Land use research has enhanced the academic status and the academic impact with the close combination of land management practices since the beginning of the 21st century. It has made great progress in the investigation and monitoring, comprehensive property evaluation, planning and design, change and mechanisms, engineering and technology of land use. In the analysis of development trend, the paper proposes some suggestions, namely, strengthening the basic theory, paying attention to the methods system, widening perspectives and deepening the connotation, and strengthening aggregation and integration capabilities in land use research. In accordance with national demands for land use of participation in the economic macro-control, construction of resource-saving and environment-friendly society, as well as guarantee of food safety, the paper describes four priority areas on land use study. The study of land use change and mechanisms should focus on natural, economic and social factors on the coupling, as well as economic, social, technological development on the transformation of land use. The analysis of environmental impact and effects on land use should put emphasis on the interaction between economic and social development impact and the effects from land-use quantity, quality and ecological factors. The investigation and monitoring of land use should be aided with digital survey and monitoring technology and methodology. The development and decision-making of land use information should be combined with the macro-economic decision model.

In order to monitor and assess the extent of the impacts of development on historic integrity, this research tries to provide a tool for doing this, draws on the experiences of natural ecological space fragmentation and researches the spatial and temporal process and landscape patterns of the traditional culture landscape taking the total human ecosystem as a local habitat of humans. Zhibuzhen, located in the north of Zhuji City in Zhejiang Province, is the focus of this research. The fragmentation level of the traditional cultural landscape is evident with small amounts of decline from 2005 (0.0301) to 2007 (0.029), which was influenced by modern industrial land-use, multi-pond, modern commercial land-use, modern architecture development, modern yard and design changes in traditional open space and modern open space, which are divided into the active, passive and neutral patches with different functions.
Based on these, the models of traditional culture landscape space conservation are discussed. (1) Establishing the network of traditional culture landscape spaces, remaining traditional architecture spaces with large areas and as the passive factor in each core reservation area and removing the modern architecture spaces which are next to and as the active patches. The active patches were organized to control the scale and style of these patches and connect the two centers with natural or semi-natural corridors to decrease the fragmentation of total landscape. (2) Establishing the integrating models through setting up comprehensive rural settlements, adjusting landscape spaces of traditional village and rebuilding micro corridors and eco-steps at the village level. (3) Optimizing landscape factors through developing the active factors in right way, conserving the passive factors in order to keep its continuity and implanting the neutral factors into and around traditional culture landscape in order to interweave and surround traditional landscapes.
In this case the landscape should be managed according to different spaces and different attributes at the town level. A buffer system can be established based on natural landscape, farmland, man-made lakes, green belts and city or rural parks. The preserved village as a central knot of the traditional network should be surrounded by enough buffer spaces. So, this research demonstrates that the traditional culture landscape network and modern landscape network can coexist in an interweaving network.

Tourist flow is the basis of the tourism phenomenon and tourism industry, but also one of the core issues in tourism geography. However, the driving force of tourist flows is still under-explored. How to achieve shift from a brief description of the spatial distribution of tourist flows to mechanism? On the basis of document analysis and system induction method, this paper analyzed the driving force of tourist flows, and built the driving mechanism conceptual model of tourist flows from the multi-disciplinary perspective. The theoretical basis on tourist flow included push-pull theory, demand theory, spatial interaction theory, competitiveness theory etc. Although these theories can explain tourist flows, there are relatively few systematic and comprehensive multi-disciplinary studies. As for the driving mechanism of the tourist flow, the authors found that the formation mechanism of the tourist flow has not yet been systematically studied. Scholars attach importance to spatial distance factor and ignore spatial structures of tourism origin and destination; attach importance to tourism demand factors and ignore tourism product supply. Based on the conclusion and reference of domestic and abroad relevant theory of tourist flow, pull, push, resistance, inertia and spatial structure forces are the main driving factors. Pull, push, inertia and spatial structure forces have positive correlation with tourist flows. Resistance force has negative correlation with tourist flows. Finally, the paper builds conceptual model of tourist flow-driven mechanism. A conceptual model can reflect the formation of tourist flow driven by tourism activities in both internal and external systems, consisting of tourism demand and tourism attraction. At the same time, the formation of tourist flow is affected by resistance and spatial structure. A conceptual model can also reflect a comprehensive, holistic, dynamic development and change. The conceptual model offers a new study viewpoint of tourism geography. It also provides a simple analytical framework for tourism planning, tourism marketing and management. The model can guide spatial development and travel routes organization, and infrastructure and transportation planning and also provide a scientific foundation for the harmonious and sustainable development of tourism destination as well as the implementation of tourism policy.

From the residence into a tourist destination, the ancient village's evolution is inseparable from the perception and evaluation of tourists when experiencing in the ancient villages. The paper builds a conceptual model (M1) on loyalty based on the tourist perceived value and its intrinsic dimensions of ancient village, and takes Zhangguying village as an example. It was found by EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis) that the conceptual model on tourist loyalty of ancient village consists of eight exogenous latent variables, that is the social value, emotional value, epistemic value, economic cost, non-economic costs, guide services, community services, and the resource ontology of ancient village tourism, as well as three endogenous latent variables, that is tourist perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty. After using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling), it was found that the social value, economic cost and non-economic costs have not notable influence on the loyalty in the conceptual model, and then a revised loyalty model (M2) based on the tourist perceived value and its intrinsic dimension of ancient villages was put forward through cutting out three paths and referring to MI (modified index). In the meantime, the revised model (M2) is better than the conceptual model (M1) in goodness of fit. The revised loyalty model shows that the perceived value of ancient village's tourists as a single-dimension structure indirectly impacts the loyalty formation through satisfaction, but loyalty-driven mechanism of the perceived value's inner dimensions is significantly different. The resource ontology of ancient village tourism is the most important dimension, and the social value and economic cost have not any direct or indirect influence on the tourist loyalty. It is a general tendency that the functional dimension's effect is dominant, and emotional dimension's effect is hidden. Finally, the practical significance of this research is discussed. The paper considers that we should create a good tourism environment of the ancient village, enhance tourist perception on profits, reduce loss of tourist perceived benefits, and raise tourist perceived value. Only in this way can the loyalty of tourist to the ancient village be cultivated.

