Tourism town is a hot issue in the process of tourism industrial development as well as one of the main directions of rural urbanization in recent years.By combining methods of PRA(Participatory Rural Assessment),GIS and high-definition remote sensing images,this study examines the evolution of land use pattern in Sanpo town in recent 25 years.The results are shown as follows.Firstly,centrifugal diffusion and centripetal agglomeration alternate in the spatial layouts of land use patterns.Meanwhile,land-use intensive degree increases constantly.Secondly,the expansion of construction land has gone through three periods: slow growth stage(1986-1995),rapid expansion stage(1995-2005)and stable development stage (2005-2010).Thirdly,from the function shift aspect,the function of construction land changes from the single function of traditional town to the multiple tourism function of tourism-town.Furthermore,centralization in the expansion of tourism land-use,such as tourist accommodation,catering,shopping and entertainment, spatial agglomeration of tourism enterprises has become the main development type of tourism-town.Finally, from the driving mechanism aspect,based on the natural geographical features,demand of external tourism market,rational choice of the market subjects,government intervention and regulation have become the main driving force in the evolution of land use in tourism town.

Village-hollowing came into being in the early 1990s in China with the essential feature of depopulation and land wastage,as a result of the housing development in rural areas.Although village-hollowing is similar to the "dying-villages" in eastern Europe,to some extent,it is formed in specific social and economic conditions in China. Village-hollowing has emerged with the feature that rural houses and land coexist with the newly-increased rural housing land which continuously extends to the outlying village like standing pancakes,leading to serious land wastage.Consequently,village-hollowing research has been paid much attention in recent years in China. On the basis of typical surveys in China,this paper analyzes the village-hollowing rate of rural housing land and its influencing factors in different regions,locations and landforms.It can be concluded as:(1)The average rate of village-hollowing of rural housing land in China is about 10.15%;(2)The village-hollowing rate of rural housing land in Eastern China, Central China and Western China averages 14.82%,9.11% and 7.15% respectively,declining from the East to the West;(3)In space,villages with high hollowing rate are mainly distributed in North China and Northeast China;(4)The village-hollowing rate in exurban cities and towns(11.33%)is higher than that in suburban cities and towns(7.81%),and the village-hollowing rate in hilly region(12.24%)is higher than that in plain region(9.91%)and downy region(5.86%);(5)The village-hollowing rate is greatly affected by the number of non-agricultural working people and the ratio of cultivated land area to rural residential area. In this situation,we should make full use of the idle and abandoned rural housing lands so that we can satisfy the demands of newly-increased rural population for housing construction in the next 10 or 20 years.

River-crossing channel,as an important infrastructure to support city river-crossing development,can break through the barrier of natural waterway and accelerate the river-crossing flow of all kinds of production factors,and effectively promote the urban development and land value increment of riverfront sub-city.This paper puts forward the method of land price trend separation,and combined with other methods such as coefficient correction and factors superposition,it uses GIS to carry out the estimation of added value on residential land price in riverfront sub-city owing to the single channel as well as the multiple channels with Pukou District as an example.Research shows that residential land price gradients and contribution rates of single-channel decline gradually as the distance increase from the channel node,while the value-added effect of multi-channels presents a pattern of multi-center wave processing.By the predicted year(2020),the residential land price rise of commuter channels can reach about 52.54%around the node region of channels,while transiting channels only 31.52%.Based on the value-added effect of multi-channels,it can be estimated that the total increment of residential land price in "Pukou New Town" can go up to 40.48 billion yuan.This will raise large amounts of money for the urban infrastructure construction of Pukou District,and implement the river-crossing development strategy effectively.

The study of soil fauna functional groups is important to the research of soil animal ecology.Many species have similar feeding habits and functions in a wide range of soil fauna,as well as in ecosystems.Species composition of soil fauna varies in different regions,however,there is a certain rule for them to respond to the environmental change.So soil fauna is regarded as a stable indicator to reflect changes in the environment.Researching functional groups of macrofauna is meaningful to reduce the complexity of soil fauna biodiversity,and increase the reliability of system analysis.However,very little work has been done with respect to functional categories of soil fauna in Chinese grassland ecosystems. In this paper,dynamic investigation of soil fauna was systematically done in six sites in Daqing meadow zone,which revealed compositions,characteristics and distribution law of macrofauna,response to environmental change and role of functional group. In this paper,based on the study of three function groups of soil animals in China, systematic investigation was done on soil fauna.Omnivore was divided into the original three groups,and the classification was supplemented and perfected.Thus,relatively complete function groups were formed,and soil fauna could be divided into saprophyte,herbivore, omnivore and predatory animals.The classification system of four functional groups was more scientific,accurate and operational than three previous functional group systems.In this survey,a total of 1432 soil animals were collected,which belonged to 39 categories,4 classes and 3 phyla.There was a large number and low biomass in herbivore,which indicated that the size of this group was small.The horizontal distribution of soil fauna showed that saprophyte,herbivore and predatory animals were the dominant groups in stable environment, such as in the forest and in the slightly degraded pasture.The omnivore was the dominant groups in unstable environment,which adapted to this situation.Furthermore,the regularity of vertical distribution shows that the number of individuals of all groups gradually decreased from top to bottom except the second layer with the largest number of omnivore.The regularity of temporal evolution indicated the variations of all functional groups were different in May,July and September,and there was no certain regulation.By comparing functional groups of soil fauna in Daqing meadow ecosystem with that in typical forest ecosystem,it was found that the biomass of saprophyte,herbivore,predatory and omnivore in forest ecosystem was 3.8,14,6.5 and 0.9 times of that in meadow ecosystem,respectively.

