According to the 30 climatic stations with climatic records from 1960 to 2009 in Haihe River Basin, the classical calculation methods of agro-meteorological indicators was adopted to analyze the changes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration in the past 50 years. With the aid of VIP crop model, the effect of atmospheric CO₂ enrichment, temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration variations on crop yield was study separately. The results show that the north limit of winter wheat moved northward by approximately 70 km in recent 50 years due to the significant temperature rising in winter. Based on the assumption that the irrigation amount and the crop varieties remained same in recent 50years, the wheat yield shows an upward trend (0.2%-3.4%/10 years). Roughly 11%, 0.7%, -0.2% and -6.5% variability of wheat yield can be explained by atmospheric CO₂ enrichment, temperature rise, precipitation decline and sunshine duration decrease, respectively. The positive effect introduced by atmospheric CO₂ enrichment offsets most negative effect introduced by sunshine duration declining, indicating that atmospheric CO₂ enrichment is the main causes of the wheat yield rising. The maize yield shows a downward trend (0.6%~3.8%/10 years) in the recent 50 years when the irrigation amount and the maize varieties remained same. Roughly 0.7%, -3.6%, -1.0% and -6.8% variability of maize yield can be explained by atmospheric CO₂ enrichment, temperature rise, precipitation decline and sunshine duration decrease, respectively, indicating that the sunshine duration decrease and the temperature rise are the main causes of the maize yield declining. These results can provide scientific supports for the assessment of the impact of climate change on agriculture and its adaptation countermeasures formulation.

Frequently occurrences of extreme climatic events in recent years have become a focus of sustainability research, because they threaten the ecosystem balance and even the sustainable development of social-ecological system. In this study, by the daily record data of 46 national meteorological stations in Inner Mongolia during the past 50 years, 15 indexes that characterize the frequency and probability of extreme climatic events are calculated with RclimDex (1.0). The trends and spatial pattern of extreme climatic events across this region were obtained. The results indicate that frost day (FD0), the percentile value of cold night (TN10p), the percentile value of cold day (TX10p) and the duration of coldness (CSDI) that characterize the extremely low temperature presented downward trends; meanwhile, summer day (SU25), crop growth period (GSL), the percentile value of warm night, the percentile value of warm day (TX90p) and the duration of warmness (WSDI) that characterize the extremely high temperature showed upward trends. Since the 1990s, the frequency and duration of extreme temperature events increased fast in comparison with the smooth trends from the 1960s to the late 1980s. Different from extreme temperature events, obvious extreme precipitation events variation started since the latest 10 years, heavy precipitation and 5-daily maximum precipitation were both much lower than those in the preceding 40 years. Extreme temperature indexes in 46 sites in the study area almost had the same variation process and there was no clear spatial differentiation. However, at some sites located in the farming-pastoral ecozone, heavy precipitation events occurred more frequently in recent 10 years than in the preceding 40 years, while the heavy precipitation events in recent 10 years occured less frequently than in the preceding periods at the other sites.

Mountain elevation effect (MEE) is a major factor responsible for the spatial pattern of mountain altitudinal belts. Mountain basal elevation (MBE) was thought to be the most important factor of MEE. And it almost can be regarded as MEE itself. In Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas, the contours of snowline present an approximation of rings, a large degree change from its basic distribution pattern with latitude. It was thought to have a close relationship with MEE and MBE. In order to quantitative analyze the Influence of MBE to snowline, we compiled 142 snowline descriptions from literatures covering the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas. Snowline elevation was related to longitude, latitude and MBE, to construct a multivariate linear regression equation. And then, the standard regression coefficient and relative contribution of each influencing factors were counted out, so as to compare the influence of three factors. Afterwards, we divided all samples into 5 subsets according to their MBE (0-1000 m, 1001-2000 m, 2001-3000 m, 3001~ 4000 m, 4001-5000 m), for the purpose of analyzing the effect of MBE to the snowlines. The results turned out that, (1) to the whole research area, the relative contribution of latitude, longitude and MBE to snowline distribution reach to 30.60%, 26.53%, and 42.87%, respectively; (2) as the uplift of MBE and the reduction of research scale, the determination coefficient (R²) of each subset model diminishes and retains a high domain (0.668-0.895), which illustrates the significant and scientificity of the model clearly; (3) the relative contribution of latitude decreases linearly with the increase of MBE (92.6%-48.99%, R²=0.855), while the effect of MBE increases obviously with its uplift (3.33%-31.76%, R²=0.582), the higher the MBE, the more significant influence to snowline.