The paper established an evaluation index system of the city competitiveness of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration, and used principal component analysis to evaluate the city competitiveness in 1988, 1992, 1998 and 2006, respectively. Moreover, the paper studied time evolvement of the city competitiveness. The index system includes basic competitiveness, economic competitiveness, science and technology competitiveness, opening competitiveness, government function, environment competitiveness, and 15 element layer indexes, as well as 40 basic variable layer indexes. In actual problems, it is common that several maximal principal components are selected. The paper used calculated results of the city competitiveness, space expression method and space interpolation method to research space evolvement of the city competitiveness of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration. According to comprehensive scores, the cities are divided into four grades, >1.5, 1.5 to -0.5, -0.5 to -2 and <-2. Cities in different grades are expressed in the map of Zhengzhou Urban Agglomeration with different colors, and the evolution situation of spatial differentiation of the city competitiveness is expressed through different time sections. The paper selects brief and exact spatial interpolation method—IDM (Inverse Distance Weighted) to research the evaluation situation of spatial patulous of the city competitiveness. Numerical value of interpolation points that are calculated will be automatically created in the city competitiveness map, and the effect maps are formed about the city competitiveness.According to the analysis result, the basic points of view are obtained as follows: (1) Principal component and comprehensive scores of the city competitiveness of nine cities for four time sections were calculated, and the city competitiveness was evaluated and sorted. (2) According to the evaluation result, the rules and features of general evolution, principal component evaluation, influencing factors in evolution of the city competitiveness of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration, were revealed. (3) The evolution laws and features of spatial differentiation and spatial expansion of the city competitiveness of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration were revealed through analysis of grade maps and effect maps in different stages.

The rise of gated communities has become a global phenomenon with the appearance both in developed countries such as North American and European countries and in Asia, Latin America, South America, and South Africa. Accordingly, discussion about this type of private communities has been largely inspired by observations in various cities worldwide. Most of the insights towards gated communities are negative, regarding them as urban enclaves and relating this spatial fragmentation to residential segregation and social exclusion. However, due to different social and cultural backgrounds, the implications and consequences of gated communities in different places may not be exhibited in the same way. Local experience seems to be of great significance to the debate on the social effects of gated communities. The emergence of gated communities in China is a relatively nascent urban phenomenon even though enclosed housing compounds have cultural roots in China's history. Against the context of urban sprawl, gated communities invade into rural areas of China, co-standing to mix with traditional villages. Through a case study of a neighborhood named Lijiang Garden in the suburban Panyu District in Guangzhou, this paper explores the relationship between residents of gated communities and outsiders, addressing the material connections of gated community in suburban area of China to the outside world, conceptions and attitudes of residents living in both sides towards each other, exploring social contacts between them, in order to examine the impacts of gated communities on local areas. The empirical study revealed that the physical existence of wall does not mean gated community which can be seen as enclave in China since the functional connections and social contacts can be observed between gated community and its poorer neighborhood. Furthermore, the perceptions and attitudes towards each other are not negative, especially the outsiders of gated communities in China have not, psychologically, been segregated by the new walls, so that little negative impacts of gated communities are perceived in the suburban districts of urban China. Thought sharing certain similarities, the findings in China challenge the prevalent view of gated communities worldwide. It is demonstrated that gated communities should be investigated by considering specific local economic, cultural and political contexts.

Based on the studies at home and abroad, this paper considers that the study methods of dynamics mechanism and patterns are still relatively weak. Especially, the quantitative studies by constructing models are rare. Firstly, the paper analyzes the concept of the dynamics mechanism and patterns in detail. Secondly, from the perspective of system theory, the paper divides urban industrial agglomeration system into inner system and regulative system. Finally, PAF model is constructed by coupling of the Parallelogram Law (P), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (A) and Fuzzy Membership Function Model (F). PAF model which couples the relation between dynamics mechanism and patterns could be used to analyze the following issues quantitatively. What is really the urban industrial agglomeration dynamics mechanism? Which is the rational development model that should be taken? And how do we regulate the dynamics mechanism to achieve the healthy development of urban economy?

Since the 1980s, industrial energy has always been dominating the nation's total energy consumption. Statistics show that the trend has been strengthened by further industrialization of cities during the past 30 years. Hence, this paper aims to explore the interrelationships between industrial energy consumption and urban development, and finds an efficient mode for urban development from the perspective of energy consumption. A simple and practical method of energy decomposition analysis is proposed in this paper. The changes of industrial energy consumption are decomposed into industrial structure effect, technological effect and economic scale effect. Based on available data from statistical yearbooks, 99 prefecture-level cities of China are chosen as samples and the period spans from 2001 to 2006. The results show that the growing weight of heavy industry, such as metallurgical, chemical and building material industries, has led to a new round of industrial energy consumption growth during this period. Expanding economic scale of cities is the major factor for the sharp increase of industrial energy consumption. The advancement of technology has effectively suppressed industrial energy demands in cities, while the industrial restructuring has little impact on the changes of industrial energy consumption. It is also indicated that cities with the population size of 20—50 million have the most effective industrial structure effect, technological effect and economic scale effect. As the deviation from the population size of 20—50 million increases, cities have less efficient industrial structure effect and technological effect for energy conservation. But increasing growths of population size and industrial economy will not definitely lead to sharp growths of industrial energy consumption and low efficiency of energy utility, which largely depends on the energy-saving effect of technological potential. Taking Beijing as an example, its high speeds of industrial and population increases in 1999-2007 were sustained by fast technical progresses and thus nearly zero growth of industrial energy consumption. On the other hand, industrial energy consumption per industrial added value is used as a complementary parameter to reflect the difference of energy efficiency among various scales of cities. It is suggested that cities with the population size above 200 million perform much higher energy efficiency than smaller cities. However, one cannot ignore individual differences among cities; they might perform quite differently on the efficiency of industrial energy consumption even in the same population size.

As the national two-type bases, regional differences in Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan (Changzhutan) urban agglomeration will hinder the development and construction of this region. This paper studies the regional differences and the countermeasures for the construction of Changzhutan. This article examines the dynamic changes and relationship between regional population, economic development, inter-county difference in living standards, by researching dynamic evolution of Changzhutan's population, GDP, industry, agriculture, tertiary industry and consumer focus since 1990. On the basis of the result, it analyses the dynamic evolution of the various elements of the mechanism factor. Finally we can draw some conclusions. (1) The regional population center is moving slowly to the northwest. (2) GDP, the secondary industry and population center offset in the same direction, and tertiary industrial and consumer focus shift to the northeast; (3) Regional differences are expanding in general. (4) Compared with the population center, economy in the north and south is developing unevenly, while the east and west are relatively balanced.