Unclear concept and scale positioning as well as imperfect evaluation system are the main obstacles of vulnerability evaluation.Starting from the concept,factor and scale of the coupled human-natural systems vulnerability,this article made it clear that the evaluation objective is in regional scale and the analysis framework is composed by climate change and system structural elements.Based on expounding the features of the coupled human-natural systems vulnerability,the authors established firstly an evaluation system of the coupled human-natural systems vulnerability,including the three series factor indexes of sensitivity, exposure and the adaptability,and three evaluation levels of background vulnerability, potential vulnerability and realistic vulnerability according to system relations of the three series factor indexes.Secondly,taking the hilly areas in southern China as an example,the authors established an evaluation index system of coupled human-environment interaction systems vulnerability in the erosion-prone region,which includes regional natural disasters such as debris flow,landslide,drought and flood,and which relies on the principles including the scientific principle,dominant factors principle,pertinence principle,applied principle and operability principle.Finally,the authors concluded that:(1)the regional coupled human-environment interaction systems vulnerability concerns with natural disasters under global climate change disturbance;(2)the sensitivity and damageability are the essential attribute of the vulnerability,while the sensitivity,exposure and adaptability are system factors of the vulnerability;(3)the natural disaster frequency can be seen as the location exposure indexes to reflect the space concentricity of disaster occurences,while the real disaster degree,as a reference value,can be provided to verify the results of the vulnerability evaluation indexes screening,index weights determinating,model validation and threshold value analysis.The research has some references for improving the theory and method of the research on regional coupled human-environment interaction systems vulnerability in different regions under the consistent framework.

The temporal and spatial variations in frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events and their impacts were analyzed based on the daily precipitation data of 23 meteorological stations over the Red River Basin from 1960 to 2007.The results showed that the spatial distribution for intensity and frequency of heavy rainfall gradually reduces from southeast to northwest,namely,high value areas are distributed in Jiangcheng- Luchun-Jinping-Hekou while low value areas are in Weishan-Nanjian-Midu.The trends for frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall eventd exhibited spatial differences:most of the regions with positive trends are distributed in the upper Lixianjiang and Yuanjiang rivers,as well as Tengtiao river basins,while the regions with negative trends were found in the lower Lixianjiang and Yuanjiang rivers,and Panlong river basins.In the past 48 years,both frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall in the Red River Basin presented an upward trend but not significant at α=0.05 significance level,frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall increased at rates of 0.26 days/10a and 0.18 mm·day^-1/10a respectively.No significant abruption points were detected for both frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall during the period 1960-2007.The upward trend of heavy rainfall in the past 20 years increased the risk of floods,landslides,debris flows disaster,and has led to the sediment increase in the Red River Basin.

Wetland is one of the most important and extraordinary ecosystems.It plays a key role in decelerating the climatic change trend and regulating the regional climatic feature, which is closely related to the human well-being.Based on the satellite images and meteorological data of ground observation stations,Beijing taken as the study region, biological mass and evapotranspiration intensity of wetlands are respectively estimated with CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)model and NDVI(Normal Difference Vegetation Index)cumulative model,then regulation valuation implemented by carbon sequestration, oxygen release and evapotranspiration are evaluated with carbon tax method,shadow project method and results reference method.The results show that:(1)The quality of carbon dioxide sequestration and oxygen release by wetlands in Beijing is about 1.42×10⁸ kg and 1.03×10⁸ kg respectively,which are about 283 million yuan and 42 million yuan in turns in 2007.(2) The capacity of water vapor evapotranspired from wetlands is about 416 million m³,which is about 114 million yuan in 2007.In general,the total valuation of climatic regulation of wetlands is about 439 million yuan in 2007.

Emergency response is the effective and scientific way for the governments to cope with emergent events,which has been paid attention globally.In China,there are four grades of emergency response to natural disaster relief(ER).Generally,Grade-Ⅳ and Grade-Ⅲ are usually launched for major disasters,while Grade-Ⅱ and Grade-Ⅰ are usually launched for catastrophic disasters.Based on the analysis of the spatial pattern of frequency of ERs across China during 2005-2010,we found that the frequency of ERs varies from north to south.The high frequency of ERs in the south was dominantly derived from Grade-Ⅳ and Grade-Ⅲ, which were launched for floods,waterlogging and typhoon disasters.This reflects the major disasters which occurred in the south in these years.The results also indicate that there were more frequent ERs in the west than in the east.The west-east difference was dominantly resulted from high frequency of Grade-Ⅱ and Grade-Ⅰ of ERs in the central and western regions of China.These ERs in the west were mostly launched for catastrophic earthquakes, extreme flash floods and mud-rock flows,extreme severe droughts,low-temperature and snow disasters,which can cause more serious disaster losses in those regions.The regional distribution of ERs roughly reflects the laws of geographical distribution in type of disasters.

"America 2050" is a national initiative to develop a framework for America's future growth and development by the year 2050 in face of rapid population growth, demographic change and infra-structure needs in the 21st century.A major focus of America 2050 is the emergence of megaregions-large networks of metropolitan areas being viewed as the new competitive units in the global economy.Eleven megaregions have been identified in the United States.America 2050 has also launched a "Rebuilding and Renewing America" campaign in response to the serious challenges of repairing the nation's deteriorating, inadequate infrastructure systems and building capacity for sustainable population and economic growth in the future.The integrated infrastructure systems including roads,rails, and ports,electricity transmission and the "smart grid," broadband communications,and water infrastructure help America to compete in the global economy and transition their fossil-fuel dependent economy to a low-carbon future.In an effort to develop a balanced and sustainable growth strategy for the United States,America 2050 is exploring new economic development strategies for the nation's underperforming regions which include cities and counties.An index was created to identify underperforming regions and the areas have been defined.In response to increasing activity at the large landscape scale,a new policy focus report named "Large Landscape Conservation:A Strategic Framework for Policy and Action" is published by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy--an America 2050 partner,in which several barriers and some recommendations were addressed to large landscape conservation.Based on summarizing the contents and characteristics of America 2050,the paper ended with the authors'suggestions to improve Chinese spatial planning,which include to develop scientific zoning standards and enhance the study of key regions classification for national strategic special planning,to think much of regional coordination and emphasize regional cooperation across administrative areas,to pay more attention to the impacts of globalization,informationization and climate change on territory space,and to perfect spatial planning administrative organizations,etc.