We carried out a case study of community-scale flood disaster risk assessment in Taining, Fujian, China, using a PGIS method and probabilistic (scenario) risk analysis model. The relationship between flood hazard intensity and exceedance probability in the study area was calculated using historical data of 13 flood events that occurred between 1949-2011. Our analysis shows that the annual probability of exceedance (AEP) of flood is 1.6% with a peak discharge of 2929.18 m³/s and a peak water level of 281.50 m on the scenario of 1.6% AEP, the inundation area is up to 1.3 km², covering approximately 31.0% of the total area of the county town, the deepest inundation depth is over 3.5 m, and the maximum inundation time is over 10 hours. There are 1846 (42.2% of the total) buildings affected by the floods. Three disaster loss formulae were established based on loss information derived from the damaged buildings, household properties and retail store properties, respectively, and then loss estimation were conducted, and loss distribution was mapped. The results show that, the impacts of flood disaster on the community are significant, and it is necessary to make emergency planning and establish an early warning system for flood disaster prevention and reduction.

This paper used DEA model and correlation method to calculate the energy efficiency of 31 regions including Taiwan from 1990 to 2009, and revealed the spatial-temporal variation. It also testified empirically the relations between energy efficiency and the industrial structure, the energy consumption structure, the technical progress and the degree of opening-up. Furthermore, the paper put forward the direction of policy-making for improving regional energy efficiency. The values of this paper was that it had provided advanced analytical tools and a research platform for Chinese economic researchers, also offered policies basis for the governments. The results showed: (1) as a whole, since the 1990s,there was a slow-growing trend of energy efficiency in Chinese mainland, but it was still at the middle level and lower than Taiwan. (2) As stimulus, large-scale investment of production factors played an even greater role in promoting energy efficiency than the progress of science and technology, but the latter had a greater impact on the extent of energy efficiency improvement. (3) In term of spatial differentiation, the energy efficiency was high and stable in the eastern region, but it was low and decreasing in the western region. Meanwhile, there was an increasing trend in the central and northeastern regions, especially, the northeastern region showed significant growing characteristics. According to the sequence from high to low, technical efficiency of the eastern region was the highest, and the central region took the second place, the northeastern region was the third one, and the western region was the lowest one. Scale efficiency differentiated obviously, the sequence from high to low could be given as below: the eastern region, the central region, the western region, and the northeastern region was the lowest that affected by the national market demand. (4) At two different scales of the national level and provincial level, the suitability and contribution of same factors showed obvious differences. At the national level, advance of science and technology, development of non-agriculture industries, growth of foreign trade, and dependence on coal were the main causes of changes in energy efficiency. Specifically, development of non-agriculture industries and dependence on coal promoted the growth of scale efficiency, while growth of foreign trade dragged increase of scale efficiency. The advance of science and technology and development of non-agriculture industries facilitated the promotion of technical efficiency. At the provincial level, only growth of foreign trade showed a positive correlation with energy efficiency. (5) In process of promoting energy efficiency in mainland China, three aspects should be correctly recognized, including industrial structure, the energy market reform and the development of foreign trade. On one hand, we should pursue development by taking a new road toward industrialization to improve the industrial structure and preserve energy resources, and should be committed to making efforts to diversify the energy mix and enhance the share of clean and renewable energy in order to meet the enormous energy requirements in the future. On the other hand, the proportion of energy embodied in the commodities China exports had been much higher than that for other countries for a long time, which was a challenge to China's energy security and sustainable development. From this point, in the medium and medium to long term, carbon emission tax and environmental tax should be designed and implemented to strengthen export control of energy-intensive products.

Based on the enterprise database, we identify the scope of airport economic zone of Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport between 1998-2010. Then we used circle analysis and hot-spot analysis methods to analyze the spatial structure evolution of airport economic zone. The research shows that, firstly, the scope of airport economic zone expanded gradually, and changed from one-way expansion to multi-directional expansion. Secondly, differentiation of circles turned to be clear. The hub-orientation analysis shows that agglomeration space of strong hub-orientation industry was mainly located at the inner circle, while none hub-orientation industry at the outside circle; the industry analysis shows that now four main industries gathered in different circles respectively, and that airline industry, transportation agencies and road transportation industry were located from inside to outside respectively, while retail industry had a high degree of coupling with other enterprises. Thirdly, the hot-spot analysis shows that the hot-spots of enterprises evolved from discrete point to axis, outside the Hongqiao Airport, the east and south expanded in a faster speed than the north and west. Lastly, this paper analyzed the dynamic mechanism of spatial structure evolution from both internal and external aspects. The internal drivers are airport scale, airport's layout of functional areas, aerodrome control, and hub-orientation of industry, while agglomeration externalities, transport accessibility and development orientation of urban area are the external drivers.