Soil animal is one of the most sensitive environmental factors in the scenic area ecosystem influenced by tourism activities, and also the focus of the ecological environment research. Six main trails were chosen and eight investigation belt transects have been set up in Mount Jiuhua scenic area. Each belt transect is mutually perpendicular with the location of trails. In each sampling belt, four sampling quadrats with different distances away from the trail were investigated. Under the layer of withered defoliation, each sampling quadrat was divided into four layers at an interval of 5cm along the vertical section. The macrofaunas in soil and the layer of withered defoliation were collected by means of hand sorting and boult. A total of 2076 individuals were found to belong to 27 orders, 8 classes, and 3 phyla. In comparison to Shannon-Wiener index (H') and gathering degree, the clusters and amounts of soil macrofaunas in different sampling layers of each sampling quadrat situated in different sampling belts were analyzed. The results are obtained as follows. (1) Soil macrofaunas of Mount Jiuhua scenic area were affected obviously by tourism activity, that is, the more the tourism activity is, the less the number of soil animals is. (2) The categories and amount of soil macrofaunas rose gradually with the increase of distance away from the trails. (3) Soil macrofaunas gathered obviously in surface layer of soil in the vertical section. Affected by tourism activity, the gathering degree of soil macrofaunas in surface layer increased in farther sampling quadrats away from the trail. (4) Different correlations were observed. The number of tourists showed a negative correlation with the quantities of soil macrofaunas of 01 and 02 sampling quadrats, and a positive correlation with the quantities of soil macrofaunas of 03 and 04 sampling quadrats. At the same time, this paper used a comparison method to discuss the macrofauna captured in Zheshan hill park and Mount Jiuhua scenic area at a similar latitude. Due to the impact of tourism activities, the distribution of macrofauna has the same law on the one hand and differences on the other hand due to different natural environments in these two places. It is found that, in both places along the trail to the inside, the macrofauna increase horizontally and become more concentrated vertically, and both of these phenomena are closely related to the intensity of tourism activity. Likewise, at the quadrats far away from trail, the distribution of macrofauna was slightly affected by tourism activity but strongly affected by natural environment factors.

In order to reveal the mechanisms of agricultural non-point source pollution, the Zhanghe Irrigation District in Hubei Province, a typical irrigation district in hilly areas in central China, is selected to conduct field experiments on the influencing factors and characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in surface runoff from farmland. On the basis of field observation in Tuanlin Experiment Station in the irrigation district in May-September, 2007, the influencing factors and laws of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in surface runoff from paddy rice and corn fields are analyzed. In the experiment station, observations on 10 plots of three kinds of typical terrain are conducted for field-scale experiment. Observations include surface runoff and water leakage monitoring under different land-use types and different irrigation activities. Water sample analysis indicators in surface runoff from the fields include total nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, total phosphorus and phosphate-phosphorus, and the chemical analyses are conducted according to the national standards. The results show that land-use types have a significant effect on the concentration of the nitrogen, and the total nitrogen losses in surface runoff are in the order of corn > paddy rice. Land-use types have greater impact on the losses of total phosphorus but not at a significant level. With the increase of rainfall intensity from 6.0 mm·d^-1 to 52 mm·d^-1, ammonium-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen concentration decreased remarkably, organic nitrogen increased from 3.2% to 69.7%, inorganic nitrogen decreased from 96.8% to 30.3%, which means that the proportion of organic nitrogen lost in the surface runoff increased; while the total phosphorus and phosphate-phosphorus concentrations increased gradually. Through using the water-saving irrigation technique, rainfall use efficiency was increased by about 14%~23%, irrigation water was saved up to 25%, and surface drainage was decreased by about 20~25 mm, thus, water pollution caused by the losses of nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients in surface runoff can be reduced effectively. Crop growing stages and topography and landscape also have impacts on rainfall-runoff characteristics and farmland nutrient losses.

Urban soils are regarded as recipient of large amounts of heavy metals from various sources. Information on the environmental effects of different functional zones is lacking, especially in Yibin, a city with a rapidly increasing rate of development. Such information will assist in developing strategies to protect urban environment against long-term hazardous accumulation. In order to identify the concentration and spatial distribution of Zn in urban soils, 63 topsoil samples of Yibin, Sichuan Province, were collected and analyzed with geo-statistics extent based on GIS. The results showed the concentration of Zn in the soils of Yibin ranged from 36.16 to 362.15 mg/kg, with the average value of 138.88 mg/kg, which is apparently higher than the background value of Sichuan Province (p=0.000). Moreover, compared with the soil baseline value of Sichuan Province, 28.57% of the samples exceeded this reference. The concentrations of Zn in industrial areas, traffic areas and commercial areas were significantly higher than the background value, respectively. Using the soil-baseline concentration as a criteria, 71.42%,41.67% and 33.3% of the samples in industrial areas, commercial areas and traffic areas exceeded the limit, respectively. The geo-statistical analysis showed that the spatial correlations of Zn belonged to the medium degree, indicating that the concentration of Zn in the soils was influenced by the random factor and structural factor. Spatial distribution of Zn pollution accumulative index produced by kriging showed that Zn exhibited serious pollution risk in Shangjiangbei and Xiajiangbei districts, and that soils in Cuiping and Nan'an districts were contaminated by Zn to some degree, particularly in industrial areas, commercial areas and traffic areas.

In the paper, the evolution law of the typical wetlands (the wetland near the confluence of Raohe River estuary and main branch estuary of the Ganjiang River, and Ganjiang southern-branch delta wetland) in the Poyang Lake wetland was studied by the classification of the Landsat-TM images during the period from 1991 to 2008. Results showed that the wetlands expanded the main water body of the Poyang Lake obviously. Furthermore the wetland was in a positive succession from 1989 to 2001 before the operation of the Three Gorges Project. With the running of the Three Gorges Project, the effects on the succession of the wetlands were very different depending on the distance from Hukou. The succession of the Raohe River wetland near the Hukou Station was changed, which was obviously affected by the running of the Three Gorges Project. Some of the Carex beach changed into Bulrush beach, and the range of the Carex beach has greatly extended because the time when the wetland was exposed has been moved up. While the Ganjiang middle-branch delta wetland that is far from the Yangtze River had less changed after the operation of the Three Gorges Project and it was in a steady positive succession.

As the capital of China and a world famous metropolis, Beijing has the wind-sand problem, which attracts the attention across the country. The researches on the wind-sand problem of Beijing has been done by many related scholars and placed emphasis on the influence of local sand source. As the largest kind of bare land in Beijing suburbs, farmland is the most important local sand source in this region. This paper studied specially the spatial-temporal distribution and wind-erosion features of farmland around Beijing,which were analyzed with the aid of satellite images, field investigation and fixed-point observation. The results shows that stub keeping and ploughed land are the main wind-erosion farmland around Beijing. Stub keeping land is mainly distributed in Beijing suburbs and ploughed land is mainly in the Yanqing basin. In recent years, the farmland of Beijing reduced largely, but the stub keeping and ploughed land has increased. The strong wind-erosion happens in March and April due to stub keeping land, which lasts six months for ploughed and harrowed land, and only happens in April due to ploughed instead of harrowed land. This research can help us get a better understanding of the types, area, distribution and wind-erosion features of the farmland in Beijing suburbs, and establishes basis for the future research on the wind-erosion feature of farmland, wind-erosion quantity, dust emission quantity and its influence on the air environment. It is important for the research of wind-sand movement in Beijing.