The world industrial structure presents a general trend that the industry economy is transforming to service economy and producer services are becoming the leading industries and driving factors of economic growth in metropolises.Under this background,Chinese metropolises are moving into service economy,(and)spatial agglomeration of producer services(SAPS)is now the major driver of urban spatial reconstruction and functional improvement.Using large data sample of enterprises in Beijing,which was collected from basic unit census in 1996 and 2001 and economic census in 2004 and 2008,the comprehensive assessment on the SAPS was conducted.The main results are shown as follows.Firstly,the disparity of employment is greater than that of enterprises and the overall disparity was widened rapidly in 1996-2008.Secondly,during 1996-2008,the curves of regional concentration degree rose,showing N shaped and U-shaped trends,while enterprise concentration degree fell,showing inverted U-shaped and U-shaped trends.And the spatial concentration curves reflecting enterprise scale presented a rising,falling,N-shaped and U-shaped pattern.Thirdly,the employment distribution of producer services exhibited not only significant spatial autocorrelation,but also time volatility and industrial heterogeneity. Finally,the spatial concentration of circulation,information,business and technology services are consistent with that of producer services.Circulation service had better consistency with business service and technology service in spatial concentration,so did information service with technology service,business service with circulation and technology service,and technology service with circulation,information and business services.

With the reform of state-owned commercial banks,spatial distribution of China's state-owned commercial banks has also undergone great changes.Driven by operational efficiency,ICBC's and BOC's savings outlets are significantly reduced,whereas their branches are increased,their regional unevenness and geographical concentration are both increased: the main economic growth poles enjoy a boom,while the border and less developed areas suffer from a recession.According to the econometric result,the geographical distribution of ICBC's and BOC's types of outlets has been changed largely after the reform.The savings outlets become closer to main customer groups,while branches have become more concentrated in areas with better economic development.Taking their own business advantages and characteristics into account,ICBC and BOC show some differences in location choice.The strategy of state-owned commercial banks on outlet distribution may cause the less developed areas suffer from financial exclusion in terms of operational efficiency.

With the adoption of "National Planning for the Major Function Oriented Zone (NMFOZ)" by the Chinese central government in 2010,the implementation of this planning will be a core task in the following and future years.In the implementing era,the work of monitoring and evaluating the status and development trend of NMFOZs,which include their physical,ecological,social and economic elements at regional and national levels,is one of basic approaches to grasp the practical information and adjust the operational status for those NMFOZs.According to the basic requirements and spatial features of NMFOZ,based on the integration between modern geographic information technology and traditional statistic technology,a comprehensive framework including a series of spatial indices was put forward, including 2 levels,9 groups and 60 concrete indexes.At the top level,9 index groups,including resources,environment,ecology,natural hazards,economy,population and society,policy, communication and NMFOZ operating system,were organized firstly.Then at the lower level, each index group was further decomposed into a series of distinctive operational indexes that can be easily obtained or integrated from the remote sensing information and traditional economic&social surveys and statistics.For example,the population and society index group covers 7 concrete indexes,i.e.total population,population inflow ratio,population outflow ratio, ratio of non-agriculture population,poor population,R&D ratio,and energy consume per unit GDP.The entire index listed here can be further calculated,analyzed and visualized by the assistance of geographic information system(GIS).Finally,the authors discussed the completeness and practical applicability of the spatial indexes,index data acquisition methods, data processing methods and expression methods.Although some shortcomings exist in the presented index framework,there is no doubt that our results offer a reference for the future monitoring and evaluating work.

The research on carrying capacity has involved in an evolution process which includes many concepts such as non-human biological population carrying capacity, population carrying capacity, resources carrying capacity, environmental carrying capacity, ecological carrying capacity, cultural carrying capacity and social carrying capacity. Four typical characteristics are emerging in the process, one is that the appraisal of carrying capacity was extended from biological population to "cultivated land-food-population" , the second is that the evaluation of carrying capacity restricted by single factor has changed to multiple factors, the third is that the appraisal of carrying capacity merely based on natural resources endowment has extended to depend on integrating natural resources endowment and human development requirements, and the fourth is that the estimation of carrying capacity was enlarged from single city to conurbation. This paper claimed that the urban comprehensive carrying capacity is not a meaningless question; its threshold limit value existed indeed in a particular temporal-spatial situation and under definite resources and environment constraints. Additionally, some issues such as the philosophy of evaluation for urban comprehensive carrying capacity, identification of the limiting factors, spatial classification appraisal and grading appraisal and evaluation methods were discussed. Also, the further study of urban carrying capacity is prospected.

The urban concentrated area is a form of regional organization in the advanced stage of urbanization. It is benefit for clearing national development framework and promoting regional integration to divide and identify the urban concentrated area spatially. Based on the existing research results, according to the level and stage of China's urbanization, this article defines the space identification standards of urban concentrated areas in China, including such aspects as the core city, standard city, other small cities and towns, and boundary identification, then divide Chinese cities into 15 typical urban concentrated areas and 8 quasi-urban concentrated areas based on the traffic accessibility. They present a spatial pattern of "three vertical and two horizontal distributions", which construct a national system of urban concentrated areas. Compared with the main function areas of the national plans, the proposed program of urban concentrated areas is consistent with the strategy pattern of urbanization in the national plans of main function areas on the whole. Under the guidance of the strategy of the national main function areas, the urban concentrated areas should develop in the light of the positions and goals in the plans to select the right path and direction.

