban dry island effect,urban rain island effect and urban dark island effect exist in the urban climate;2) Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC) exists to a certain extent,but can't completely explain the relationship between the urbanization and the urban climate;and 3) the environment improvement in Northwest China is temporary and unstable.

The δ¹³C annual series in different azimuths of two Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk ex Otto et Dietr（for short CF-1 and CF-3,respectively） tree discs collected from west Tianmu Mountain,Zhejiang Province were determined based on cross-dated tree ring age.The analysis of variance shows that the δ¹³C values in Cryptomeria fortunei tree rings varied along with azimuths significantly.At the same time,we found the differences of the average δ¹³C values among azimuths were up to 0.56‰（for CF-3）¹.34‰（for CF-1） and the inter-annual variations in each azimuth were up to 0.9‰¹.63‰（for CF-1） and 0.6‰¹.1‰（for CF-3）.The δ¹³C variability in space was the same as to the inter-annual.This indicates the study on the azimuth variation of δ¹³C in tree rings has the same significance to that on the inter-annual variation.The statistical analysis proved that correlation coefficients are highly correlated,ranging from 0.4 to 0.87 for CF-1 and from 0.59 to 0.89 for CF-3 at significance level of α = 0.001 among different azimuths,respectively,as well as from 0.48 to 0.89 for the same azimuths between CF-1 and CF-3 tree discs at significance level of α = 0.001.This indicates that local environmental factors resulting in the δ¹³C values varying along with azimuths significantly were similar for the two tree rings.In our study,we mainly analyzed the causes that resulted in the differences in the δ¹³C values at the same azimuths for CF-1 and CF-3 as well as between the different azimuths for both CF-1 and CF-3.The differences of the solar radiation on different tilted surfaces and of the radiant condition（such as radiant intensity and efficient sunlight hours） at the different azimuths on crown of a tree were the most important factors leading to the δ¹³C variations along with azimuths.The site conditions where the trees stand including latitude,longitude and altitude as well as gradient and slope orientation can affect the variations of the sunlight,microenvironment temperature,humidity and soil nutrient along the different radials and thus affect the variations of δ¹³C values of tree rings along the azimuths.So the site conditions where the trees were collected are important factors leading to the azimuth variations of the δ¹³C values in tree rings.

The sand dust precipitation was collectied in Harbin city on Mar.20,2002.The paper deals with chemical composition of Harbin dustfall deposits.The result shows that the major elements of SiO₂and Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃,predominate the dustfall Harbin,occupied 77.8% altogether.The contents of the trace elements such as V,Rb,Nb and Ba evidently are higher than those in Lanzhou dustfall,and the elements of Ni,Cu,Pb,Zn,As and Sr are lower than Lanzhou dustfall.The enrichment factor of Ca,Na and Sr is below 1 being deficit elements,and that of Mg,K,Si,Fe,Mn,P,Ti,Co,Ni and V elements is around 1,derived mainly from lithosphere.Part of Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr and Se is derived from other pollution sources.The enrichment factor of As,Cd and Sb is above 10,derived from pollution sources.The elemental compositions of Lanzhou dustfalls are closer to Lanzhou Loess than Harbin dustfalls,judged from discriminant function（DF） and PI.The Si/Al and Si/（Al+Fe） ratios of Harbin dustfalls are greater than the Earth's surface soils of Northwest China,and chemical weathering degrees of Harbin dustfalls are obviously higher than Lanzhou Loess and Lanzhou dustfalls.Based on the analysis of the chemical composition,discriminant function,PI,cosmid ratio of surface soils and chemical weathering index,the results indicate that element compositions of Northwest Loess are similar to Lanzhou dustfall deposits,while they are obviously different from Harbin sanddust.The source areas of Harbin sanddust differ from Northwest Loess and Lanzhou sanddust,and the status of climate and biology and the degree of chemcial weathering are much better than sanddust sources in Northwest.

