In response to contemporary global environmental change and its impact on human society, and promoted by the development of other disciplines, physical geography has taken on a new look. Understanding the new situation of physical geography helps to grasp the academic front. Contemporary physical geography not only researches various elements of the natural environment, their interactions and composition, and their spatial process and regional differentiation, but also studies variety of processes and their various relationships with the passage of time, infers results at a certain temporal or spatial scale to other scales, and applies the research results to solve practical resources and environmental management issues. The new fields of international physical geography can be summed up as physical geographical system, physical geographical process, landscape and environmental change, human activity and environmental change, global physical geography and cultural physical geography. Modern physical geography in China grows from the traditional Chinese geography and is impacted by geographical disciplines of Europe-America and Russia. Generally speaking, physical geography in China has moved from empirical science into experimental science, from the macro structure research to the research of macro pattern combining micro process and mechanism, from the research of elements and process separation to integrated studies. It has achieved good progress in comprehensive study of physical geography, the natural process of surface studies, urban and regional development research, and basic research application-oriented to social reality. Physical geography in China has outstanding performance in meeting the national and social need, but the independent contribution and self-innovation inadequate in academic thinking, theory and methods. This situation is not proportionate with the unique physical geographical advantages of China, and not proportionate with the vast research team of physical geography in China. Every major breakthrough in the development course of science and technology began with innovations in new ideas, new theories, new methods and their applications. Lack of innovation awareness and systematic research of scientific ideas and methods has been not only severely restricting the innovation capability of physical geography in China, but also limiting the ability of solving practical problems. In the future, Chinese physical geography will have a trend towards more comprehensive and more global perspectives, as well as a deeper discovering of key processes and their dynamics and mechanism, more application of high-technology, and closer serving for regional sustainable development. One of the important tasks is to strengthen the research and innovation of scientific thinking, scientific methods and scientific tools.

This study shows that the national energy supply system could extend its spatial bordering as the increasing demands for the fuels, especially oil and gas, due to the uneven distribution of mineral resources of the whole world. According to the long-term practices of national industrialization in both the United States and China, the domestic resources dominated the energy supply in the early days, but the international resources come to play a more and more important role eventually as the national economy is mature. According to statistics, the ratio of net energy import in the United States was 0.3% in 1950 and quickly increased to 62.8% in 2005. That means when the structure of production and consumption diversified up to 0.1%, the international flow of fossil fuels for the United States had an increase of 0.9%. In the meantime, however, the change pattern of fossil fuels' flow in China between 1952 and 2005 witnessed that the country's energy supply, just about a half size of that in the United States, experienced a spatial expansion by 39% when its imported oil increased rapidly in the last 15 years. Such a change strongly implies only when the increase of energy consumption, labeled as the time course, is in harmony with the effective space expansion of supply, titled as the space course, can the national energy supply system develop eventually.

The coastal zone is the cross-zone between land environment and marine environment. Because of its rich resources, predominant natural conditions, good location and the unique land and sea commonness, coastal zone has become the most concentrated area of human activities. About 60% of the people in the world live in this relatively small area with high productivity and high-value dynamics. The usage structure of the coastal zone is directly related to the developmental ways of natural and human resource, which has two structural elements, one is the ecosystem of land and sea, and the other is system of human society. The coastal zone is the basis of human development on oceans. Based on Liaoning coastal zone's types, resources, environment and marine economic development, this paper mainly analyzes the characteristics of the usage structure of the coastal zone in Liaoning in accordance with the international classification of the usage structure of the coastal zones. At the same time, development and utilization of marine resources coastal zones and the reasons of marine economy regional differences are mainly analyzed by applying methods of quantitative analysis, such as variation coefficient, concentration index, Theil coefficient and so on.

Rural hollowing is one of the special patterns of rural areal system evolvement in the process of urban-rural transitional development. Recently, the evolvement trend of rural hollowing is quickened by the speedy regional urbanization and non-agricultural population growth, thus to research the lifecycle of rural hollowing evolvement, driving forces of rural hollowing development, rural space reconstructions and rural hollowing regulation thoroughly are the new historical tasks for geographical study in the new epoch. By the comparative study methods, this paper reviews and forecasts the study progress of rural hollowing, points out flaws in the existing studies and predicts the key points in future studies. Results indicate that the existing studies of "hollowed village" mainly focus on the conception, characteristics, space model, different stages and process of rural settlement hollowing, main driving forces, some problems resulted from village hollowing, and countermeasures to control the trend of hollowed village development. The influencing factors of rural hollowing evolvement include four aspects, namely, resource environment, economy and society, mechanism and institution, management and policy. Under the background of ensuring the warning line of cultivated land, guiding new countryside construction, reconstructing optimal rural space and regulating rural hollowing evolvement, the studies should be enhanced in the future on the formation mechanism, regional types and developmental ways; scenario simulation of new countryside construction and potential assessment of "hollowed village" under the condition of urban and rural harmonious development; technical system of "hollowed village" consolidation.

This paper is an empirical study of the urban expansion of Nanchong by applying the urban fractal theory. Based on multi-temporal Landsat TM remote imaginary data and Geographical Information System, this paper systematically discusses the spatial layouts and patterns of Nanchong city in selected periods since the 1980s through the 2000s via analyzing the response to urban fractal theory and examining the expansion feature in all directions from the city center. As methodology, we extract the geometric data from the remote images of years including 1988, 1993, 1999, 2002, and 2007, and overlap the extracted images by GIS as to conduct comparison over periods. On the one hand, as response to the urban fractal theoretical analysis, the city shows no significance in urban fractal features, but with two sections with evident difference in fractal dimension parameter. In accordance to the findings, we diagnose the distinct share of driving forces of urban expansion in relevant periods--that the natural growth force dominates in early stage of urban expansion, but the comprehensive growth force, combining natural growth and mechanical growth, dominates the period thereafter. On the other hand, Nanchong city has been growing in particular direction since the 1980s--both to the northeast and to the southwest, displaying the stability over time and indicating the potential growth corridor in the future. Based on those findings, a spatial model is established to formulate the expansion patterns.