Urban China is facing with transformation and reconstruction. In this context, the study on time-space rules of residential mobility from the perspective of individual life course will be conducive to the understanding of urban structure mechanism. At the same time, it is meaningful to supply public service facilities and improve the quality of life. The data of this paper comes from the household survey held in 2007 in Guangzhou. The paper studies the life course characteristics of space-time paths of residential mobility. Two laws are found in the study which can be expressed with the "N-shaped" curve and "smiling curve". The "N-shaped" curve reveals the mobility rate goes up first, then down, and up again with ages changing. The smiling curve reveals that the migration direction of old people and children is relatively concentrated and middle-aged people migration direction is discrete. On this basis, this paper analyzes the reasons of the preference of settlement migration. This study confirmed that space-time path of Guangzhou residential mobility is characterized by life course. The conclusions are drawn based on data from the residents with different ages in Guangzhou, but the characteristics of time-space path of life course are objective and realistic, which have a positive effect on the social housing supply and public facilities and services of the space configuration in Guangzhou.

City parks are the main spaces for residents' daily recreation. It is of important significance to measuring residents' recreation satisfaction so as to improve the quality of its recreation. In this paper, based on the advancement of currently internationally widely-used customer satisfaction models (CSM), and associated with the factors of city parks' recreation, a structural equation model of measuring residents' recreation satisfaction index (RRSI) of city parks was established. Taking Beijing as an example, and based on scale design, questionnaire and survey, we examined the model. According to results of the model, among three latent variables influencing residents' recreation satisfaction index, the impact of "the accessibility" is the largest, followed by "the perceived quality" and "the perceived value". Furthermore it is found that several observable variables, including "the distance from the residential areas" and "the public transports" inside "the accessibility" of latent variable, "the quality of landscape", "the recreation facilities", "the park security", "the activities" and "signs system" inside "the perceived quality" of latent variable, and "the tickets and the expense" inside "the perceived value" of latent variable, have more significant impact on latent variables, which are main factors that can influence residents' recreation satisfaction. On this basis, this paper put forward suggestions in three aspects to improve the recreation quality of city parks: firstly, parks' accessibility should be advanced through perfecting traffic network and extending city parks' coverage to residential areas; secondly, construction of the parks' facilities and service should be enhanced; finally, residents in Beijing should be free from charge of city parks and openess of the "parks in parks be enlarged".

Taking Huangshan City as the study area, the paper studies the spatial travel patterns of self-driving tourists inside a tourism destination. It can be concluded as follows. (1) There are three market characteristics of self-driving tourists: an adjacent character, a clear character for eastbound development and the character concentrated on the 4-hour drive. In the flow of self-driving tourists into Huangshan City, those who come from Anhui Province and Yangtze River Delta account for 76.6%. (2) The tourism spacial use curve of self-driving is consistent with curves of Boltzman. The number of tourists increases with distance and peaks at 400 km, then, the number of tourists shows a rapid decrease. On the whole, its gravity field concentrates on the scope of 600 km, and the accumulation percentage of tourists reaches 79.37%. (3) Spatial travel behaviors of self-driving tourists into Huangshan City are shown in the following: the highways constitute the skeleton of the traffic of self-driving tourism into Huangshan City, self-driving forms the prominent center for the accumulation in the district, the traffic flow shows the regional unbalance evidently, and spatial interaction between scenic sites has an impact on the spatial behavior of self-driving tourists. (4) The spatial pattern of self-driving tourism into Huangshan City are mainly taken as the forms of "single destination" (64%)", "transit leg and circle tour" (12%), and some others take up 12%, and a completely round-route pattern has not been found.

Seasonality is one of the most significant characteristics of tourism. A good understanding of seasonality in tourism is essential for the efficient management of tourism industry. Taking Xidi, Hongcun and Huangshan in a destination circle as case studies, this paper explores the tourism seasonality of neighbor scenic areas in the same destination according to continuous monthly data of tourist flows during 2006-2010. Firstly, this paper analyzes the characteristics and differences of tourism in seasonal factors decomposed from five-year monthly data by seasonal adjustment method in three scenic areas, and then, as a measure of seasonality, the correlation is studied between the original series and the seasonally corrected series. Secondly, according to time-difference correlation and scroll correlation, the paper analyzes the co-movement between seasonal factor series and seasonally corrected series between the three scenic areas, by which the cause of seasonality including interactions between neighbor scenic areas can be disclosed. Finally, this paper draws the conclusions as follows. There is the interaction on the seasonality between the three scenic areas, the seasonality of Huangshan which plays a dominant role can transmit to Xidi and Hongcun, and produces great influence on their tourism seasonality. Despite independence of tourism development in recent years, Xidi and Hongcun depend on unidirectional radiation effect from Huangshan in tourist flow, with their position as tourist destination unchanged, and their relation has not entered a substitute competition stage. These conclusions show that understanding tourism seasonality by effect of seasonal and non-seasonal factors can be conductive to the management of tourism scienic areas, and provides a new research direction on tourism seasonality.

Research on regional ecological security is of great significance in realizing regional sustainable development. However, there are rare studies which can not only synchronously guarantee temporal and spatial precisions but also involve enough evaluation indices at present. Based on the replacement of values, this study adopts a part of the ecological estimation models as examples to distinguish the ecosystem services and eco-risks. Then it analyses the feasibility and rationality for using the ratio of value to express the ecological security degree in a specific area. And the partitions are considered to be more comprehensive than directly zoning by ecological security degree. The analysis of the specific examples in the research shows that: (1) the ecosystem services value and eco-risk loss value are not consistent in the time variation. Under the background of ecological restoration in northern Shaanxi, the tendency of ecological system security degree on the graph is not presented as a straight line. The result shows that human activities and climate changes have complex interactions in the geographical - ecological process. (2) The result of evaluation is focused on the description of ecological security degree with the view of human development. So it is suitable to analyze the ecological processes which are influenced by human activities. The calculation method in this study can reduce the uncertainty produced by marking the weight on the indices, as well as provide a high temporal and spatial precision. By using a variety of year scales or other remote sensing image data of high resolution to guarantee the accuracy, and applying specific models to concrete the composite index, this research contributes to describe the specific spatial pattern and time process reflected by the index, while it still guarantees the geography or ecology meaning at the same time. However, as there is still much room for improving ecological estimation models, the uncertainty has not been eliminated. Further studies on a cross-reference evaluation on multi-scale and multi-methods are needed.