Pollen assemblage characteristics which have been used to reconstruct paleoenvironment are taken as an important agent based on modern climate conditions for plants growth.It is particularly so in the loess research.Nevertheless,there are still some problems in deducing paleoclimate by the pollen assemblage discovered in paleosols,which were supposed to have developed under relatively warm and wet climate conditions,thus containing more pollens of trees than of herbs,but it is reverse actually.The best way to probe into such a question period is to observe the process of pedogenesis which was presumed to happen in the interglacial period with the similar climate conditions of today.What happened on the soil surface today might be the same as that in the interglacial period.Therefore this research takes air pollen samples in Beijing under different weather conditions of duststorms and non-duststorms in spring to discuss the pollen assemblage characteristics.The results show that both samples derived from duststorms and non-duststorms contain pollens of trees and herbs,in the majority of trees,representing modern sedimentary environment.Samples of duststorms contain more herbs pollens than samples of non-duststorms,which is argued by the authors to be transported from the source and pathway of storms.Further on,based on the analyses of the amount of dustfall annually,this paper concludes that more pollens of herbs have been transported and deposited under duststorm weather conditions than pollens of trees under non-duststorm weather conditions,which possibly is partial reason for the presence of pollens assemblage in paleosols.Though limit to the samples number this paper's view needs more proof,a new thoughtway on pollen research of eolian sediments still has been put forward.

Water scarcity is one of the most challenging issues in natural resources at present and in future,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.In the Yellow River Basin,rapid growths of population,urbanization,and industrialization have caused ever-increasing competition for water.Any kind of changes in water resource caused by global climate change will have significant implications to such a water shortage basin.This study was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of global climate change on the mean natural annual runoff in the Yellow River Basin under different climatic scenarios of HadCM3 GCM based on the evaporation ratio function of the aridity index,which considers both climate and soil surface characteristics.Six sub-basins were divided based on the runoff producing properties.The mean precipitation and evaporation of 1961-1990 of each sub-basin were obtained based on 56 stations within and around the Yellow River Basin.The future changes in climate were the relative changes between baseline(1961-1990) and different periods(2006-2035,2036-2065,2066-2095) generated by GCM model.The delta change method was to get the climate change for each station.Simulations using HadCM3 A2 and B2 scenarios indicated that the changes in annual runoff varied from region to region within the range of-48.0% to more than 203%.In general,the potential changes in annual runoff decreased from east to west.For the Yellow River Basin,the mean annual runoff increased up to 5.0%,11.7%,and 8.1% for the A2 scenario,and the changes were 7.2%,-3.1%,and 2.6% for B2 scenario by the year of 2020,2050 and 2080,respectively.

The decline in sediment transferring function of the lower Yellow River has drawn attention from the scientific community,the government and the public.Hence,finding out the cause for it is an important and urgent issue in harnessing the Yellow River,both in theory and in engineering practice.An index of sediment transferring function(F_s),which is defined as the ratio of sediment output from a given river reach to the sediment input to this river reach,is applied in this study to reveal the temporal variation in sediment transferring function of the lower Yellow River.It is found that in the past 50 years,sediment transferring function index(F_s) of the lower Yellow River showed a decreasing trend.Due to the changing operation mode of the Sanmenxia Reservoir and the varying combinations of runoff and sediment load,the temporal variation of F_s can be divided into 6 stages.During the period from 1986 to 1997,due to the decrease in annual precipitation and increase in water diversion,the incoming flow of the lower Yellow River was significantly less than the average.As a result,channel shrinking occurred,and the index of sediment transferring function decreased to 0.62,the minimum in the hydro-metrical history.To elucidate the formative cause for the decrease in sediment for the sediment transferring function,the temporal variation in F_s has been compared with the temporal variations in a number of drainage basin factors,including drainage basin factors and river channel characteristics.The results show that the decreasing trend of F_s is basically synchronic with the decreasing trends in the area-averaged annual precipitation in the upper and middle drainage basin,the index of reservoir regulation（defined as the percentage of high-water season flow of the annual total） at Lanzhou and Sanmenxia stations,the bankfull cross sectional area of the typical braided reach and the water surface gradient of the Huanyuankou-Gaocun reach at a given discharge.The F_s index increased with the total area of all soil-water conservation measures,the quantity of water diversion and its proportion of the annual flow.Thus,it is demonstrated that the changing drainage basin factors and channel characteristics resulted in the decrease in the sediment transferring function of the lower Yellow River.