Choosing Jiangsu province as the study region, we measure spatial spillovers of 2005-2009 expressway investment based on the key methods including accessibility analysis, extract method, scenario analysis method, region spillover model and inter-regional spillover matrix. Then we monetize spatial spillovers by distributing the costs of the new incremental infrastructures according to the regional distribution of the potential accessibility benefits. Firstly we use network analysis in GIS toolbox to calculate and map economic potential benefit values between the two scenarios based on extract method and then based on these values we can acquire accessibility spillover matrix according to region spillover model. Secondly this matrix is monetized by distributing the costs of the investment in the new incremental infrastructures of the region according to the regional distribution of the economic potential benefits. Thirdly we apply the inter-regional spillover matrix of investments flows to characterize the "inner", "export" and "import" values of each type of the regional expressway investments based on the spatial spillover effects. Furthermore we can estimate the real investment as well as its differences with actual investment. By applying the above methods, we can analyze the potential beneficiaries of the new infrastructure spillovers effects and their spatial distribution.
The result shows that intensity of accessibility spillover effects tends to be weak as the distance to new infrastructure increases on the whole. In addition the new expressway investment gives rise to non-equilibrium effects in the neighbouring regions since the direction and location of the new lines distorts the effect of the distance. Secondly intensity of accessibility spillover effects is more higher in the regions located in the centre than in the periphery of Jiangsu. Besides the periphery is the main region where the spillover effects are imported. Thirdly the transport infrastructure investment in central region can improve the accessibility level of the peripheral region. Furthermore the transport investment of middle region in north Jiangsu can be exported and bring benefits to other regions in Jiangsu by means of spillover effects. At last, as far as the relationship between the spillover and spatial equity is concerned, the downstream effect is greater than upstream effect during Jiangsu expressway building, which explains that spillover effects of all new infrastructure are in favour of narrowing the gap between regional accessibility. The downstream of new infrastructure located in peripheral region is lower, opposite to higher downstream in central region.

A changing industrial structure, which is caused by industrial agglomeration and dispersion, can lead to spatial reconstruction of a city. With the development of the industry, production is becoming fragmented, thus it is helpful to seek ways of optimizing regional spatial structure through researching regional industrial chain. Based on firm-level data, this paper attempts to portray the spatial distribution pattern of automobile manufacture enterprises in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region, to find out the agglomeration and dispersion characteristics of these enterprises in this region, to explore geographical differences among different sessions of the automotive industry and to analyze the driving forces of the micro-enterprise spatial pattern. The research results show that the agglomeration degree of auto industry was low in 1996; In 2001, two agglomeration centers emerged and such tendency has been reinforced in 2010, with the emergence of a few new cores. Auto parts and accessories manufacturing were mostly distributed at urban function extended districts and urban development zones (Chaoyang, Tongzhou, Daxing, etc.) of Beijing, suburban areas (Xiqing, Dongli, etc.) of Tianjin and Cangzhou, Lanfang of Hebei province as well. While for automobile maintenance firms, urban functional development areas (Fengtai, Chaoyang) in Beijing, the six urban districts and Binhai New Area of Tianjin, and Tangshan and Shijiazhuang in Hebei province are their main areas of agglomeration. Through quantitative research based on conditional logit model, market conditions, agglomeration economies and policy guidance are proven to be possible factors affecting the distribution of auto firms.