Based on the data of winter wheat experimental field and meteorological data in Xifeng and Tianshui agrometeorological experiment stations and Pingliang and Chenxian agrometeorological observation stations from 1981 to 2008, the models of climate suitability had been established. The dynamic variation of climate suitability in the whole growth period from 1971 to 2008 was evaluated. The results showed that the suitability degrees of temperature, light, precipitation and synthesized climate were 0.77, 0.66, 0.50 and 0.60 respectively during the whole growth period of winter wheat. It is indicated that the temperature and light suitability degree increased by 0.001 and 0.0014 every year respectively and precipitation suitability degree decreased by 0.0013 every year from 1971 to 2008. The accumulated departure of temperature and precipitation suitability degree increased by 0.006 every year and accumulated departure of light suitability decreased by 0.0923 every year from sowing to stopping growing period in recent years. The accumulated departure of temperature decreased by 0.0254 every year and light suitability increased by 0.0139 every year during the overwinter period in recent years. The accumulated departure of temperature and light suitability decreased by 0.0497 and 0.0186 every year respectively from reviving to heading period in recent years. But the accumulated departure of precipitation increased by 0.0262 every year since 1971 and the meteorological condition was becoming better in this growth period. The accumulated departure of temperature and precipitation suitability degree decreased by 0.0031 and 0.016 every year and the accumulated departure of light suitability degree increased by 0.0637 every year during heading to mature period in recent years. The synthesized results of all climatic factors trended grim in this period. Precipitation was main limiting factors during the later growth period of winter wheat. We suggested that countermeasures for climate change should be modified in accordance with climate suitability in order to utilize climate resource effectively.

Based on radionuclide dating (²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs) in the sediment core of the Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province of China, we calculated the sedimentation rates in the past 159 years. The vertical profile of ¹³⁷Cs has three obvious ¹³⁷Cs peaks in the core corresponding to 1963, 1975 and 1986, since the onset of ¹³⁷Cs fallout in 1954. Using the dating of the ¹³⁷Cs peaks, the four time-averaged accumulation rates of the Dianchi Lake were 0.062, 0.051, 0.049 and 0.043 g/cm²·a^-1, respectively. Four stages with different accumulation rates in core DC1 indicated a slower process since the onset of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in the 1954. According to the result of ²¹⁰Pb (CRS) dating in DC1, the sedimentation rate is 0.052 g/cm²·a^-1, which is unstable in the past 129 years, which might be related to human activities during different historical periods of the past 100-150 years. As for dissimilar physical and chemical associations, diffusion characteristics for the two radionuclides (Pb and Cs), we interpreted the rationality of deviation by the two dating methods. The further precise result can be obtained by combining two or more dating methods, respectively. Compared with the local rainfall in the past 50 years with sediment grain size in the region of Dianchi Lake, it is found that there was an obvious variation trend in the sediment grain size with the fluctuations of rainfall. All these findings indicate that there is a positive correlation between grain size and the fluctuations of rainfall. This shows that sediment grain size could reflect the rainfall changes trend at a short time-scale and high resolution investigations, i.e. larger sediment grain size reflected more rainfall and wetter climate while smaller sediment grain size reflected less rainfall and drier climate.

The structure and spatial distribution of forest age are important parameters for assessing carbon sequestration potential of forest ecosystems at regional scale.In this study, we tried to estimate those parameters based on survey data of the average forest age and area of dominant tree species retrieved from detailed investigation of the fifth national forest at provincial level, along with the growing season NDVI data derived from NOAA AVHRR sensors in the same period. We then analyzed the spatial patterns of forest ages in China with remote sensing downscaling techniques. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of forest ages showed significant heterogeneity. The forest age of southeast China was lower than that of rest of the country, with average values ranging from 20 to 30 years. The forests aged over 120 years are mainly distributed in central Sichuan and northwestern Xinjiang. And the forest ages of the southeastern Tibet, northwestern Heilongjiang, northeastern Inner Mongolia and southern Yunnan are mostly between 70-120 years. From the national-level perspective, the main forest age is ranged from 10 to 80 years, with their area accounting for 85.4% of the total forest area. The area of forest aged 20-40 years accounted for 35.3% of the total forest area. The average forest age was 40.6 years in China, whose standard deviation is 26.6 years. As for the probability, Chinese forest ages showed a single peak of abnormal distribution.

Parameter λ is an important index of the SCS runoff model. Model researchers take the standard value λ= 0.2 as the model parameter. However, the model has not considered the impact of landform types on runoff. There are a lot of differences between soil thickness, surface slope, lithology and the degree of development of rock fracture of different landform types in karst basin. All these factors have a direct impact on runoff mechanism of watershed. The landform types have a great influence on the runoff of karst basin. The SCS model is modified by calibrating the values of λ of different landform types. GIS and RS are important means to obtain the spatial information of a watershed. By using GIS and RS, we extract the information data of landform types, soil classification, land use, and obtain the CN values of different landform types. There are no karst basins with a single landform type. So it is difficult for measured data alone to calibrate the value of the various landform types of λ. This paper attempts to calibrate the parameter λ of different landform types by analyzing the relationship between landscape structure and the parameter λ. The parameter λ values of the karst basin are calculated in combination with measured data and landform characteristics, and the karst basin SCS runoff model is established at last. The model is applied to the Pinghu basin, compared with the SCS runoff model. The results demonstrate that the precision of the karst basin SCS runoff model is much higher than that of the SCS runoff model. It has been shown that the karst basin SCS runoff model can be used to simulate the runoff of a typical basin of karst. The result of this study showed that this method can be used to complete the model parameterization, calibration and verification, which is feasible under the conditions of lack of information. It can refer to other factors which affect runoff also. At the same time, hydrological models are supported by GIS and RS technology, which not only enriches the means of access to spatial information, but also improves the efficiency of the model calculation.

Although red beds are a widespread landscape in China, geosciences academia fail to pay much attention to it, and a lack of collaboration among related fields results in a trend that different disciplines have different interpretations of the same issue; specifically, much concern on red beds, the fragile geographical unit, is highly needed with regard to land degradation and environmental problems. Humid area in southern China is one of the places where red beds are densely distributed. However, most of red beds areas are suffering from serious geomorphological catastrophes and soil-water erosion; even worse, many places are witnessing huge patches of 'red beds desert'. Even if we might admit that irrational land use contributes to the land degradation in red beds, there is no doubt that land degradation is a natural result of rock landscape evolution. This paper first indicates that natural evolution serves as a process of multi-factors' effect, which can be regarded as a system of mutual causality. Also, this paper analyzes the current researches on slope erosion mechanism of red beds landforms and areas, and raises scientific problems in red beds researches are facing with. Furthermore, this paper claims that a new interdisciplinary thinking of System Dynamics should be introduced to conduct a comprehensive research on the interrelation between red beds and landform development, natural catastrophes, soil erosion, environment degradation, overall geographic environment as well as production-living. Finally, this paper will hopefully find a way to promote land management and environment optimization.