The Wudinghe River watershed is located in the transitional zone between the hilly and gully area of the Loess Plateau and the Mu Us desert,and is a principal contributor of sediment to the Yellow River.Both water erosion and wind erosion are responsible for the heavy sediment yield from the watershed.The contribution of wind erosion to the sediment yield of the watershed is estimated using water-sediment relationships based on water and sediment discharge records at hydrological stations in the watershed and a wind erosion climatic factor calculated from meteorological measurements recorded at meteorological stations in and around the watershed.The results reveal that the role of wind erosion in sediment yield was different in areas with different surface materials during the period from 1958 to 1970 when the water-sediment relationships in the watershed had not been noticeably interfered by practices of water and soil conservation.In the areas with loess hills and gullies water erosion was intensive,and a comparatively low proportion of sediment yield was related with wind erosion.The proportion of wind erosion derived sediment yield of a tributary draining the northern margin of the loess hills and gullies which is near the deserts and covered with sporadic patches of sands was also below 10%.In desert,sediment transport by water played a main role in sediment yield,and the sediment yield associated with wind erosion was only about 1/4 of the total for a tributary draining this area.The highest proportion,over 1/3,of sediment yield due to wind erosion occurred in the area where the river flows between sands and loess areas.The coexistence of both intensive wind erosion in the sands and strong water erosion in the loess areas results in the best collaboration of water and wind in eroding and transporting sediment.For the whole Wudinghe watershed,wind erosion increased by about 1/6 of the total sediment yield through transporting sand and dust from deserts to the river and through promoting water erosion.

The Changjiang estuary located in the coastal area of East China is the largest estuary of the country.The offshore area is the main place where sediments spread and pile up in the Changjiang estuary,and is also the remarkable area of land-ocean interaction.This paper takes the offshore area of the Changjiang estuary as a study area,utilizes the abundant in-situ data to study the characteristic of suspended sediment under the different water conditions and calculates the vertical diffusion coefficients. The difference of suspended sediment concentration is very remarkable in this area,the transient suspended sediment concentration is low,ranging from less than 0.1kg/m³ to over 8 kg/m³,the different runoff,tidal current,salinity and topography determine the complexity of the spatio-temporal distribution of the sediment concentration.The study result shows that the main features of the suspended sediment are in an asymmetric distribution which presents high concentration in the west and south and low in the east and north.This pattern of the suspended sediment concentration distribution proves that the suspended sediment spreading course is obviously influenced by the runoff and ocean dynamics,the topography of relative function and restriction in the study area. The difference in longitudinal distribution is very remarkable in the offshore area of the Changjiang estuary,the sediment concentration reduces gradually from the west to the east,and it is obviously higher in the spring tide than in the neap tide.Salinity is greater than the density of the silt-contained water,as the diluted water from the upper reaches float above the high-density salt water,and fine sediment deposits in the mouth of the salt wedging. Generally,the suspended sediment concentration increases gradually from surface to bed,because of asymmetric distribution and fluctuation of tidal current velocity,the vertical instantaneous velocity is always changing.So it is very difficult to divide various kinds of vertical distribution.The vertical diffusion coefficient is relatively huge in the west and middle water area,and is irregularly distributed in the vertical mixing,so the suspended sediment concentrations increase from the surface to the bottom equably in the area.Along with the strengthening of the degree of the vertical mixing,the suspended sediment concentrations also increase remarkably.As a result,two high suspended sediment concentration zones come into being in the south and the north of the offshore area of the Changjiang estuary.