The comprehensive treatment of spatial blind areas in urban crime is a fundamental effective way to solve the urban crime problem. Its research provides new ideas and methods for the anti-crime in urban planning, construction and management, opens a new research area for crime geography and urban geography. According to the existence shape and the difference of the influence to urban crime, the city crime spatial blind areas may be divided into 5 kinds, public, private, marginal, moving and virtual spatial blind area. In the foundation of the summary and commentary on the spatial research of overseas city crime, the paper constructs a theory platform for the study on the comprehensive treatment of spatial blind areas in urban crime, expounds and proves the non-interchangeability of the comprehensive treatment of spatial blind areas in urban crime, proposes basic theory main points and application theory main points for the comprehensive treatment. The formation of spatial blind areas in urban crime has a series of profound spatial position factors, the comprehensive treatment research should have the explicit research aim and directions, scientific technical route, method and key technologies. The paper's main conclusions are: First, the positive spatial anti-crime is able to put spatial blind areas under the effective government, and the urban crime problem can be under the effective control overall. Second, the theory of the spatial anti-crime is the theory premise and foundation for the comprehensive treatment of the spatial blind areas, and even the essential theory platform for the study on the comprehensive treatment. This theory contains 3 basic theory main points and 3 application theory main points. Third, the comprehensive treatment of spatial blind areas in urban crime is an effective way to create the defensible space for cities, which is guided by the theory of the spatial anti-crime. The study on the comprehensive treatment is an important scientific sphere with theoretical and practical significance, and its core research content is the public order way, implementation plan and measure for the comprehensive treatment of spatial blind areas in urban crime.

Dameisha and Xiaomeisha coastal resorts are adjacently located in eastern Shenzhen, Guangdong province. Through random sample questionnaire survey and deep interview, the paper finds there are differences in the tourists' behavior and attitude of two resorts. Firstly, Xiaomeisha is likely to attract tourists of higher level of education and income than Dameisha. Secondly, tourists from Dameisha and Xiaomeisha are both expressing high satisfaction with the overall beach environment and facilities. Thirdly, the influences of tourists' demographic characteristics on beach environment and facilities perception are not as distinctive as explored in western case studies. Fourthly, tourists from Xiaomeisha take more consideration on sea water cleanness, beach environment, rescue facility and comprehensive tourist service, while tourists from Dameisha are more sensitive to the price of resort entrance ticket. Finally, tourists from Xiaomeisha are more supportive of charging tickets on Dameisha in order to prevent it from overcrowdness, while its counterparts of Dameisha are more negative. The city government should deeply understand and try to coordinate these differentiated kinds of beach leisure demands. Public goods as free beach parks should be provided by the government to the public. On the other hand, some themed and commercialized beach leisure spaces of higher quality should also be properly planned by governments and established by private sectors to upgrade the beach development.

The hierarchical and spatial structures of recreation sites in Suzhou city are studied during the socioeconomic transformation in China using fractal theory and methods. The system of recreation sites are divided into three recreation subsystems in the ancient city, new city and outer city areas, which are the three levels of urban regional structure based on the 2008 general planning of Suzhou city. Then, using the Zipf fractal dimension, spatial correlation dimension and traffic length-radius dimension as indexes, the hierarchical, spatial and traffic structures of the recreation sites are studied separately. It is found that both the recreation site system and transportation system of Suzhou city have good fractal characteristics. The fractal index depicts recreation system structure well and can be used for its optimization. Both the hierarchical and spatial structures of Suzhou city exhibit a gradient tendency from a loose core to a compact extended structure. Meanwhile the decentralization phenomenon of self-organization ability is distinct. Accordingly, the tracking analysis of structure evolvement of recreation site system and its optimization, as well as the strengthening guidance and improvement of its self-organization ability, are necessary for the harmonious urban planning and development. In addition, combining the previous research conclusions about the fractal in tourism, the result reveals and verifies the significant differences between fractal structure and self-organization evolvement in both recreation site system and tourism attraction system.

In this paper, we estimate the nationwide soil organic carbon stock in China during the three time periods of 1988-2000, 2000-2012 and 2012-2020 with CENTURY model and analyze soil organic carbon stock changes of cropland in the nine agro-ecological zones, with the support of DLS which provides future land use pattern data. In order to estimate the dynamics of soil organic carbon stock, the CENTURY model, in which a soil organic matter decomposition sub-model, a water budget sub-model, a grassland/crop sub-model, a forest production sub-model, and a couple of management and events scheduling functions are encapsulated, was customized and used in this study. In the customized CENTURY model, the flow of carbon was simulated. In addition, the pixel specific area changes of cropland for the period between 2010 and 2012 and the period between 2010 and 2020 were predicted by using the DLS model. DLS model consists of three sub-modules, the sub-module for simulating the dynamics of land systems at a regional extent, the sub-module to explore and represent the driving mechanism of land use change and the sub-module to generate the equilibrium of demands and supply of land area by sectors and by grid pixel and finally to export the maps to identify the temporal and spatial changes of cropland patterns which are the input variables for simulating the soil organic carbon stock in the prediction period. The research results show that soil organic carbon of cropland during 1988-2000 in China experienced a rising trend in most parts of the Chinese Mainland. The aggregated estimation results of CENTURY model show that China had an increase of 3.3×10⁸ t for the soil organic carbon stock of cropland. By contrast, during the period of 2000-2012, the soil organic carbon stock of cropland declines as much as 1.5×10⁹ t. In some regions such as Northeast China, the carbon stock decrease accounts for more than one third of the total carbon missed in China. And during the period of 2012-2020, although the soil organic carbon stock is still marked by a downward trend, the magnitude of the decrease declines significantly. The findings in this paper would provide valuable information for the decision makings to mitigate the impacts of climate changes as well as to spur the sustainable agriculture development.

The Tibetan Plateau, the third pole of the earth, is one of the least human-disturbed regions in the world. Its outstanding topographic feature and ecological characteristics have significant effects on modern atmospheric circulation and climate, so the greenhouse gases emission and absorption are linked to climate changes at local, regional and even global scales. Also, to examine or estimate the actual magnitude of carbon uptake or release from this terrestrial ecosystem has become the central issue in global carbon cycle researches. However, relatively few studies have been reported in the literatures about the carbon contributions of the alpine grassland area on the Tibetan Plateau. In this paper, we use a mechanistically based ecological simulation model to describe and analyze the spatial pattern of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP), carbon fluxes and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in this alpine steppe area. The NASA-CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Biosphere) model is designed to simulate seasonal patterns in net carbon fixation and allocation, litterfall, and soil nutrient mineralization, and soil CO₂ emissions. Our fundamental approach is to use CASA to estimate net primary production (NPP) in the alpine steppe area on the Tibetan Plateau. We combined MODIS data and CASA to estimate NPP, and soil carbon emissions were calculated by the regression formula obtained in the pre-study. Upon these, we estimated the carbon budget for each of the 0.05° latitude×0.05° longitude grid cells in the alpine steppe area. The potential annual net primary productivity (NPP) of this alpine steppe area is estimated to be 20.57×10¹²g · a^-1 of carbon. The annual NPP has the distinct spatial distribution, whereas vegetation NPP decreased gradually from southeast to northwest due to the temperature and precipitation gradients. Soil carbon emission (heterotrophic respiration) is estimated to be 8.07×10¹²g · a^-1. Net ecosystem productivity (NEP), an indicator for carbon budget, is the difference between annual net primary productivity (NPP) and annual soil respiration. Determination of net ecosystem productivity showed that the alpine steppe ecosystem acts as a distinct carbon sink (12.50×10¹² g · a^-1 of carbon), although this carbon reservoir is quite small.