Temperate steppe of northern China is very vulnerable and sensitive to climate change. It is significant to study herdsmen's perception and adaptation of climate change to enhance adaptive capacity and sustainable development of grassland area. Using a household survey based on questionnaire, this study analyzes the current status and behavior characters of herdsmen's perception and adaptation to climate change and extreme climate events in meadow steppe, desert steppe and desert respectively. The results showed that the climate became warmer and wetter in the last 30 years. There was more heavy snow in the east but more droughts in the west, and extreme climate disasters occurred more frequently in the last 10 years in the grassland area of Inner Mongolia. Although most herdsmen correctly perceived the change of temperature, they gave wrong judge to precipitation. Herdsmen in the east were more impressible to heavy snow and their counterparts in the west more impressible to droughts, thus different measures were taken to combat heavy snow and drought. Present adaptation measures taken by the herdsmen are basically simple and passive, lacking in effective and active ones to cope with the climate change in grassland area.

Northeast China plays an important role in food production and ecological conservation in China. Changes of wetness accompanying with global climate change could have significant impacts on food security and ecosystem health in the area. In this paper, the long-term trends of the aridity index are detected using Mann-Kendall approach for the period 1971-2008. The results of the trend test show that there was an insignificant increase of the aridity index in the region. To explore the cause of the trend, the sensitivity coefficients of aridity index in relation to climate factors including precipitation, temperature, vapor pressure, solar radiation and wind speed were calculated based on the Penman-Monteith method. It is shown that the coefficients related to actual vapor pressure were only slightly lower than those of precipitation, followed by those of temperature, solar radiation and wind speed. The sensitivity of aridity index to temperature decreased from south to north of Northeast China, while that for vapor pressure and solar radiation was largest in the eastern part of the region and the Changbai Mountains respectively. Under the impacts of climate change, the sensitivity coefficients related to temperature, wind speed and solar radiation increased, while the coefficient related to actual vapor pressure decreased. During the past 40 years, the increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation were the main reasons for increased aridity index, but increased vapor pressure, decreased solar radiation and wind speed had alleviated the increase of drought risk in the region.

In this paper, based on historical document and research of administrative history, a group of proxy indexes are selected to describe the spatio-temporal pattern of agricultural development in the Eastern Inner Mongolia (EIM) during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). In comparison of these reconstructed proxy series with local agro-climatic resources (temperature and precipitation) and historical climate change (temperature) in the corresponding period, some results are obtained as follows. (1) Agricultural development in the EIM during 1644-1911 was mostly concentrated in the area with annual accumulated temperature (≥10℃) ≥2500℃ and annual precipitation ≥400 mm; (2) Regions with better climate conditions were reclaimed earlier with a higher density of agricultural settlements compared with poorer ones. (3) Most of the sites that had bumper harvest and the main output regions in grain production were distributed in Chengde and its surrounding areas with the best climate condition in the EIM. (4) Agriculture developed more prosperously in warmer 18th century than in colder 17th and 19th centuries, with more active agricultural migration, northerner agricultural settlements into pastoral region, and almost all the records about bumper harvest grained output.

Based on maps of urban land use in 1979, 1994, 2003, 2008,1 ∶50000 topographic map in 1994 of Xuzhou, with reference to the latest national standards of the land-use status classification (GB/T21010-2007), urban construction land was identified into residential land, industrial land, commercial and public service land, a vector database of the urban construction land was established and the 10m×10m grid database was generated by re-sampling in Xuzhou urban area. Then a spatial study on the urban construction land of Xuzhou was carried out in the aspects of distance, orientation and spatial pattern relationship, using the methods of GIS such as circle-layer and fan-shaped analysis based on the vector database, and spatial rhythmic analysis based on the grid database. The results were obtained as follows. (1) The line charts of distance about all the three types of urban construction land had the same process of changing from single-peak to multi-peak; both the crest location and the growth area of industrial and residential land had a trend of developing outward; industrial land replacement was steadily developing from the city center to the outer city; residential land had been decreasing within a scope of 0-5 km from the city centre since 1994; by contrast, the commercial and public service land had not a trend of developing outward and its growth had no continuity. (2) Commercial and public service land developed relatively slowly in each orientation; industrial land expanded steadily to the northeast industrial area and the northwest and south outer city; residential land and commercial and public service land expanded rapidly to the beautiful southeast which was set as the dominant orientation of the city. (3) With the rapid development of the city, the three types of urban construction land formed a relationship of discrete extension, then a relationship of cohesive extension; under the effect of the heavy industry, the commercial and public service land, which developed slowly and served industry to a large degree, and the industrial land displayed a relationship of discrete extension, and the characteristic that the industrial area and residential land separated from each other was relatively distinctive.

Along with the tremendous impact of regional development strategy, urban and rural transformation, industrial restructuring and upgrading of the consumption structure of residents on the regional land use, land-use changes more and more rapidly, and sustainable land use also has become a very important problem. In this paper, a case study was conducted in Yiyang, a developing city in Central China. By using the land-use data with a scale of 1:10000 in 2008, this article analyzed the current characteristics of land-use spatial pattern in Yiyang. The study is conducted by the integration of landscape matrics analysis and spatial statistics analysis, with the aid of GIS software such as ArcGis and MapGis and landscape analysis software such as Fragstats. This research shows that the spacial pattern of land-use class-level patches is different from each other in Yiyang. Land use pattern shows a degree of spatial gradient, and the "lake-plain-hill-mountain" terrestrial gradient, "core-periphery" urban-rural gradient and gradient vertical to the transportation lines is prominent. And the main causes are terrestrial difference of geographical environment components such as topography, climate, soils, surface water, and natural disasters and regional differences of human activity such as socioeconomic development and regional development policies, and the factors related to each other. Natural geographic environment is the basic factors for the land-use spacial gradient especially for terrestrial gradient, but it has a little effect on spacial evolution of land-use pattern in the future. Comparatively, human activity, as a key factor, especially to urban-rural gradient and gradient vertical to the transportation lines, acts in different activity intensities, activity ways and activity frequencies.

Land use intensity, land use type and land use form of the intensive urban land use in different cities, which reflect different levels of development in urbanization, have significant differences. What's more, optional intensity of urban land use is closely related to the urbanization level. Based on the coupling mechanism between intensive urban land use and urbanization, to promote the balance between them is the most important basis of achieving sustainable development. Based on the interaction between intensive urban land use and urbanization, we evaluated index of the intensive urban land use coefficient, the urbanization and the harmonious degree quantitatively by factor analysis with the aid of SPSS16, then set up the degree model of harmonious development. We divided the harmonious degrees into the antagonism, the compromise and the coordination, comprising of three stages. Then using the analysis method of dynamic equilibrium relation of time series, this paper analyzed qualitatively the harmonious degrees. Finally, with the aid of spatial autocorrelation of ArcGIS9.2, the spatial clustering analysis in the Bohai Rim Region which consists of 27 cities in 2000, 2002, 2005 and 2007 year is also evaluated quantitatively. The result shows that the coupling harmonious degrees of cities in the Bohai Rim Region are mainly in three states (Ⅳ, Ⅴ and Ⅵ) of the compromise stage but have no antagonism stage. During the study period, the relation between intensive urban land use and urbanization is becoming more and more harmonious. Based on its relative state of development, most cities have remained a synchronized development status, and both of statuses in delay and in advance are much less, which are spindle bacilliform in shape. According to the spatial clustering coefficient, the phenomenon of strong spatial-polarization is still not significant, and the high-value center is in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, while the Liaodong Peninsula region is the low-value center.