The paper analyzes the relationship among the NDSI(Normalized Difference Snow Index)albedo,the HJ-1 satellite infrared band reflectance and snow depth in the vicinity of Ulugh Muztagh.At the same time,snow depth and reflectance spectrum are measured in different slopes and aspects on April 14 to 26,2012.In order to estimate spatial and temporal changes in snow depth,snow depth inversion model was established by their correlation among measured snow depth data,infrared band reflectance and albedo;furthermore,it accuracy is verified by the measured snow depth and spectral data.The results show the multiple correlation coefficient of albedo inversion model is 0.992,and the significance level is less than 0.05.Through setting distinguishing between mixed and pure snow coverage pixel by NDSI threshold,its estimated accuracy is up to 92.78%.The correlation coefficients between albedo of the glacier area,NDSI value and altitude data are 0.626 and 0.733, respectively,and the significance level is less than 0.01.Moreover,albedo value in high altitude zone is significantly higher than that of the low altitude zone.The snow depth value of northern aspect in non-glacier area is larger,followed by the southern and western aspects; while the snow depth in southern aspect reaches the minimum value,under influence of the westerlies snowfall.When the slope is about 10°,there is the maximum snow depth.The relative error with snow depth estimated increases as the increase of the plot slope,and when the slope is 15°,the relative error is the largest.

Water pollution is one of the prominent problems that affect public health and sustainable economic development.And water pollution prevention pressure of the river basin is becoming increasingly serious with the rapid development of urbanization,industrialization and agriculturalization.Taking Huaihe River Basin as the research object and based on the following internal mechanism of large-scale basin water pollution,this paper carries out the comprehensive evaluation of basin water pollution prevention capability for 35 cities in four aspects,namely,control and treatment,monitoring and warning,supervision and management, prevention and input capability of the river basin.It also explores the driving factors of water pollution prevention with the help of entropy method,GIS spatial analysis and regression model method.The results are shown as follows.(1)Spatial difference of water pollution prevention capability is prominent in the Huaihe River Basin while the pollution prevention ability is higher in the eastern plain area,lower in most parts of the western mountainous area and each of its sub-basins and generally medium to low in main streams and middle reaches to the south of the trunk river.(2)Multiple regression analysis of pollution prevention driving force indicates that the basin endogenous powers,including public education,regional economic development level,play a vital role in water pollution prevention.Exogenous motivation including supervision by public opinion and foreign investment is the key power of regional water pollution prevention.

The Liaohe River Basin is an important economic zone in Liaoning province, which contributes 60%of industrial output value and 57%value-added of tertiary industry of Liaoning province.At the same time,its development also leads to negative environmental influence,especially,rich COD in this basin,an important indicator of national pollution control,which can cause aquatic plant hypoxia,even death. This paper focused on COD pollution of the Liaohe River Basin and estimated the COD pollution loads of agricultural production,industrial production,domestic living,and urban runoff respectively.The results showed that:(1)in 2010,the total COD pollution load of the Liaohe River Basin reached about 1,015,000 tons,of which the pollution loads from domestic living and livestock industry were the main sources of COD pollution,and reached 815,000 tons,accounting for 80%of the total pollution loads,while the pollution loads from industrial production and urban runoff contributed 112,000 and 87,000 tons respectively.(2) The COD emissions of industrial pollutants had been significantly reduced in the basin due to the pollution treatment of waste water from paper industry.Study also found that although industrial COD pollution loads accounted for a smaller proportion in the total pollution load, it was the major factor causing serious water pollution because of its emission characteristics. (3)Non-point source pollution was the main way of water environmental pollution. Furthermore,the cuts of COD emissions in the Liaohe River Basin cannot be expected in a short term because of the difficulty to control non-point source pollution.COD pollution pressures would be existing for a long time in this region.(4)The technological progress and mode innovation on the aspects of pollutant discharge would be the efficient and feasible measures to cut off the COD pollution emission in the Liaohe River Basin.

Due to the frequent occurrences of geological disasters in recent years,Huangshan scenic area,World Natural&Cultural Heritage and Geological Park,has seriously threatened not only the life and property safety of tourists,but also the traffic safety and living facilities or even the development of tourism industry.In order to avoid it,this paper,based on the slope prevention engineering statistical method and GIS grid network technology,makes coupled analysis on the stability and perniciousness of the monomer collapse and large-scale collapse disaster in 52 grid cells.The result shows that the whole scenic area could be divided into high-prone areas,moderate areas and low-prone areas with different collapse disaster features respectively.Based on the coupled analysis,this paper also puts forward some countermeasures for different areas,which will also be beneficial for some other scenic areas with similar threat

Niño index is applied to detect the relationships between Precipitation in Flood Season(PFS)and ENSO events in the inner Lixiahe region of the lower reaches of Jianghuai basin from 1957 to 2006.Results show that a nice teleconnection effect can be detected between PFS and Niño index,which reveals that precipitation anomalies tend to be positive(negative)in the year after the warm El Niño event(cold La Nina event),and there is a significant stage change for precipitation anomalies in the late 1970s and the early 1980. Also,wavelet period analysis for the PFS and the Niño index indicates that a similar period can be found in both PFS and the Niño index in a period of 2-7 years,and the wavelet coherence analysis shows a significant phase switch around 1980 as a result of the teleconnection of the sea surface temperature anomalies.Furthermore,the atmospheric circulation configuration for the ENSO events is described.For the El Niño warm events,its specific atmospheric circulation configuration can be concluded that the east Asia meridian circulation appears to be a"+,-,+"geopotential height anomaly,and the west Pacific subtropical high position is located closer to the west and the north,southwest winds prevail in the middle and lower troposphere,and there is an obvious plum rain frontal surface in the lower Jianghuai region which is beneficial for the staying of the plum rain belt,thus the staying of the plum rain belt might result in more precipitation.However,in contrast to atmospheric circulation configuration of the El Niño warm events,the specific atmospheric circulation configuration for the La Nina cold events may be summarized that the west Pacific subtropical high position tends to shrink back to the east and the north,the east Asia meridian circulation appears to be a"-,-"geopotential height anomaly,southwest winds prevail in the lower troposphere and southeast wind in the lower and middle troposphere respectively.Therefore,there is no obvious plum rain frontal surface under this specific atmospheric circulation configuration,hence there are less positive precipitation anomalies in the lower reaches of north Jianghuai basin.