Aquatic ecoregions are increasingly used as a spatial unit for planning and environmental management, and they have become an indispensable condition for environmental assessment and modern water resource management, and also are the basis of delineating the polluted control units oriented on the water equality targets management in basin scale. In this paper, factor analysis approach was selected and used to delineate the level I aquatic ecoregions in the Taihu lake basin under the guidance of the aquatic ecoregion delineation principles, mainly including principle of regional genesis, principles of integrity and relative consistency, principle of regional differentiation, principles of the combination of comprehensiveness and dominance, principle of regional hierarchy, principle of conjugation, etc. The results of analyzing DEM data, climate data, soil data and other related data, with the help of spatial analysis of geographic information system and expert judgment, indicated that topography was the main indicator of the level I aquatic ecoregions delineation. And then the Taihu lake basin was divided into two typical level I aquatic ecoregions, namely, western hill aquatic ecoregion and eastern plain aquatic ecoregion. Moreover, the characteristics of the two aquatic ecoregions in the Taihu Lake basin were summarized. Finally, the aquatic ecoregion delineation system in the Taihu lake basin was discussed. The aquatic ecoregion delineation system has a hierarchical framework, which can be divided into several levels, and different levels have different spatial scales. The delineation methods of aquatic ecoregion can be classified into two categories: direct and indirect methods of delineation, and the direct method of delineation can be further divided into the approaches of factor analysis and function analysis. The selection of environmental factors and methods used in the delineation of aquatic ecoregions at different levels will vary, and depend on the feathers of the aquatic ecosystems in different spatial scales in the Taihu lake basin.

Mahuangling watershed is located in Danzhou city in northwest Hainan province, China, facing to the Beibu Bay of the South China Sea, with a total area of about 52.7 km². In the 1990s incorrect forestation of eucalyptus resulted in large area of soil erosion of bare land, higher vulnerability of ecosystem and degradation of soil environment and decrease in biodiversity and other ecological problems in the watershed area. To reconstruct the ecosystem in this area, we carried out surveys on ecological geographical groups of soil fauna from December, 2005 to December, 2007. The results of our research can provide a scientific basis for the government to carry out ecosystem reconstruction as well as ecological and economic sustainable development in Mahuangling watershed. By comparison of eco-geographical groups of soil animals in eucalyptus plantations with those of other soil animals under different land use patterns, we deeply discussed the significance of soil animal diversity, focusing on the role of eco-geographical groups of soil animals in balancing of soil ecosystem. In our research, a total of 2036 samples of soil fauna under 3 Phylums, 7 classes, 18 groups were tested, of which Acarina and Collembola were the dominant groups, while Hymenoptera and Homoptera were common groups, and the remaining 14 groups were the rare ones. The result indicates that soil animal groups in Mahuangling watershed were not rich in type and quantity, and the ecosystem there was fragile. Compared to the corresponding virgin bush land, the Jaccard coefficient of eco-geographical groups of soil animal in the watershed was only 0.375; group number and population of soil animal decreased by 53.33% and 62.74% respectively; community complexity index (Cj) decreased by 1.056; soil fauna density-group index (DG) declined by 4.620. Further study showed that: 1) Eco-geographical groups of soil animal changed significantly in eucalyptus artificial woodland there with the large amount of biodiversity loss in the soil fauna. 2) The loss of soil animal diversity in eucalyptus plantations had done serious harm to the ecological function of the soil fauna in soil ecosystems in the area, making the forest litters hold up, material circulation system disrupted, nutrition substances not added, fertility declined, and the soil ecosystem continually deteriorated.

The purpose of this paper is to study regional large scale temperature elevation phenomenon in the Pearl River Delta using MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spetroradiometer) land surface temperature data. The result shows that MODIS data can reflect the change of regional land surface thermal environment in the rapid urbanization process. Land surface temperature (LST) relates to land cover types and NDVI. Corresponding temperature of urban land use is the highest, while that of the woodland is the lowest. The higher the NDVI, the lower the LST is. This trend is similar to the air temperature change. In the large-scale continuous urbanization process, non-urban land around urban areas is impacted by urban land use, causing LST rising and then large area of the regional temperature rising, thus regional heat island forms. In this study, there are about 46% of the non-urban areas where regional heat island effect occurs, while the percentage is about 75% for urban areas where RHI effect happens. The space pattern of RHI is highly interrelated with space layout of urban land use. Large cities or city groups are often the center of RHI. The circumferences of these regions have evident RHI phenomena. Towns in the southwest and northeast of the research region are distributed separately, where the RHI phenomena are not so evident. Therefore, regional urban pattern has an important effect on the intensity and spatial form of RHI. The result is useful for urban planning. Obviously, the better pattern for the metropolitan areas is small towns with large area green belts, which can mitigate the RHI effect. The result of the study also indicates that the MODIS data have some merits for monitoring the RHI effect, which includes large area coverage, high resolution, and easy access to the data. However, the shortage for MODIS is that it is likely to be affected by the cloud. Only when the air temperature is derived from the land surface temperature with MODIS data, can the study on urban heat island and regional heat island make a sound progress.

The meteorological data of 6 national stations covering the 49-year period from 1956 to 2004 were analyzed to understand the spatial-temporal characteristic about temperature variation in winter over Zhangye city, by employing the approach of linear trend analysis as well as Mann-Kendall rank analysis, wavelet analysis and spatial interpolation. It was observed that there was an obvious ascending tendency of winter air temperature from 1956 to 2004 at the α=0.1 significant level ( β＝0.08) in this region, or a warming rate of 0.56℃/10a in winter. The result indicated that the winter temperature of this region increased by 2.8℃ in the last five decades. Besides, it was also found that the winter warming contributed 89% to that of the whole year. Compared with Northwest China and the whole country, the warming rate was similar to the former but higher than the latter. During the study period, there was a lowest average winter temperature point in 1967 and a highest one in 1987 with an abrupt change point in 1985, prior to the point was a cool stage and after it a warm stage emerged especially after 1987, which was similar to the winter temperature variation of Hexi Corridor. In the last half century, there was typical oscillation such as 6a and 22a in winter temperature variation, particularly, the 22a oscillation dominated. Spatial variation of winter temperature indicated that there was an obvious ascending tendency from southeast to northwest in the study area. By Mann-Kendall analysis it was found that six subregions showed a similar warming trend at the α=0.1 significance level, compared with the other five. Shandan station experienced the highest warming trend with β＝0.21 and a warming rate 0.94℃/10a. Generally speaking, winter temperature warming mainly appeared in the last 20 years and the warming rate of the eastern part was higher than that of the western. Additionally, some problems to be solved in future were briefly analyzed.