Spatial and temporal variability of soil basic properties in typical areas of southern Jiangsu province is studied.The following conclusions are obtained.（1） Compared to the second soil survey of China（1980）,soil acidification is severe;soil average pH value of the upper layer declines from 7.20 to 6.42,pH value of 36.51% of the samples is less than 6.0,and that of 6.35% is even less than 5.0.Soil organism is in a declining trend,the average content of the upper soil organism declines from 31.4mg/kg to 28.3mg/kg,soil samples with an organism content less than 20g/kg increase from 0.56% to 11.11%.The available phosphorus shows an obvious increasing trend with average value increasing from 6.4mg/kg to 89.1mg/kg,soil samples with the available phosphorus content over than 20mg/kg increase from 0.74% to 56.66%,and coefficient of variation reaches a high value of 164.6%.CEC decreases from 19.3cmol/kg to 17.8cmol/kg.（2） In different function areas,the contents of organism and the clay（<0.01mm%） have no significant variations in all kinds of function areas,pH of else area（mainly vegetable field） is significantly lower than the others,the available phosphorus of else area is higher than the other function area with an extremely significant level,the content of NH₄-N of else area is higher than the others with a significant level,and gets an extremely significant level in areas related to chemical factories and aquiculture,CEC of the area of chemical factory is lower than the others with a significant level.（3） In different physiognomic areas,the contents of organism,available phosphorous and NH₄-N have no significant variations in all kinds of physiognomic areas,pH of soil upper layer is significant in all kinds of physiognomic area,and pH of lake area in the south is the smallest（5.51）,lower than the low area in the north and the plain area in the middle with an extremely significant level,the lower layer pH of lake area in the south is significantly lower than the other two,CEC of lake area in the south（22.2cmol/kg） is higher than the other two with a significant level,the content of soil clay <0.01mm（%） is significant in different physiognomy,that of lake area in the south is higher both in upper layer and under layer,and higher than low area in the north and the plain area in the middle with an extremely significant level.（4） In different profile layers,soil basic properties vary much,pH-value increases with the increase of depth,and the contents of organism,available phosphorus,NH₄-N and CEC decrease with the increase of depth.

With the booming of stockbreeding,the production of poultry manure has been increasing continually,which was 2750 million tons in 2002.The production of poultry manure in Sichuan Province was the highest,and then Henan Province and Shandong Province.The average load of cultivated land for poultry manure was 4.19 t/ha in China.The amount of TN,TP,BOD and COD released from poultry manure to water body were 870,345,6000 and 6740 thousand tons per year,respectively.Large amount of poultry manure has been one of the main pollutants to water,threatening the health of soil and atmosphere.Based on the result of clustering analysis,the environmental risks of poultry manure to Chinese cultivated land were divided into four grades: the pollution risk of Shanghai was the highest;the risk of Henan,Tianjin and Shandong was in the second grade;the risk of Beijing,Jiangsu,Hebei,Anhui and Hunan was in the third grade,and the pollution risk of the cultivated land of the other provinces was relatively low.For solving the pollution problem of poultry manure,management should be reinforced,farming-pasturing combined eco-type stock raising should be developed energetically,and economical and practical synthetic utilization technologies for dealing with poultry manure should be developed and popularized,so as to promote the transformation of paultry manure into resources for land use.

There are many reports about the characteristics of spatial distribution of chemical elements in different soils and the interactions between macrofaunas and litter or soil,especially,about the horizontal distribution.However,researches on the vertical distribution are limited.And there are few researches into the relationships among forest littermacrofaunas-soil.This paper tends to combine them into the whole and studies the nutritional elements through forest litter,macro faunas and soil.The study area is a shady slope on a low hill located in the Zuojia Natural Reserve(126°～126°2′E,44°03′～44°04′N) in Jilin province.The mean altitude is 300m.The region belongs to the temperate continental monsoon climate.The zonal soil is dark brown soil.The vegetation is mainly secondary mixed deciduous broadleaf forests with Quercus mongolica and Tilia mandshurica as the dominant species.Four sampling sites are located on the same slope surface but different habtats,such as the valley,foot hill,the middle section and the peak.Forests litter,macrofaunas and soil samples were sampled in each habitat,every 20 apart along the slope.The contents of nutritional elements N,P,K,Ca,Mg,and Fe of litter-macrofaunas-soil were measured in laboratory.The relation and difference of nutritional elements in litter-macrofaunas-soil and the vertical difference in nutritional elements of the same slope surface were studied.The result indicated that the vertical difference of six elements was not quite remarkable on the hill slope surface.The contents of N,P and Ca in macrofaunas were higher than those of litter and soil,but the contents of K,Mg and Fe in soil were more than those of macrofaunas and litter.The changes of N in litter,macrofaunas and soil are consentaneous,that is the content of N in the middle position of the slope surface was higher than in the valley and the peak.This is consistent with the surface soil organic matter.On the upper part of the slope,the contents of P and K were the maximum.The vertical variational trend of Mg and P was level,but the content of Ca fluctuated within a great range.The linear relation of the element content in litter-macrofaunas-soil was better.The variations of elements in litter and macrofaunas contributed to the variations of elements in soil to a greater extent.The variations of N,P,K,Ca and Fe in litter influenced more on the soil than on the macrofaunas.