Highway networks spatially interact with stream networks in mountainous watersheds.The impervious highway surface may increase the runoff generation of underlying surface.Therefore,local hydrological processes and watershed stream network structure may possibly be changed.This research was therefore conducted to evaluate the degree of highway impact on watershed hydrological processes.The Qijiang watershed, located in the conjunction zone of Chongqing city and Guizhou province,was chosen as the research area.GIS hydrological analysis method was used to study how the highway network affects the structure of stream network.The results showed that highway networks were mostly distributed in the area within 1 km along both sides of stream networks.Provincial highway,national highway and expressway,which account for more than 90%of the roads lengths,were gathered in the above mentioned area.The existence of highway network led to remarkably increases in both number and total length of stream networks lower than the 3rd strahler order.Meanwhile,the main stream furcation ability was increased,which implied that highway networks may exacerbate watershed flood discharge pressure.On the other hand,the value of mean furcation ratio meant that highway networks can weaken underground dissolution and strengthened surface runoff erosion of karst watershed.Regression analysis illustrated that there was a good linear relationship between highway surface runoff generation ability and sub-watershed stream length increases.Further spatial analysis showed that the increase of stream length and density was mainly observed in areas close to watershed outlet,suggesting the potential flood risk as a result of the acceleration and enlargement of peak discharge during rainy seasons.

The South Yellow Sea is a semi-closed shallow epicontinental sea with an average water depth of 46 m.On offshore area,a characteristic tidal radial sand ridge system (TRSRS),radiating perpendicularly or high angle oblique to the coastline,has developed under a complex tidal current field along the west coast of South Yellow Sea between the north of Yangtze River Delta and the abandoned south of Yellow River Delta.The study area is located in the eastern part of the TRSRS,where the main sandy ridges and associated channels extend in NS direction in outward part and switch to NNE in inner part and finally converge at the apex of Jianggang on land.Core 11DT02,located on the southern slope of the Likejiao sandy ridge in the study area,suggests the long term sedimentary environment evolution since the last Pleistocene based on the sedimentary facies,grain-size,and AMS 14C and OSL datings.The results indicate that there are four types of sedimentary facies in the Core 11DT02 from bottom to top:tidal flats(lower part),terrestrial stiff mud,tidal flats (upper part)and tidal sand ridge.The tidal sand ridges and tidal flats are mainly composed of silt and fine sand,which show bed sorting.On the log-probability curves,they display 3 or 4 subpopulations,among which salutation subpopulation constitutes a high proportion.The double salutation population has been found from tidal sand ridge and tidal flat deposits. The long term evolution of the core has shown that the study area was dominated by a broad tidal flat and followed by a subaerial exposure symbolized by"stiff mud"deposit, which has indicated a sea level decline.At the beginning of the Holocene transgression,the area received the tidal flat again.The tidal sand ridge-channel system has developed after the area was drowned completely due to high stand.The Holocene increasing tidal currents, which was strongly eroded and reworked underlying strata after 7 ka BP,might result in the formation of sand ridges.

The gully erosion which usually shows different kinds of landforms is caused by a variety of topographic factors.In present study,we take the small watershed of Beiyanzikou in Jiaodong Peninsula as a study area.We use DOM and DEM as data source to estimate and validate gully erosion susceptibility,and study the relationship between gully erosion and topographic factors including topographical wetness index(TWI),length-slope factor(LS), stream power index(SPI),aspect,plan curvature,and surface roughness.The results show that the gully erosion frequently occurs in grassland with large slope steepness and length, strong water power index and low surface humidity,and mainly localized in the concave of the sunny slope.Furthermore,gully erosion mainly occurs in areas with the soil erosion susceptibility above moderate degree and accounts for 96.4%of total gully erosion.In these areas,the response accuracy of the value of weighs from the experimental area to the gully erosion in the validation area is 87.9%.It is close to the practical value(93.3%),which suggests the high precision of our study.The results can provide a basis to evaluating regional gully erosion.

This paper examines the development of economic geography and proposes a new framework for further development of this research area.Previous studies on economic geography placed too much emphasis on practice of several developed countries,geographical background of several economies,and fundamental principals of economics rather than on geography.By overcoming this weakness,this study proposes a new framework of economic geography which is specifically situated at the special geographical context of Chinese economic development.This framework attempts to stress on special relationship among population,resources and environment,on special relationship between government and society,on special cultural tradition,and on special academic philosophy.Compared with current main steam economic geography,economic development,man-land harmony, important role played by government,inter-regional relationship among regions under national territory,and close links with physical geography,become foci in this proposal.Moreover, methodologies of both scientific research and social science research are imbalanced.Six important issues under this framework are suggested in Chinese economic geography:(1) changing economic geography after fast economic growth during the past several decades,(2) geographical consequence of involving or overcoming the middle-income trap at both the national and regional levels,(3)regional development and spatial structure of economic actors(enterprises,households and non-government organizations)with strong government intervention,(4)coordinated development among agricultural modernization,urbanization, industrialization and informatization,(5)man-land harmony and regional development,and (6)evolution of spatial patterns of rural settlements during the long history and recently under rapid rural-urban migration.China is a big country with many unique factors affecting economic development,thus,economic geography in China deserves much more attention in the discipline of economic geography in the world.