Drainage ditches are the important channels for transporting nutriment in agro-ecosystems, and the character of drainage water will threaten ecosystem safety in nearby water bodies. After the fifty years' cultivation of wetlands in Sanjiang Plain, drainage ditch was extensively built and has become an important source and passageway transporting iron into river or even Okhotsk Sea, thus affecting the primary productivity in the North Pacific Ocean. In order to assess the change of iron species from drainage canal to river under long-time cultivation of wetlands and the factors affecting the iron behavior, the samples in main canal and branch canal were collected in wet and dry seasons during 2005 to 2008. The dissolved iron was divided into colloidal iron, complexed iron and ionic iron employing the cross-flow filtrate technique. The results showed that iron often exists in total dissolved iron (TDI) and acid labile iron (ALI) in drainage ditches. The concentration of TDI ranged from 0.34 to 3.99 mg·L^-1, and the farming activities including tillage and irrigation contributed to the increase of iron output. The mean concentration of TDI in dry season was higher than that in wet season because of dilution. Generally, iron exists in complexed form (exceeding 60% of TDI), followed by colloidal form (about 20% of TDI) and ionized form. The concentration of TDI was higher in main canal than that in branch canal by changing complexed iron into colloidal and ionic forms. The chemical parameters including pH, cation concentration, HCO₃^-, PO₄^3-, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^-N and TOC were researched, and correlation analysis was made between the chemical parameters and TDI. The analysis showed that the concentration of TDI was controlled by rainfall, and affected by the factors including pH, cation concentration, HCO₃^-, and PO₄^3-. So some field management measures would affect the iron output. For example, application of organic fertilizers would increase TDI transportation whereas the chemical fertilizer decreases TDI output. It is estimated that the transportation of TDI ranged from 45 t to 116 t every year by canal according to the paddy field drainage volume and TDI concentration in the Sanjiang Plain. The chemical change in drainage ditch due to conversion from wetland into cropland may account for a sharp decrease of TDI.

Labile organic carbon is more sensitive to changes in land management or environment conditions than stable carbon, although it is a smaller fraction of soil organic carbon. It also has a disproportionately large effect on nutrient-supplying capacity and the structural stability of soils. Therefore, the spatial distribution and its influencing factors (topography, vegetation and soil properties) have been analyzed in Pinus elliottii ecosystem of central subtropical region. Results indicated that the mean of soil labile organic carbon was 1.92g/kg, accounting for 29.12% of soil organic carbon, and the coefficient of variability was 46.15%. Labile organic carbon and carbon lability in gully areas were significantly higher than that in slope position. The results of correlation analysis showed that labile organic carbon was negatively correlated with elevation and aboveground biomass of arbor layer, positively correlated with aboveground biomass of shrubs, but highly significantly positive with soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. Principal component analysis in Canoco showed that the first and second axes were the principal component axes. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and available nitrogen were the first principal component axis affecting labile organic carbon, followed by altitude, pH, total phosphorus and above-ground biomass of shrubs. However, carbon lability had no significant correlation with affecting factors.

Quantitatively measuring the eco-environmental impacts of energy consumption is an important issue for regional sustainable development evaluation. Taking the carbon cycling process of fossil fuel combustion - carbon dioxide emission - land absorption as the research object, some contents of traditional model such as calculation of land carbon absorption capacity are modified by establishing an energy ecological footprint (EEF) model based on net primary productivity. With Jilin Province as an example, the dynamics of EEF and its each land use type supply from 1994 to 2008 are analyzed by using the modified model, and then the effects of land use/cover change(LUCC) on EEF are revealed by calculating ecological effect index. Furthermore, a system dynamic prediction model under the restriction of LUCC is proposed and used to predict the scenarios of EEF defined as three types in the next 15 years. The results show that, during 1994-2008, the EEF per capita of Jilin Province, of which forest, cropland and grassland are the main part, increases from 0.228 hm² to 0.524 hm², indicating a fast rate, while the grassland degradation has become the primary cause of faster increase in EEF besides the factor of energy consumption since 2003. During 2009-2023, the average annual growth rate of EEF per capita will be 6.36%, 10.73% and 11.43% under the scenarios of low growth, medium growth and high growth, respectively. Meanwhile, the negative ecological effects of LUCC will become one of the main driving forces of the increase in EEF. In view of this, more efforts on natural vegetation especially on the western grassland protection should be made to strengthen the regional comprehensive carbon capability. Compared with the traditional model, the modified model could overcome the defects of excessive simplification and pessimism in evaluation results, which can reflect the eco-environmental impacts of energy consumption more factually and roundly.

As a phenomenon of urban political economy, urban primelot is an inevitable consequence of the development of urban political economy in China recently. Firstly, this paper reviews the theory of urban political economy at home and abroad; then explains the phenomenon of primelot through theories of urban regime and growth machine by analyzing the mechanism of each interest group behind this setting. It reveals that urban primelot is an urban political economy aftermath of the interactions between different political economy groups in the area of land development. This study also indicates that there are four features in this urban setting. (1) Local government is the core in this growth coalition that dominates other parts or agents/agencies, for the local offices need not care too much about their parochial civilian as well as their superior in Chinese appointed bureaucracy system. (2) The central government not only has the absolute, but final macro controls over the growth coalition as well, however, these leaders are hesitating to disorganize the local growth machines or coalitions since it may jeopardize national economic locomotive which has been lasting for over three decades since Deng Xiaoping's reform and opening up policy started in 1978. (3) Growth coalition and anti-growth coalition constitute a kind of cooperate-collide continuum. The more peripheral individuals or organizations who are distributed away from the center of core-benefit in the building of growth machines might be more inclined to throw themselves into the lap of anti-growth coalition. (4) The category of urban growth machines or urban regimes might differentiate within the development of national citizenship in historical scale and the economic capacity of local governments in geographical scale. In the areas open wider to the ourside world, such as Beijing and Shanghai, the municipalities would rather build somewhat concessionary regimes/federalist regime than conserving regime/elitist entrepreneurial regime in which the local governments are hungry for development capital and dream for achievements. Therefore, according to the structure of building, dynamic machine and self-organization of growth coalitions, the nationalization process of land market might be necessary to disconnect the coalition through pumping more investment capital into local authorities from the central government or deducing the social consumption responsibility of local governments by the central government.