Based on researches on soil animals in burned forest areas and contrast sample lands around Tahe County in Heilongjiang Province during different years,we analyze the category and quantity of soil animals in order to take them as a biological indicator to reflect the environmental conditions and the restoration after fire.In October,2003,we chose six burned forest areas in different years from 1987 within the study area and a sample land which wasn't destroyed by fire.Separating soil animals by the methods of picking up,Tullgren and Baerman,we obtained 4 phyla,7 classes and 22 orders in all.In addition,soil animals in burned forest areas differ obviously during different years. (1)The category and quantity of macro-soil faunas prove to be very few,especially Enchytraeidae,which takes up a lower proportion in macro-soil faunas the first one to three years after fire,however,some macro-soil faunas which have strong moving abilities,such as centipedes,spiders etc.,account for higher proportions.Furthermore,the number of Enchytraeidae gradually increases and tends to be stable after burning three to five years. (2)Of all the meso-and micro-soil animals,Protura only appears in burned forest areas after burning 16 years and the contrast sample lands,thus,we can conclude that Protura is a fauna which can indicate stable habitat. (3)After burning,the first species which are able to invade and restore are those macro-soil animals possessing strong moving abilities,and then the meso-and micro-soil animals,which are in the prosperous period six to seven years after fire,when the category and quantity begin to decrease and tend to be stable. (4)The intensity of fire influences the restoration of soil animals community to a certain extent,that is,soil animals restore at a higher speed in the areas which suffered from mild burning,after six to seven years,toth the category and the quantity can even surpass those in regions not affected by fire. (5)However,the speed of restoration is relatively low in the moderately and seriously affected areas,which may take longer than 16 years to restore to a normal level.

Changes in land-use may affect the potential of soils to act as a sink for CH₄.Samples of lessive,one of the most important soil types in the Sanjiang Plain（45°01′-48°28′N,130°13′-135°05′E,the largest fresh water wetland area in China）,were incubated to investigate the effect of land-use change on methane oxidation in lessive.Significant differences between CH₄ oxidation rates of all topsoils were found under different land-uses.The highest CH₄ oxidation rate was found in natural meadow（dominated by Calamagrostis angustifolia） topsoil,but man-made larch（Larix gmelini） woodland,dry land（wheat or soybean）,and paddy field soils reduced CH₄ uptake by 64%,98% and 117%,respectively,compared with meadow soil.After the natural meadow was reclaimed,the soil water content（percentage WHC） changed,and the soil organic material decreased.So,the diffusiveness of CH₄ and O₂ into the soil was reduced and the number and activity of methanotrophic bateria was inhibited.These may be the main reasons for the decrease of methane oxidation in lessives after land-use change.Atmospheric CH₄ oxidation activity under all four land uses showed a distinct vertical stratification within the soil profiles.Potential CH₄ oxidation rates apparently decreased with the depth in meadow soil and woodland soil, indicating a surface maximum for CH₄ oxidation capacity in these soils;the methane uptake rate of the buried organic layer in the dry land soil was 13 times higher than that of the plowed layer.The net productivity of methane was observed in samples of all layers of paddy soil incubated under air,indicating that they had no ability to oxidize atmospheric CH₄.Correlation analyses of methane oxidation in lessives and physico-chemical soil parameters yielded significant correlations for the concentrations of organic carbon（r= 0.78, p< 0.01）,available N（r= 0.71,p< 0.01） and total N（r= 0.69,p< 0.01）,but negative relationships between CH₄ uptake rates and pH（r= 0.69,p< 0.01） or water content（percentage WHC）（r= 0.60,p< 0.05） were observed.Linear regression analysis revealed that an individual chemical parameter,soil organic carbon,could be singled out as an indicator for methane oxidation capacity in lessives under certain temperature conditions.