With the accelerating of globalization and regional economic development, industrial isomorphism as a practical problem on spatial division attracts the widespread concerns of academic communities. Ordinarily, industrial isomorphism is considered harmful to the process of regional integration. A regional division which has complementary advantages will do help to format economic agglomeration and coordinate regional development. In order to reflect the regional industrial division status more accurately, this paper used a comprehensive method which combined the Variation Coefficient with the Lorenz Curve and Geordie coefficient to quantitatively study the industrial division status of Liaoning coastal economic belt at the product level and proposed the suggestions of coordinated development. The results show that: (1) in the agriculture and excavating industry, all regions develop the competitive industries according to their comparative advantages, and the industrial division is relatively clear; (2) in manufacturing, the structures are similar on the industry level, but on the product level, all regions develop differently and industrial division is emerging; (3) the internal structure of the tertiary industry needs to be adjusted, basic services and personal consumer services develop more perfectly, and some parts of production and market services and public services lag behind, especially finance, logistics, professional technical services and public management services which affect the process of industrialization promoting and the industrial structure upgrading. And finally we propose the coordinated development suggestions according to the industrial division results: the agriculture and excavating industry should expand industrial scale, promote characteristic development and improve product added-value; in manufacturing, industrial division is gradually appearing, and the future development should focus on the competitive industrial clusters, including transport equipment, general equipment manufacturing and petrochemical industry and metallurgy industry clusters; the internal structure of the tertiary industry should be adjusted, the logistic industry and the financial industry should be enhanced and a modern logistic network and financial service system should be built. The public management services should also be developed so as to optimize the regional allocation of resources, innovate management system and promote regional sustainable development.

As western human geographers have continually paid more attention to the problems of humans and society, the focuses of urban geography have transformed from a macroscopic level, such as research on city system, to a microscopic level, such as research on shopping space, living space and commercial space. This has placed much emphasis on the composite power of urban spatial changes as well as research on the combination of multi-layered spaces including production, consumption, circulation, innovation and non-physical space research. The shopping space for residents is an important part of urban internal spatial structure. It is of great importance to analyze urban commercial spatial structure from the viewpoint of consumers' behavior. Based on interviews and questionnaires, the paper analyzes the evolution of the hierarchy structure of shopping trip space for residents in Wuhu and its driving mechanism. The result shows that: (1) As the average shopping distance of residents tends to be shortened, and the biggest change is their selection of household appliances and clothing; The changes of the shopping travel distance in central city are small, while in the suburbs those are shortened obviously, which reflects the diversification trend of urban commercial space structure. (2) Through constructing the hierarchy model for residents' shopping trip, we find that the hierarchy of shopping trip space to purchase different goods for residents in Wuhu is discernible, which is in line with the scale of hierarchical relationships in the Central Place Theory; Shopping circling structures and shopping sites of different goods present different characteristics, the hierarchy of shopping trip space tends to move down and the daily supplies goods is most obvious, the shopping places from the third and fourth central places in 2001 moved down to between the fourth and fifth central places, showing obviously purchasing trends near residences. (3) From government policy, retailers supply and residents' preference, we find that the driving mechanism of the evolution of shopping trip space in Wuhu city can attribute to many factors such as development planning of the commercial networks, concentration and diffusion of new business formats, the jobs-housing segregation and housing-consumption mismatch, improvement of the transportation conditions, and the residents' shopping demands preference.

Cities in the lake watershed on the plateau of western China have experienced a rapid urbanization process and greatly changed land-use/land-cover since 1978 when China started the reform and opening up policy. The great land-use/land-cover change (LULCC) brought serious ecosystem and environmental problems to the lake watershed. Regional and urban development policies should be adjusted to improve human-friendly ecosystem and environment. This paper uses LULCC data derived from remote sensing images to calibrate geosimulation system for grasping the mechanism of LULCC in a case study of Kunming city in the Lake Dianchi watershed of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Six kinds of urban development policies are set to forecast land-use/land-cover pattern of Kunming through calibrated geosimulation system. Spatial metrics and spatial analysis methods are adopted to assess the impact of policies scenarios on the Lake Dianchi watershed. The results show that LULCC in Kunming city was characterized by typical urban sprawl since 1974. Urban road network played an important role in land-use/land-cover pattern. Urban landscape of Kunming in the future shows a characteristic of intensive and compact development trend. The integrated policy scenario of environmental protection and urban development control has positive impact on the watershed. The policy also advantages the share of urban public facilities and concentrated process of urban garbage. When the integrated policy scenario of multi-centers and urban development control has notable effect on urban size control, the policy is not appropriate in the near shore area of Lake Dianchi. Landscape preservation area should be set in the near shore area of Lake Dianchi to prohibit the transformation of agricultural land to urban built-up area. The integrated policy of environmental protection and urban development control should be carried out in the area except the near shore of Lake Dianchi.