Knowledge network is a kind of inter-connected network that is born in the process of diffusion and communication of knowledge by the actors who create, transfer, absorb and apply knowledge, such as enterprises, universities, organizations and institutions. Network structures may exert influence on the actors and regions involved, and the potential for successful knowledge absorption and learning may be partly determined by network positions. Up to present, there are no researches about the evolution of spatial structure of knowledge network in China. In recent years, the evolutionary economic geography in Europe and USA begins to explore the spatial structure and evolution of knowledge networks from the geographical angle. But because of language and cultural barriers, the western research focused more on international knowledge flows and connections about knowledge networks in China, while the evolution of Chinese domestic knowledge networks were rarely involved. Purposes of this paper are: 1) to establish the estimation model to analyze the formation mechanism of spatial patterns of knowledge network, and to reveal the dynamic mechanism of its evolution; 2) to provide some advice to the government for policy making of national innovation system.This paper takes statistical data of the papers published in cooperation about the biotechnology in the database of Chinese Scientific and Technical Journals (Journal of Chongqing VIP) from 2000 to 2009 as data source. Based on the theory and methods of social network analysis in New Economic Sociology, it uses UCINET and ArcGIS to analyze the spatial structure and the evolution of knowledge network of biotechnology at provincial level in China. In recent 10 years, the knowledge network developed in three phases: infant stage, expansion stage and maturity stage. Accordingly, the major pattern of knowledge diffusion in the network changed from contagious diffusion to hierarchical diffusion. The spatial high-density of knowledge connections also changed from decentralization to concentration, then again to decentralization. The interactions of geographical proximity and organizational proximity between nodes impact the evolution of network. Based on the result, this paper suggests that the national innovation system should improve the biotechnology through two ways: 1) shortening the social distance of actors who create knowledge; 2) optimizing spatial disposition of innovation resources.

Increasing returns to scale (IRS) play a core role in economic geography, urban economics and new economic geography, and are almost an article of faith of scientists engaged in these disciplines; however, the empirical evidence of increasing returns to scale is rarely of interest for these scientists. This paper examines the role of increasing returns to scale in empirical explanation of the pattern of economic growth. It presents estimates for the Dynamic Verdoorn Law related labor productivity growth to output growth, using data for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region (BTHMR) during 1995-2000, 2000-2007 and 1995-2007. Over the traditional specification, we have three advantages. First, regional social forces, cultural forces and the thickness of institution associated with output growth are considered rather than only the capital stock as the omitted variables. Second, spatial dependence of output growth and labor productivity growth are modeled in our SDM. Third, spatial heterogeneity is modeled through the Bayesian Spatial Heterogeneity Model (BSHM), which alleviates the biasness caused by heteroscedasticity. Based on the specification of model and the proper estimation methods, several results are drawn as follows. 1) The output growth has a strong positive relationship with labor productivity growth about 0.9, which strongly confirms the IRS play an essential part in the polarization and pattern of economic growth in BTHMR. 2) The magnitude of the positive impact of output growth on labor productivity growth is increasing with time, which means that the polarization of economic growth in BTHMR will continue and becomes stronger. In our BSHM, the impact of output growth on labor productivity during 2000-2007 is 0.06 larger than that during 1995-2000. 3) The growth of output in contiguous regions has a negative influence on the very region, which vividly depicts the process of growth for metropolises such as Beijing and Tianjin with their economic growth based on the attraction of productive factors from contiguous regions. This paper argues that our model, built around the productivity-output growth nexus is consistent with an attempt what one might expect as an empirical manifestation of new economic geography theory, and therefore it is seen as a way of confronting our version of new economic geography with data, and an attempt to discover the mechanism of the economic growth in BTHMR.

The article led into the concept of gravity centre, wielded gravity centre computing method based on economic space structure, and identified economic gravity centers of Fujian Province from 1989 to 2008. After exporting space change pictures of economic gravity center points by GIS, it analyzed the dynamic variation and the change laws of economic gravity centers by such indices as moving direction, moving distance, space correlativity in the province in the past 20 years. The results show that the economic gravity centers are mainly situated between southeast Dehua County and northeast Yongchun County, which are basically close to the geometric center. However, this paper presents a tendency that the distance between economic gravity center and geometric center is expanding unceasingly, which indicates that economic development in Fujian is becoming more and more unbalanced and displays a tendency which inclines to the southeast. The general moving trend of economic gravity center is from northwest to southeast during the past 20 years, while the moving track displays some fluctuation. The annual moving distance and direction display a positive correlation between regional economic development levels and speed and regional development policies in the province.

The spatial structure of urban waterfront generally extends along the axis to both ends, namely being a zone, which also becomes one of the main modes of leisure spatial planning and design in the water area. Based on a review of basic concepts and literatures at home and abroad, this paper expounded and summarized major spatial structure features of leisure zones in urban waterfront, that is mobility, symmetry, amphibiousness, and openness. The leisure products and service within a leisure zone of the Grand Canal in downtown Hangzhou were taken as a case to focus on and analyze the spatial layout and evolution of point, linear, and planar space unit. Furthermore, this study pointed out that the spatial assembling of existing resources showed us a first and a second orientation, the spatial distribution of nodes in the zone was unbalanced and the spatial functions were complementary considering both internal and external dimensions. Finally, some suggestions and proposals, including optimizing spatial order, protecting the Blue Belt and Green Belt, constructing collaborative alliances, highlighting spatial character and carrying on regional context, were put forward to realize a sustainable and harmonious development of the leisure zone in urban waterfront.

Based on the land transaction data in Changsha from 2003 to the first half of 2009, GIS and econometrics methods were used to compile three spatial structure maps on the distribution of commercial, residential and industrial land prices. Then this paper analyzed the spatial distribution of the three types of land prices and its influencing factors in Changsha. The results are shown as follows. First, the spatial distribution of land price is different in terms of land use types. Commercial land price calls more for the degree of CBD, and the high value areas are concentrated near the center of the city—Wuyi square. Residential land price is consistent with the level of environment quality, and compared with commercial land price, the degree of aggregation for areas with high values comes down to some extent. Industrial land price, which depends more on external traffic factors, is relatively sparsely and evenly distributed in space. Second, the factors affecting the spatial variation of the three types of land are different due to different usages of the land. Degree of CBD is the most important factor among the factors affecting spatial land change in the single central city—Changsha land price, which also has significant influence on the three types of land use.