Rural residential land consolidation is one of the most important parts in new countryside construction. In rural residential land consolidation, it is of great practical significance to develop a deep regionalization research into rural residential land arrangement. Taking the 136 counties of Hebei as research units, this thesis zones the rural residential land based on level screening method. First, according to the differences of natural conditions, regional economy strength and the desire to land consolidation, eight factors are selected to construct the evaluation index system in zoning the rural residential land consolidation. Then, entropy method and comprehensive evaluation model are employed to attain the weights and the assessment values respectively. Finally, five types, including prior consolidation area, key consolidation area, moderate consolidation area, ecological consolidation area and optimization leveling area, come into being based on the status of rural residential land per capita and the comprehensive assessment values. For prior consolidation area, the desire to land consolidation is the highest thanks to its favorable geographical location and advanced economy, and its suitable consolidation model is population concentration, industrial agglomeration, and scale land use. For key consolidation Ⅰarea and moderate consolidation area, agriculture is the first priority for consolidated land, while for key consolidation Ⅱ area and ecological consolidation area, ecological environment should receive special attention. As to the optimal consolidation area, countermeasures in controlling the trend of village hollowing are a matter of the utmost importance. The method employed in this paper will provide a scientific basis for land consolidation planning, the setting of land consolidation project and the implementation of land consolidation.

The Guanzhong region is one of the hot spots for socio-economic development in Northwest China. During the past decade, owing to the rapid economic development, dramatic speedup of industrialization and urbanization, together with sharp increase of population, the land use changed greatly, for example, built-up land greatly expanded and consequently the cultivated land was occupied and decreased. In this study, the authors have documented that the land use trends were restricted by natural ecological conditions and socio-economic features in the Guanzhong region. Based on the major results, the authors also proposed some suggestions for developing optimal regional land use policy. The county (or district) was considered as the basic unit in this analysis. According to the natural ecology and socio-economic conditions in the Guanzhong region, the basic land use tendency was investigated and an assessment system of land use regionalization was established, and the comprehensive regionalization of land use was studied. The spatial distribution pattern of the socio-economic comprehensive index and natural ecology comprehensive index was analyzed using a spatial data analysis method such as spatial association index. Results indicated that the natural ecology comprehensive value (0.6304) is the highest in the northern part of the Qinling Mountains. The ecological condition in the western part was better than that in the eastern part. The socio-economic activity was the most intensive in the Weihe plain, with the highest value being 0.8062. Considering the coupling between socio-economic importance comprehensive index and natural ecology comprehensive index, the pattern of land use in the Guanzhong region was divided into five types: preferential development area, feasible development area, moderate development area, preferential conservation area and gray area. Finally, the authors analyzed the characteristics of the main function regionalization and put forward the management policies and countermeasures.

With increasingly serious global ecological environmental problems, the natural changes of human living environment and the evolutions of environmental changes under human activities were given more and more attention. The research of Land Use/Land Change(LUCC), as one of the core topics about the study of global environmental changes, is also a multidisciplinary topic. Chinese Loess Plateau had the longest time and most complete paleo-climate record, simultaneously it is the residential land surface in the past and present. The regional environmental changes have become extremely strenuous since 10,000 years ago. The fact shows that human activities are the main cause of the environmental changes of the Loess Plateau. Which contributions did human activities make on the environmental changes in historical times? How to express these contributions? How to alleviate them? Focuses of these problems are our research directions. The research objective is the relationship between population change and land use, and environmental change. This thesis has made full use of historical geography, geomorphology, demography, selected classical areas of the Loess Plateau and analyzed important human and natural events from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China period. Simultaneously the paper extracted historical information to study the quantitative expression of population data and land data. Finally this thesis searched for the relationship between land use and environmental changes. The forming process has been resumed according to historical materials and researched results. And the paper analyzed the influence of natural conditions, population pressure, war disasters and policies on landuse and soil erosion. Complex geomorphic conditions and unexpected precipitation were the restriction on reclamation land, the implementation of the policy was the leading function, and population pressure was the basic motive force. The reclamation land amount presented significant changes according to population in different periods. The environment began to deteriorate due to population increase and land-use intensity on Luochuan Tableland and surrounding area. In fact, the deterioration was a weakening of self-control of geographic environmental system, and it led to the aggregation of soil erosion, and presented the role of superposition in program development: the man-made erosion and natural erosion.

The function of fundamental spatial database is to avoid redundant collection of spatial datasets, to coordinate spatial data application, and to strengthen information resources management effectively and economically. Based on the geographic information system technology, database technology and spatial database engine technology, this paper put forward the technological framework to construct urban industrial layout fundamental spatial database. In this database, spatial database and industrial layout information database are logical disjunction but storage in the same relational database system. The data structure used in spatial data organization is Geodatabase model developed by ESRI. In the Geodatabase data model, feature dataset together with raster dataset are stored in the relational database system through spatial database engine. On the other hand, metadata database is established to benefit system management. Beyond this work, we also achieved a set of distributed database prototype system for the effective organization, management and applications of massive spatial data. This system is developed by Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 and Arc Engine 9.2 based on client/server structure with four modules, which are system management module, data warehousing module, query and analysis module and data management module. System management module provides the functions for user management, log management, database backup and recovery. Data warehousing module provides the functions for importing industrial information and spatial data into database, spatial data quality check, etc. Query and analysis module provides the functions for spatial query and attribute query, statistical analysis, while data management module provides the functions for data updating and sharing. With the aid of this system, data administrators can manage the industrial layout fundamental spatial database through network. Different departments and users can share their data effectively. Decision-makers for urban industrial layout can also achieve supporting information from the system.

This paper describes the spatial distribution of cancer mortality and explores the spatial hotspot of death cases in the study area, based on the 4 kinds of digestive tract cancer death surveillance data and the population data. According to it, the environment and public surveillance will be held in the next step. With basic layer Voronoi technique, global Moran's Index method and spatial hotspot exploration, the spatial autocorrelation index graph was drawn using automatic multi-dimension exploration, which describes the relationship between the Moran's I and the distance. The accurate parameter was identified under the spatial analysis technique and the distribution character of cancer mortality, which was used to observe the spatial cluster in this county with GIS. It had a remarkable positive autocorrelation in the 4300 meters in space. At the same time, three hotspots were confirmed as high value cluster, including 58 villages and a population of about 30,000 in each cluster. The crude death rate in the hotspots is significantly higher than that in other areas and the average level of the county. The spatial hotspot exploration and analysis, which imported the spatial weight matrix, made up for the deficiency of traditional statistical method in spatial information and spatial correlation. It offered the evidence for making the risk factor of high cancer incidence much clearer. And it is the necessary makeup for the traditional statistics.