Ocean is basic environment and important resource for human survival and development.Nowadays,on the background of resources exhausting,environment deteriorating and population increasing,development of marine resources and economy has become a worldwide trend and national strategy choice.As the special transitional geographical area from ocean to land,coastal zone plays an important carrier and springboard role in the marine economic development.What's more,the coordination with the hinterland space is not only the important content in the coordinated implementation of the development strategy of land and sea,but also major initiative in improving the utilization efficiency of marine resource and the development quality of marine economy.The reasonable development and utilization of spatial resources in coastal zone is playing a more and more important role in the sustainable development of coastal cities.According to the natural, economic,and social characteristics of the area,the coastline and coastal zones can be divided into different spaces for proper coastal development and protection.Nowadays,using related division methods to get higher distribution efficiency of spatial resources has become a hot topic of geographical research.Most of the scholars construct the evaluation index system from the aspects of economic and ecological factors,and make some useful exploration and attempt on the division methods.However,there are some differences in the selection of indicators because of the natural specificity of the coastal zone and the need to attach emphasis on the overall strategy of land and ocean about the utilization of spatial resources.Taking the coastal zone in Ningbo as an example,this paper discusses the evaluation index system and division methods of spatial function regionalization about coastline and coastal zone.Based on the existing division methods,this paper focuses on technical methods of the division of evaluation unit,the selection and treatment of indicators, and so on.Specially,from the perspective of overall strategy of land and ocean,we evaluate the suitability of the coastline development including ecological suitability,production suitability and living suitability,and propose the spatial function regionalization of coastal zone.Then,we divide the coastal zone in Ningbo into ecological space,production space and living space,and propose adjustment directions and control requirements for the spatial layouts of different types of regions on the basis of the current situation of space exploitation in Ningbo.From the point of division methods,we find that the selection of indicators and data reliability has great influence on the scientific results.However,some incoming data, hydrological data and underwater terrain data are collected from data interpretation and related research reports,not the first-hand measured data.And this needs to be further supplemented in the following studies.Through this paper,we hope to provide a scientific basis for the spatial development and control of coastal zone.

Regional disparity has been one of the hot issues for domestic and overseas scholars.Long term expansion of regional economic disparity will lead to serious negative effects.During the transition period,various contradictions lead to slow economic development,continuously widening of regional disparity.In view of the characteristics of population distribution,we use the model of beyond logarithmic measurement and draw the conclusion that the science and technology contribution rate is low in eastern Russia.The growth of economy basically depends on the investment of labor force and material capital, and the contribution rate of labor force is far higher than that of material capital.To transform advantages and speed up economic growth,Russia should use natural resources, strengthen technological innovation and propel the development of human capital,to improve direct output elasticity and overflow elasticity of human capital and material capital.It is one of the important channels to enhance economic strength and fight for the best interest of international trade in eastern Russia and even the entire Russian Federation.

Sci-tech finance is emerging with the deepening of science and technology system reform and financial development in China.And it also comes into being to serve independent innovation and construction of innovative country.Based on field investigation, this paper,taking Wuxi New District,one of the main cradles of sci-tech finance innovation in China,as an example,to conduct an empirical research on generation and development of sci-tech financial system and its spatial impacts.This research shows that a relatively complete sci-tech finance service system has been set up in Wuxi New District.There are three main factors that promote the system,policy factor,market factor and social factor.The establishment of sci-tech financial system results in industrial transformation,and then leads to many changes,such as generation of new industry space and spatial form,migration of talent and transition of society.The study enriches theory of sci-tech finance,and provides reference for practice of other areas.

The lake basin of Dongting Lake area with water inside is different from normal plain areas in the social and economic spatial structure.Based on the county data from the Sixth National Population Census in 2010,this article carries out spatial analyses of population urbanization levels of counties in this region and draws a conclusion that population urbanization levels of Dongting Lake area presents an obvious concentric ribbon structure.Regression and correlation analyses between population urbanization levels and the other 12 indices of socioeconomic development,traffic location and resources environment show that the difference of economic structure is the direct cause for the formation of spatial pattern of urbanization,and that economic development and agricultural industrialization have a great effect on spatial pattern of urbanization of Dongting Lake area.In addition,traffic score and economic location affect urbanization levels mainly by economic restructuring and investment in fixed assets.Above all,difference of terrain structure is the natural foundation of formation of spatial structure of population urbanization of the Dongting Lake area.

This paper defined the concept of tourism industry growth point and reinterpreted tourism industry growth path by applying the"path dependence"theory.With the example of Zhangjiajie tourism industry growth point,it put forward a universal SGGT analysis mode and researched its spatial evolution process and dynamic mechanism.The results showed:(1) specific historical conditions and social economic environment was a foundation for the formation of Zhangjiajie tourism growth point;demand and cultivation was the key factor of tourism growth point germination;innovation and development was the guarantee of tourism growth point while the tourism growth point was promoted to be growth pole by disintegration;(2)the three tourism growth points—Zhangjiajie National Forest Park,Tianzi Mountain and Suoxiyu—became the core growth points after they realized unification of the administrative jurisdiction in Zhangjiajie scenic spot by path creation and listed as a world heritage site;(3)driven by the generating power of tourism industry growth point and world heritage site management,Tianmen Mountain becomes a new growth point with its high quality tourism resources;(4)the two growth points of Wulingyuan scenic spot and Tianmen Mountain were formed as a result of joint action by tourism industry agglomeration and path creation in Zhangjiajie.The results provide a great benefit for the local government and enterprises to understand the tourism industry growth path from the perspective of tourism industry growth point and further offer scientific guidance for the sustainable development of tourism industry in the world heritage site.