Against the backdrop of rapid urbanization, homeplace-based communities accommodating rural migrants from the same origin areas have proliferated in China's metropolitan cities. This phenomenon has attracted a wide range of political concern and media attention. However, little scholarly attention has been devoted to such rural migrant enclaves from the perspective of the social space, and to what extent and in what way 'the power of place' imposes influences upon the migration process and the labor-market process of rural migrants remain poorly understood. Based on field study and qualitative method, this paper aims to probe into the evolution process, basic characteristics, formation mechanism, and spatiality of Hubei Village, a homeplace-based community located in the city of Guangzhou, in the context of rapid urbanization. Our findings reveal that Hubei Village in general has become specialized in economic structure, homogeneous in sub-ethnic composition, and diversified in social stratum since the advent of the reform and opening up, and that abundant production networks and recruitment channels embedded with native space connections engender this community an enclave of key social and cultural distinction from surrounding areas. Our results suggest that Hubei Village plays a key role in accumulating and retaining all kinds of sub-ethnic elements, e.g. capital, labor force, and identity. Specifically, Hubei Village provides a place for the circuit of Hubei migrants' economic capital, for upward mobility of hubei labor migrants, and for integration of Hubei migrants into the host society of detonation cities. Our results further indicate that Hubei Village is a product of interrelated and interwoven forces at varied geographical scales, including market, institutional, and regional-level factors on a macro scale, factors related to urban expansion and infrastructure development on a meso scale, and factors related to competitive edges of Hubei garment factories, entrepreneurial spirit of Hubei migrants, and active response of local community on a micro scale. Based on our empirical study, we make a conclusive remark that homeplace-based communities, as new urban social spaces facilitated by grass-root efforts, make great contributions to the integration of neo-migrants in China's metropolitan cities. Therefore, governments should be cautious to carry out the wholesale demolition of homeplace-based communities, and should reconsider existing redevelopment policies toward urbanized villages.

The government of the Republic of China made cleaning-up and mending on the enclaves in the border area between Sichuan and Guizhou in the years 29-35 during the period of the Republic of China (1940-1946). This work can be divided into two stages: in the first stage, the two provinces did the cleaning-up and mending in 1940-1944; in the second the work was done under the auspices of the Internal Affairs Ministry of the Republic of China in 1945-1946. The effects of the work were very obvious. Field surveys were made and some resolutions were achieved after conferences. Thirty-three problems were solved, which were associated with the enclaves involving 8 counties, 17 villages and towns in the border area between Sichuan and Guizhou. However, due to the impact of the local protectionism, the lack of knowledge of enclaves and different viewpoints of enclaves, the tasks were not completed yet. There were not only some problems remaining unsolved, but also many of them were not taken into consideration. The study of the cleaning-up and mending process will play an important role in strengthening the enclave study, summarizing the experiences in cleaning-up and mending the enclaves and solving the remaining unsolved problems of enclaves.

Urbanization development quality (UDQ) is the integrity of economic urbanization quality, social urbanization quality and spatial urbanization quality. The improvement of urbanization development quality is the key to expedite and facilitate the sound development of urbanization process in China. With the help of quadrant graph, through the analysis of the interactive coordination relation between urbanization quality, speed and urbanization level, the paper proposes 3D index ball and discrimination standard value of comprehensive measures of urbanization development quality, which is composed of three categories of indexes and 12 detailed indexes. By introducing Atkinson model, the paper constructs the sub-element measure model and segmental measure model of urbanization development quality, and further makes an overall evaluation on the characteristic of China urbanization development quality and its spatial differentiation. Studies show that during 1980-2008, China's urbanization development quality reached a medium level generally, and was improving slowly. However, the speed of quality improvement is lower than that of speed improvement. The classified urbanization quality presents the stance of economic urbanization quality < social urbanization quality < spatial urbanization quality; provincial urbanization development quality improves in varying degrees throughout China and exhibits the spatial and spatiotemporal difference of "inland→coastal area→inland→coastal area→ improvement in general", thus urbanization quality in the east is higher than that in the middle, and that in the middle is higher than that in the west. There is no correspondent relation between urbanization development quality and city scale. It is not true that the bigger the city is, the better the urbanization quality is. The result shows that population urbanization level does not reflect the quality of urbanization development.

Urbanization is an important comprehensive problem of social and economic development in contemporary China, involving fundamental issue of how to realize the goal of new and modern harmonious social development according to coordinated development of national economy, and sustainable development problem of rational utilization and long-term protection of resources and environment. After more than three decades of reform and opening up, socio-economic development has maintained a new situation of the rapid advance. Brilliant achievements in comprehensive national power, industrialization, urbanization and urban-rural integration have been obtained in China. Urbanization is not only the concept of historical development, but also the historical process of the objective laws of industrialization and social development. With the unprecedented advance of urbanization in the motherland, urbanization comprehensively promotes the tremendous economic and social development, and largely improves living standards and housing conditions of urban and rural residents. However, in recent 10 years (1996-2009), urbanization development has derogated from the principle of gradual and orderly progress beyond the normal track of urbanization development, which is called "the rapid urbanization" in the process. Recently, many scholars believes that urbanization in China shows "Great Leap Forward" and "Rash Advance". The main manifestation is the empty high speed of urbanization development, the excessive consumption of water and land resources, large-scale land occupation and land damage in the process of traffic construction in rural areas, medium-sized and large cities, and serious damage and pollution to natural eco-environment. Based on the above-mentioned situations, we suppose that urbanization in China should follow the requirements of scientific development view and think in a scientific perspective with the idea of seeking truth from facts and considering the special situation of China after our research and comprehensive analysis over the past years.

Influenced by postmodernism, qualitative research is based on in-depth interview and participant observation and other methods, to construct grounded theory by deep description. It is a cyclical and interactive process which emphasizes the participation and discursive power of research objects. Urban social geography proposed a unique spatial focus on city life. The western scholars increasingly emphasize the significance of qualitative research, influenced by the ideology of structuralism, humanism and postmodernism. Domestic research on urban social space was relatively late, and nowadays still pays more attention to the use of macro analysis based on statistical survey data. As a result, the lack of the depth in socio-spatial structure formation mechanism, as well as the neglect of human beings, leads to a sterile and dried research. Combining the western research trend and practical experience, this paper brings out different application prospects of qualitative research on urban social space on different scales, especially the micro and medium scales. The qualitative research can carry out the process of deconstruction, representation, retelling and grounded theory of urban socio-spatial structure. Key issues are discussed, including how to conduct in-depth interview, reflect space and spatial restructuring and construct grounded theory. It is necessary to have in-depth interview, find the proper research respondents, and adopt useful interview skills. The essence is how to reflect space and spatial restructuring in qualitative research and construct grounded theory. Based on the achievement made by the western related studies and the domestic facts, the use of qualitative research method can set up a firsthand database which will provide a remarkable amount of information on Chinese urban social space studies. During the qualitative research which emphasizes responsibility consciousness, researchers should avoid extreme like conceit and metaphysics and keep reflection attitude. Besides, further exploration of ethics, language construction and hypothesis verification is needed.