The relationship between built environment and travel behavior has long been studied in geography, transportation and city planning. There has been a large body of such researches in western countries from macro and micro perspectives, using different methods such as simulation, description and modeling. Relatively, in China most such researches have centered on trip-based analysis, no matter from aggregation level or individual level, paying little attention to tour-based analysis. In addition, the travel decision-making process of residents has rarely been considered either. This paper attempts to construct the concept model of tour-based spatio-temporal decision-making of travel behavior and explore its residential differentiation on workdays in Beijing city, by using nested logit model with the data of travel diary obtained in 2007. Moreover, it attempts to discuss the relationship between activity and mobility.The results first of all show that residential neighborhood has an effect on the tour type decision-making, but the effect varies with the change of travel purpose. For example, if it is a work tour, its residential differentiation will be significant; but if it is a non-work tour, it will be indistinct. This may be closely related with Chinese unique suburbanization. Secondly, the start time decision-making is mainly affected by the activity type, which implies that there is a strong tie between activity and mobility. But, anyhow, the residential differentiation of start time decision-making is not significant. Thirdly, the travel distance and mode choice is distinct in different neighborhoods, that is to say the residential differentiation of spatial decision-making is significant. On the whole, the travel distance of Danwei residents is comparatively short, and the mode choice is mainly non-motor vehicle. In contrast, the travel distance of residents in commercial housing community and policy-oriented housing community is much longer, and the mode choice is mainly motor vehicle, with car in the former and public transport in the latter. Therefore, the travel behavior of Danwei residents is to some extent low carbon while the travel of policy-oriented housing community residents is long and dependent on public transport. We should pay more attention to these unique neighborhoods in China.

Alleviatory housing is one kind of houses provided by the government for low-income families. It has become one of the important parts in the social security system of China. By doing a case study in the alleviatory housing neighborhoods named Tangxia and Tongde developed during the 1990s in Guangzhou, the jobs-housing relocation and spatial mismatch are tested. The types of residents in both of the neighborhoods have changed a lot from 1996 to 2007. A large number of sub-rent and re-sold houses came up due to the changing of location, relatively low price and inefficient management about immigration and emigration of this indemnificatory housing community. Accordingly, the main structure of housing consists of alleviatory housing, commercial housing, re-rent (sub-rent) housing and Danwei housing. The residents in alleviatory housing and commercial housing meet with great changes of jobs-housing relocation and jobs-housing mismatch with different mechanism factors. As to alleviatory housing residents, the jobs-housing distance became longer after they moved into the houses allocated by the government. The passive jobs-housing mismatch is mainly driven by policies and the barriers from the residents themselves. In the latter case, commercial housing residents who have an average income or above are attracted by the low price of houses due to the political welfare, and they can afford to take taxi or private cars to meet with the long distance commuting. The jobs-housing mismatch is mainly driven by market and the initiate choice of the residents. Different from the residents in both alleviatory housing and commercial housing, residents in re-rent (sub-rent) housing and Danwei housing do not meet with jobs-housing mismatch problems. The former is the residents who work near the neighborhoods and are mostly attracted by the low price of houses, and the latter is the Danwei employees who get houses from their Danweis. Both residents in re-rent (sub-rent) housing and the Danweis on behalf of their employees would take account into the short distance when they select the jobs-housing places. The sub-renting and re-selling of alleviatory housing have carried some inequity and the spatial mismatch for residents in both alleviatory housing and commercial housing has generated some adverse impact on their quality of lives. It is necessary to conduct more researches on the optimization of the alleviatory housing policies and the implementations, as well as the optimization of urban structure.

In today's globalizing age, cities and regions have experienced intensive restructuring in the world, giving rise to deterritorialization and reterritorialization. From the perspective of reterritorialization, this study investigates administrative boundary re-organization in Nanjing metropolitan region, using the case of Jiangning's abolishing county and designating district.According to the theory of territorial restructuring, this study focuses on two territorial organizations-city and state, investigating the process of administrative boundary re-organization, impacts of reterritorialization on urban development and power struggle in administrative boundary adjustment in Nanjing and Jiangning. We argue that territory restructuring is a gradual process in Nanjing metropolitan region, involving abolishing county and designating district and annexation of towns and townships into street offices. Through these administrative boundary adjustments, Jiangning is transforming from a county economy to a city economy. Its economy grows dramatically and the built-up area is extending rapidly after the administrative boundary adjustment. This is due to the independent economic and political status of Jiangning after reterritorialization to a large degree. However, with the restructuring of city space, there is little change in another territorial organization-state. Jiangning district still possesses the former county's administrative system and power. In the new city space, the new administrative system (two-layer governments-city and district) and the old administrative system (three-layer governments-city-county-town/township) co-exist. Therefore, Jiangning's reterritorialization is an incomplete process of reterritorialization due to the lack of state restructuring. Such incomplete reterritorialization causes intensive interest conflicts between city government and district government, especially in urban planning, public transportation and land use, etc. The findings of this study will shed light on other metropolitan administrative boundary re-organizations, and have important policy implementations for improving metropolitan governance.

Agriculture information flows will produce interactive learning effect, and the existence of interactive learning effect plays very important roles in the spread of agricultural technology. Based on the surveys in Mengzhai Village, Henan Province, we collect the data concerning the social and economic conditions on garlic production of neighbors, relatives and nearby-plot farmers, examine interactive learning effect, and analyze the interaction consequences in different types of groups. Results show that: (1) endogenous interaction effects exist only in the kinship group; (2) contextual interaction effect exists in nearby-plot groups and neighborhood group, but interactive learning effects have remarkable differences between the groups; (3) correlated effect exists in all the groups. Compared with the kinship group, the other groups have more correlated effect. Correlated effect is much weaker than endogenous interaction effect in the kinship group, and it is also smaller than contextual interaction effect in nearby-plot group and neighborhood group; (4) direction can be identified in farmers' interactive learning. This suggests that a few farmers learn new methods by communicating with external actors or accumulating the new knowledge by planting the garlic, and their interaction with other farmers might result in knowledge externalities. The size of externalities depends on the degree of intimacy between farmers. The above conclusions have some important policy implications for the diffusion of new technology in Mengzhai Village. For example, in the extension of new technology, we can select a few farmers with stronger absorptive ability in different kinship groups, encourage them to adopt new technology, and thus affect other farmers to accept new technology by the interactive effect. These results revise the findings of foreign scholars. This academic research has important meanings for policy-making.