Golf tourism not only plays an important role in China's tourist resource system, but also strongly supports tourism industry to transform from sightseeing travel to leisure travel.This thesis chooses Beijing as the research region and conducts studies on spatial distribution features and influencing factors of 51 standard golf tourist attractions which have over 18 holes.The conclusions can be drawn as follows:
(1)Under the influence of regional economic development,development of golf tourist attractions in Beijing can be divided into two phases:the slow development phase in 1985-2000,and the boom phase in 2001-2011.
(2)The spatial distribution of golf tourist attractions in Beijing is multi-centered with spatial dot-clustered mode transforming to dispersion and forming into line-network system.
(3)Judging from the area and spatial size of golf court,the golf tourist attractions in Beijing has developed into a system of unbalanced clustering in space.The density of golf courts in central area is relatively high but the spatial size is relatively small;while the density of golf courts in emerging peripheral areas is relatively low,and their development potential is greater and the spatial size is relatively big. On the whole,factors such as regional landforms,important water system distribution, transportation conditions,supporting services,development of relevant industries,prices of land and planning and policy making exert an influence on spatial distribution features of golf tourist resources in Beijing.This paper discusses and analyses the above three points through empirical studies.The other influencing factors will be discussed further.

In-depth interviews,text analysis of official documents,and representative case study are explored to the research on the disempowerment type and mechanism of tourism development on host residents in Tiantangzhai,an emerging isolated mountainous tourism area in Anhui Province,China.The qualitative research was conducted on the specific political and economic background of China.It is concluded that the host residents were disempowered or de-empowered on their rights to use their production and life space, indispensable community-owned natural resources,economic development information access, tourism benefits,and participation in tourism development.Disempowerment mechanisms of tourism development have been detected to some complicated interactions among host residents,governmental development strategies and institutional design,community elites` interest network,villagers'economic conditions,and social supports.The implications of our research that improvement of officials'performance assessment,consolidation of administrative supervision,timely dissemination of relevant tourism development information, and community capacity building are instrumental in operating tourism development policy smoothly and successfully.

TThe urban park is one of the most important parts in human environment,and is also one major consideration for the construction of livable city.Based on the review and discussion of current classification criteria,urban parks can be divided into five types: cultural relics parks,amusement parks,integrated parks,community parks,ecological parks. There are 148 parks within the 6th Ring Road in Beijing,with a total area of 7293.9 ha (averaged 49.28 ha).Each type of parks has its own distribution characteristics.The urban park plays an important role in four aspects,which is tourism and leisure,ecological value, disaster prevention and reduction,and scientific education value.Types of urban parks are closely related to its functions.Although the park is a composite of diverse functions,each has different dominant functions.Cultural relics park is featured by tourism-leisure and scientific education value;amusement park is dominated by tourism-leisure;comprehensive park has various functions;community function is dominated by tourism-leisure;forest park is featured by ecological value;country park is dominated by the ecological value and tourism-leisure.Refining the classification and identifying the dominant function of urban parks can contribute to construction and management of urban parks.

Land type is a basic study object of physical geography, which can reflect the meso-scale and small-scale section differentiation regularity and overall characteristics of the complex. Based on the complex hierarchy of the section and the application requirements of different management levels of Beijing, this study divided the land types in Beijing into four basic levels from high to low: land class, land type, land group and land phase. Divisional indicators for land class included morphogenesis form, soil sub-types, and zonal vegetation life form; divisional indicators for land type included meso-scale topographic feature, vegetation ecotypes, and soil forming conditions in order to give prominence to vegetation ecotype source coupled with soil material sources; divisional indicators for land group included small landforms with same aspect, same soil composition, and same vegetation group of association or formation; and divisional indicators for land phase included same geomorphic surface of aspect and slope, same root activities thickness and soil moisture, and same vegetation association coupled with same land use patterns.

Changes in forest land use contribute to the carbon source in most tropical regions due to large-scale deforestation but are poorly documented for arid forest ecosystem. According to "Guidelines for Land Use, Land-use Change and Forestry" documented by IPCC, we estimated sources and sinks of carbon from forest land use change between 1975 and 2005 in Xinjiang, China. The results indicated that: (1) the carbon stock of forest ecosystem in Xinjiang is 720.02 Tg in 1975, whereas the vegetation carbon stock is 191.20 Tg, and soil carbon stock is 528.82 Tg; (2) Generally, the effect of forest land use change in Xinjiang performed as a carbon sink, with a total carbon sequestration of 48.15 Tg, and increased by 6.69% compared with the total carbon stock of 1975. The accelerated afforestation led to a strong carbon sequestration (54.24 Tg), while the deforestation showed a main carbon source, releasing 5.42 Tg. The woodland transferring performed as a weak carbon source, releasing 0.66 Tg; (3) We recommend that some efficient measures should be taken on raising the quality and quantity of forest resources in the future to enhance the forestry carbon sequestration in Xinjiang. Therefore, this can offset the carbon loss from industrial activities so as to provide sufficient space for the sustained and healthy economic development in Xinjiang. This study will be conducive to further deepen the understanding of the influence of human activity on regional carbon balance.

To avoid the subjectivity and difficulty of dealing with high dimensional dataset for conventional methods, a set of evaluation index system of cultivated land intensive use was built. Based on data of land and socioeconomy from 1996 to 2009 in Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan (Chang-Zhu-Tan) urban agglomeration and in 2009 in each county, quantitative comprehensive evaluation of sequential variation and spatial differentiation was made by a projection pursuit model based on genetic algorithm. The results were obtained as follows. (1) The main factors affecting cultivated land intensive use were multiple-crop index, application quantity of chemical fertilizer, total power of agricultural machinery and plant production for per unit cultivated land area in Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration. (2) From 1996 to 2009, the degree of cultivated land intensive use in Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration took the year 2002 as the demarcation point, and presented a phased development trend with "stable-rapid growth". (3) In 2009, spatial differentiation characteristic of the degree of cultivated land intensive use declined gradually from suburbs to middle suburbs and outer suburbs in Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration; (4) Compared with conventional evaluation methods, the projection pursuit method was of impersonality and credibility, abundance in characterization information, with reasonable results and high validity in evaluation of cultivated land intensive use.