The rural households have been increasingly taking part in diverse production activities apart from farming in poor mountain areas, which has a great impact on their land-use activities. Taking Yunyang County of Chongqing as a case study, we employed a Participatory Rural Appraisal method to investigate randomly selected 568 households and analyzed the spatial distribution of their rural housing land by using a landscape pattern analysis. The results show that the concurrent business level of rural households was high in Yunyang County. First, according to the ratio of off-farm income to the total income and the proportion of off-farm workforce inputs, we classified rural households into five groups: full-farm, farm-dominated, half-farm, non-farm-dominated and non-farm households. We find that the lower proportion of the elderly or women the households have and the higher education they get, the higher concurrent business level they will be. However, households with multiple divisions of work and a big family size tend to be at the middle stage of concurrent business. Of full-farm and farm-dominated households, the housing land area per family is relatively high, about 180 m², which indicates extensive landuse utilization. Compared with the farm-dominated households, full-farm households themselves used a large proportion of land for rearing livestock and storing groceries except for housing. The residential land of half-farm households increases by approximately 190 m² per family, indicating a relatively intensive and less diverse residential land use. For half-farm households, they reduce the land of storing and increase the land of living to enlarge their housing land. As for non-farm-dominated and non-farm households who almost drop all their farming activities, the residential land area per family tends to be lessened, about 160 to 130 m², which means a more intensive but a less diverse land use pattern. The causes are that the land used for agricultural production decreases, and the decreased land of producing is less than the expanded land of living. As a consequence, the study suggests that the adjustment or arrangement of housing land should be fit to the concurrent business needs of households.

The mechanism of the spatial dissimilarity of regional economy is an important problem for regional economic research. At present, on this problem, there are 5 research visual angles, namely factor endowments, main body of economic activity, object of economic space, division of labor and the system. The research result of each visual angle only explains the mechanism of spatial dissimilarity of regional economy from a certain aspect, the unified theoretical frame of explaining the mechanism of spatial dissimilarity of regional economy has not yet taken shape. The factors influencing the spatial dissimilarity of regional economy are multidimensional and multi-level. It is essential to consider the research results of each visual angle as a whole so that we can get a better understanding of the mechanism of spatial dissimilarity of regional economy. In view of this, this paper embarks on the connotation of the mechanism of spatial dissimilarity of regional economy, takes the relevant theories of economic growth factors and the theory about the division of labor as the rationale and constructs a theoretical analytical model for explaining the mechanism of the spatial dissimilarity of regional economy. The theoretical analytical model reveals that comprehensive factor endowments determine division of labor, and the division of labor produces the result of agglomeration. Thus, comprehensive factor endowments, division of labor and agglomeration are coupling and interacting. Under the control of this relation, in the aspect of spatial dissimilarity of regional economy, there are 3 mechanisms which are both distinguishing mutually and inseparable, namely factor endowments decision function mechanism, the conductive function mechanism of division of labor and the circulation accumulation causality mechanism. Moreover, this paper uses the theoretical analytical model to conduct the empirical analysis for the mechanism of economic spatial dissimilarity in the Yellow River Valley. The results show that there are obvious coupling interaction relations among factor endowments, division of labor and agglomeration in the Yellow River Valley, and the economic spatial dissimilarity in the Yellow River Valley is greatly affected by factor endowments decision function mechanism, the conductive function mechanism of division of labor and the circulation accumulation causality mechanism.

Previous research findings have often suggested that rural migrant workers rely on social networks as a job-seeking strategy. But in Dongguan city, a typical area of the Pearl River Delta 'world factory', our study has revealed the existence of many informal and semi-legal small-scale private job agencies. The case study was conducted in Tangxia, a township in Dongguan city. The informal job agencies were examined through thorough research, focusing on their spatial distribution, organisational structure and operational processes. Furthermore, the aim was to understand the conditions of the agencies' appearance and utilities for the involved actors. The methodology employed includes explorative field investigation, participant observation, mapping of 45 informal agencies, a survey of 585 migrant workers in the manufacturing sector, interviews and casual talks with 22 migrants and agents. Their location along a street in the 138 Industrial Zone is suitable for collecting job demand information from the firms in the vicinity. The entire process of the agencies' operations is characterised by informality. Five main reasons for the existence of the informal job agencies were identified. The informal job agencies' advantages are that they are non-binding and offer comparably low cost services and flexibility. The attitude of the local government to these informal job agencies is one of tolerations, "opening one eye, and closing the other eye". Moreover, it has become obvious that the informal job-seeking agencies are playing an increasingly important role in the migrant workers' second and further job seeking after they have become familiar with the environment of the 'world factory'. Finally, it became apparent that (1) the informal job agencies' services cover not only the township of Tangxia, but also several places across Dongguan and Shenzhen. This facilitates intraregional information flow and labour mobility within the Pearl River Delta. (2) Most of the involved stakeholders are previous factory workers who gathered personal contacts to staffing departments of factories. (3) Most informal job agencies have been established in a niche, serving both consumers and suppliers of labour, but the lack of control and sanctions to prevent fraud gives them a bad reputation.

The paper attempts to set up a community participation level evaluation model based on AHP method and entropy weight theory. By taking examples of traditional village and town resorts including Zhouzhuang, Tongli, Xidi and Hongcun, community participation levels and the main influencing factors are analyzed. 1) The importance of the factors that affect community participation levels in traditional village and town resorts is, in proper order, the community participation level in tourism planning and decision-making, the community participation level in tourism income apportionment, the community participation level in tourism resources and environmental protection, publicity and education, and the community participation level in tourism operation and management. Among those factors, the community participation level in tourism planning and decision-making is the key factor. 2) The community participation level of Xidi is in a high state; while that of the rest three, i.e., Zhouzhuang, Tongli and Hongcun, are moderate. Their community participation level order from large to small is Xidi > Zhouzhuang > Tongli > Hongcun. 3) The low degree of tourism planning and decision making in community are the main reason that influences the general community participation level in China's traditional village and town resorts. 4) The principle factors that lead to community participation level difference in China's traditional village and town resorts are the operation and management modes of those resorts, the socio-economic development stage of those tourism destinations, the community tourism systems and policies and the community patterns and tourism resource properties. 5) The key measures to promote community participation level in tourism development in traditional village and town resorts are transforming management system of tourism destinations, implementing the "people-oriented" scientific development concept, and protecting the political rights of tourism development participation of the residents.

The objective of this study was to explore the ecotourism perception an attitude towards environmental management of tourists visiting Jianggangshan Scenic Area in Jiangxi Province, China. A survey was conducted between December of 2005 and December of 2007, using structured questionnaires. A convenient sample of 363 tourists was interviewed during their visit to the scenic area, using the expectations questionnaire. It was found that there is much more perception of "nature base ", "tourism resources protection" and "environmental education" towards ecotourism, but less perception of "communities' interests". And different types of tourists including gender, age, education, occupation, income and traveling ways have distinct perceptions. It was also found that, the attitude towards the five types of environmental management measures, such as "responsibility to environment", "environment and resources protection", "attention to environment impact", "importance to environment education", "respecting local culture" is positive, while the attitude towards "enhancing tourists management" is negative. And several sectors of tourists' characters have significant impact on ecotourism environmental management. For example, the male tourists' attitude towards the environmental management measures consisting of "responsibility to environment", "attention to environment impact", "importance to environment education", and "enhancing tourists management" is more positive than that of female tourists. Furthermore, ecotourism perception is related to some attitude towards ecotourism environmental management according to statistical analysis. The tourists who have perception of "nature base", "tourism resources protection" and "communities' interests" hold a more positive attitude to "importance to environment education". Finally, some countermeasures on enhancing environmental management were discussed in this paper.

Urban expansion brought by the rapid progress of urbanization has caused many problems in China. It is a significant issue to evaluate the extent of urban expansion and to make appropriate controls over the sprawl of urban areas. With a comprehensive review and analysis of relative planning and economic theories as well as international experiences, this paper argued that Chinese cities have no better choice but compact urban forms. A policy package integrating planning and taxation measures should be adopted to achieve the goal of compact development. To achieve this goal, intensive use of public transportation and high proportion of collective houses should be encouraged. It is necessary to determine the best density of cities based on solid research, where the variation of cities should be considered. Based on comparative analysis, for instance, 80~105 m² per capita is recommended as the reasonable range of urban density in large and middle-scale Chinese cities with about 80% of housing stocks being collective houses.

The study on rural residential land in China is important and complicated. There are 7.5 billion local farmers settled in 3 million villages across the country. In this paper, Zhaozhuang Village is chosen as a study area, which is located in the central region of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Through the analysis of high resolution airborne images data and hut-to-hut survey data, the changes of rural settlement land are examined between 1967 and 2008 by detailed land use classification. The result shows that the area of rural residential land increases by 126% from 1967 to 2008, and the main increment is from rural residential land and grain-sunning ground; the number of rural houses increases faster during the period 1985~1990 than that in other periods; rural settlements extend mainly towards the south and west, which is 182 m to south and 285 m to west. In general, the rural settlement land extension has three periods featured by gradual sprawl, leapfrogging expansion and filling space. The increase of farmers' residential demand and the enlargement of production scale are interior driving forces of rural settlement extension, and the striking contrast between inner and external condition is external environmental force. Growth of farmer income provides the economic support, however, the absence of rural land-use plan and inefficient management of rural land use makes rural extension out of control, and these interactive factors drive rural settlements to extend quickly. It is suggested that the system of rural land management should be modified and the local governments should pay more attention to the change of grain-sunning ground, waterhole and woods in the future. Finally, the authors indicate that it is important to make a long-term planning of strategic and integrated consolidation for the sustainable development of rural residential lands.

Green water is vital to vegetation recovery in karst area. Considering the processes in green water cycle, this paper coupled the canopy interception process, soil moisture movement process and evaportranspiration process, and built a green water cycle processes model to simulate and analyze green water cycle of typical vegetation types in karst area. Under the rainfall simulation experiment calibration and soil moisture monitor calibration, the model was extended to regional scale, and was used to simulate the green water cycle in a karst area, Guizhou Province, China, during October 2005 to March 2006. The results show that: First, most of the rainfall during this period turns into green water through canopy interception and infiltration into soil, which totally occupies 87.4% of rainfall and is supplied for vegetation ecosystem water use. Second, there are many differences in green water cycle processes of different vegetation types in the study area. The percentages of green water of different vegetation types are 93.3%, 93.2%, 91.5%, 81.9% for shrubs, coniferous woodland, mix woodland, grassland respectively. It can be concluded that with the vegetation recovery from grassland to shrubs and woodland in the study area, there will be more and more rainfall turning into green water which is used by the vegetation ecosystem and benefits the vegetation recovery. Third, the changes of green water cycle between months in different vegetation types share the same characteristics. The green water storage is increasing in October, January, and March in all vegetation types, and is decreasing in November, December, and February. In this period, the amount of green water is much greater than that of blue water, and the green water storage is increasing overall. Drought is unlikely to occur during October to March and the green water storage is supplemented in this period before the "spring drought" and "summer drought" in this karst area.

Land development and consolidation plan is bound to affect ecological environmental conditions within the planned area. However, the specific evaluation method, index system and modeling algorithm should be standardized. By taking Lianshui County of Jiangsu Province as an example, Land Development and Arrangement Plan of Lianshui County (2000~2010) was analyzed, and the affection was compared by a evaluation model of scenarios. The result shows that the influence in 1997 was lower than in 2000 in Lianshui County. This can be explained as: during the three years, not only the occupation of cultivated land has been strictly controlled, but more cultivated lands have been transferred also. Environmental quality declined in 2010 because of without planning. The possible reason is that the construction of land fragmented farmland and unutilized land, which increases density of plaques. In comparison of future scenarios without planning and with planning in 2010, it is indicated that eco-environmental conditions could obviously increase by 0.6736 percentage point. This shows that proper land development and consolidation plan plays an important role in promoting a healthy eco-environment within the planned area.

Recently, a lot of orchards in the gully region of the Loess Plateau have been degenerated, which should be returned to cultivated land. But the ecological water effect of returning orchard to cultivated land is still unclear. Taking the Wangdonggou watershed as a case study, this paper chose three land use types such as peak period orchard, waste orchard and cultivated land converted from orchard, the ecological water effects of returning orchard to cultivated land have been studied based on the soil moisture data of 1986, 2002 and 2009. The results show that: (1) The mean soil moisture content and water storage of wasted orchard and cultivated land converted from orchard are significantly bigger than those of the peak period orchard in 2009. With the orchard disuse or return to cultivated land, the soil moisture content will increase significantly. (2) When the land use changes from peak period orchard in 2002 to cultivated land in 2009, the mean soil moisture content of 200-600 cm profile of cultivated land converted from orchard is 10.62%, which is significantly bigger than that of the peak period orchard (8.53%). (3) Dried soil layer affected by biota use is a common soil water phenomenon in the peak period orchard, wasted orchard, and cultivated land converted from orchard, which is an urgent ecological problem that need to be resolved.

The runoff erosion formation and the sediment yield intensity present a vertical distribution because of the complicated topography and the special climate condition in the Loess Plateau of China. The variation of vegetation distribution has great effects on sediment yield in slope-gully system because of the erosion spatial variability. The authors, taking the slope-gully system as a research object, which is composed of the 4-meter-long slope and the 3-meter long gully slope, made a series of simulated scouring experiments under different flow discharges (3.2 L/min, 5.2 L/min). This paper studies the effects of different flow discharges, different vegetation distribution along the slope (up-slope, middle-slope and down-slope) and different vegetation coverages (0, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%) to the sediment yielding of slope-gully system. The results show that, the total runoff volume and the process of runoff yield have no obvious difference among the three types of different transplanted grass on slope under the same grass coverages and the same flow discharges, but the sediment yield has distinct variation among the three types. That is, different types of grass decrease the sediment yield not by reducing the runoff volume. The total runoff discharge is only related to the grass coverage on slope and the flow discharge under the experimental condition. The amount of sediment yield on gully section increases with the increase of the flow discharges under the same grass coverage, as well as the same transplanted grass on slope. The amount of sediment yield on gully section did not show a decreasing tendency when the flow discharge is raised, but showed an increasing tendency instead. According to this result, if we only take the measure of harnessing the slope without harnessing the gully, the amount of sediment of gully section will increase with the rise of flow discharges. So we should give attention to slope and gully when we harness the soil and water loss in watersheds of the Loess Plateau.

The channel variation of the Ningmeng Reach has been very remarkable in the upper Yellow River and has increased flood risk. To reveal the channel variation trend and its influencing factors the sediment budget method was adopted in this study. The Ningmeng channel was divided into 5 sub-reaches, simultaneously, the total time period was divided into the 5 time periods. The mean annual erosional or depositional suspended sediment capacity (SSC) at the 5 different sub-reaches during the different time periods was calculated and analyzed. The results show that, sedimentation strongly occurred during 1952~1959 when there was no big reservoir and during 1994~2003 when the three big reservoirs of Qingtongxia, Liujiaxia and Longyangxia had been built and the downstream channel had been adequately adjusted. The mean annual SSC is 9.588×10⁷ t/a and 9.503×10⁷ t/a for the two periods, respectively. Intense erosion (-6.127×10⁷ t/a), slight deposition (0.161×10⁷ t/a) and stronger deposition (7.475×10⁷ t/a) respectively occurred in the periods of 1960~1968, 1969~1985 and 1986~1993. The mean annual deposited SSC is 3.45×10⁷t/a in the Ningmeng Reach, including 0.76×10⁷ t/a in the Ningxia reach and 2.69×107 t/a in the Neimenggu reach. The annual mean SSC deposited in the 5 downstream channel reaches in the Ningmeng Reach of the Yellow River is 0.73×10⁷ t/a, 0.029×10⁷ t/a, 0.084×10⁷ t/a, 1.131×10⁷ t/a and 1.47×10⁷ t/a, respectively. The temporal variation of the SSC in the Ningmeng Reach of the Yellow River was mostly influenced by the decrease of suspended sediment load from the tributaries and reservoir construction, whereas, the spatial variation was mostly influenced by the interception of suspended sediment load in the Qingtongxia reservoir and adjustment of flood discharge in the Liujiaxia and Longyangxia reservoirs. The Ningmeng Reach is located in a subsidized area and the sedimentation in this river reach is the general trend. Human activities may induce channel erosion in certain periods or sub-reaches, but cannot change the general trend.

Landslide prediction is very important in disaster prevention and reduction procedures, and it is one of practical research fields to evaluate and predict landslide hazards using statistic analysis model and spatial analysis of GIS. The aim of this study is to analyze landslide susceptibility using Logistic regression model in Zigui County of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In this paper, seven evaluation factors are selected, i.e. topographic slope, topographic aspect, bed rock-slope relationship, lithology, land use and distance from road and drainage. In susceptibility mapping, the use of logistic regression is to find the best fitting function to describe the relationship between the presence or absence of landslides (dependent variable) and a set of evaluation factors such as topographic slope and lithology. Here, an inventory map concerning 37 landslides was used to produce a variable, which takes a value of 1 for the presence and 0 for the absence of slope failures. In order to improve the accuracy and credibility of the model prediction, methods to reduce spatial autocorrelation in a logistic regression framework are also discussed. An optimal sampling scheme that can eliminate spatial autocorrelation whilst maintaining enough samples to achieve the accuracy based on the model is developed. The model was tested by the overall model statistics, and the results indicate that the model fits the dataset. The effect of each parameter on landslide occurrence was assessed from the corresponding coefficient that appears in the logistic regression function. The interpretation of the coefficients showed that land use plays a major role in determining landslide occurrence and distribution, although field observations showed that engineering construction exerts great influence on slope stability. With the help of a predicted probability map, the study area was classified into four categories of landslide susceptibility: high, moderate, low and none. The moderate and high susceptibility zones make up 38.9% of the total study area. In comparison to the occurrence of historical landslide hazards, the precision using logistic regression model can be up to 77.57%.

The difference in land surface features and land cover conditions have a great impact on anisotropy surface albedo distribution. Remote sensing is an effective means to study the land surface features by obtaining spatial and temporal characteristics of surface albedo. The northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains is well-known with its typical mountain-basin geomorphology pattern system and mountains-oasis-desert landscape. The unique and complicated background forms the special vertical distribution of the surface albedo. This paper examines the spatial distribution of surface albedo on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains using Landsat TM images. Topographic correction was implemented on the images using topographic normalization model based on DEM and atmospheric correction was completed using 6S (Second Simulation of Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum) model. The results indicate: (1) The methodology for surface albedo inversed from the moderate spatial resolution remotely sensed data is reliable to be used for estimation of the surface albedo over the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains with significant heterogeneity in elevation. (2) The distribution of the surface albedo on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains is affected by the land surface features, land cover conditions and surface soil moisture. Therefore, the spatial distribution of the surface albedo on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains presents a distinctly vertical zonal feature. As to the mountainous forest and the dry grassland in low mountain area, the surface albedo presents regular fluctuation under the effects of the undulating terrain and elevation changes. (3) Influenced by the cover types, the crop structure and the crop phenology of the cropland, the variation of the surface albedo of the oasis in the Sangong River Basin shows instability. In the oasis area, the surface albedo varies obviously with growth seasons of the crops as well.

Due to its simple structure and less input data, CA model of logistic regression is widely applied in urban simulation. However, data dependency has some impact on the accuracy. Therefore, an in-depth research should be conducted to modify the traditional model. This paper established an improved CA model of logistic regression in two major aspects. First, the urbanization factors were divided into forbidden constraint and general constraint. The input data were sampled only in general constraint, while the urbanization probability in forbidden constraint was set to be 0. Second, we reduced the data dependency of general constraint using principal component analysis in SPSS. In the case study of Guangzhou, the improved CA model was applied to simulate the urban growth from 2000 to 2008. Compared to the traditional CA model, the improved CA model made a 4% improvement both on model fitness and simulation accuracy, in which constraints division contributed a 3% improvement on overall simulation accuracy and a 6% improvement on non-urban simulation accuracy, while data dependency reduction gave a more reasonable explanation for urbanization mechanism. The study aimed to establish an improved CA model, which can mine a more reasonable urbanization mechanism, and provide more scientific support for urban planning and land management.