Excessive growth of urban construction land and inappropriate/unsustainable land use structure are two urgent issues facing the rapid urbanization in China. While most studies focus on construction land growth, little attention has been paid to understanding and adjusting urban-rural construction land structure. Against this backdrop, this paper characterizes land use structure with the urban-rural land conversion rate and identifies theoretically optimal values for individual places. Theoretical values for land conversion rate are constructed based on urbanization level and understood by a logistic urbanization model. Our empirical framework is applied to understand the urbanization of urban-rural construction land in Hubei Province, China. Results suggest that land use urbanization is positively associated with non-agriculture sector, urban population, terrain, and development hotspots. Our results provide insights for relevant land use and urbanization policies.

Landscape "islanding" is a typical pattern of landscape fragmentation resulting from landscape ecological processes. The phenomenon is related to the integrity, continuity of traditional culture landscapes and their network. Landscape "islands" are characteristical phenomena when the integrity of landscapes is disturbed, or even destroyed. The discontinuity of landscapes and their surroundings resulted in landscape "islands", and the landscape isolation phenomena. Two results are mainly involved in a traditional culture landscape space isolation: a isolation pattern and significant spatial gradient changes of landscapes. There are four types of traditional culture landscape: residential and living space, production space, ecological space and connection space Its land-use can be further classified into 9 categories, 18 sub-categories and 45 specific types. Landscape isolation indexes include direct related indexes and general indexes. General indexes include landscape patch density, corridor density, and landscape fragmentation index. Direct related indexes mainly include traditional culture landscape heterogeneity index and landscape isolation index. During a landscape isolation characteristic study of sample spaces, the grading standard of landscape isolation index (L) was set as L_ij<1 for no "islanding" phenomena, 1<L_ij<4 for moderate "islanding", 4<L_ij<8 for significant "islanding", and L_ij>8 for serious "islanding." Based on landscape isolation evaluation, the traditional landscape heterogeneity indexes of three different zones in Luzhi, Jiangsu are H₁=0.12, H₂=0.67, and H₃=0.08. Therefore, landscape isolation index (L_ij=H_i/H_j) is L₂₁=H₂/H₁=5.58 between region Ⅱ and region Ⅰ, L₃₁=H₃/H₁=0.4 between region Ш and region Ⅰ. According to preset isolation standards, the landscape isolation index (5.58) which specified the heterogeneity between the core of ancient areas and the modern landscape areas, displays a significant "islanding" pattern. Only one of the four sides of core area has not been impacted by landscape modernization, while the other three of them are occupied by modern urban landscape and modern industrial landscapes. The landscape isolation index of region Ш is just 0.4 indicating no "islanding" phenomenon, since it is mainly facing a traditional farmland and buildings in the ancient area. In Luzhi, the landscape isolation has two types, and the islanding phenomena are mainly addressed in the form and function. For the coordination research on traditional culture landscape conservation and modern development, landscape isolation researches are the key and important approaches to establish the balance among conservation, landscape resources use and local modernization. The conclusions are: (1) A traditional culture landscape space conservation does not only pursue for a lower "islanding" index, but also will do help to regional sustainable development. A integration of isolation index, urbanization rate, industrialization index together would facilitate a sustainable development system to achieve multiple objectives; (2) through a rational layout and land-use planning of industry, urban construction and agriculture, a development can be achieved with a smaller environmental impacts and a lower cost; (3) Planning solutions, including conservation zoning policies, reinforced landscape heritage corridors and landscape ecological networks, will help to reconnect traditional culture landscapes to resist fragmentation processes. Research of traditional culture landscape isolation and conservation suggested that there are still problems which need further explorations, including how to establish equilibrium methods and index systems between traditional culture landscape conservation and regional modernization development.

Urban rivers are an open space with multiple functions, including urban ecological conservation, entertainment, residence, and sightseeing. Conflict exists between utilization and management of urban river as a public recreational space; therefore it is practically important to build a systematic index for the evaluation of public recreational urban river. Based on the current identification elements of public leisure in urban river, combined with domestic and foreign scholars' evaluation of recreational space and health evaluation of urban river ecosystem, the article summarizes the suitability index of urban river public leisure space into five dimensions, namely, resource characteristics, morphological features, functional properties, cultural traits and publicity, which contain 42 indicators in total. Taking into comprehensive consideration the typicality and operability of the five dimensions as well as 42 indicators, the most commonly used correlation matrix method is adopted to reflect differences of each index, in terms of determination of index weight. The paper finally measures the public recreational suitability of 14 environmentally-improved urban rivers in Beijing, by employing the established index system and weight. As a result, Beijing urban rivers generally have good ecological landscape, nevertheless their practical usage for public recreation need to be strengthened.

Based on the perspective of spatial agglomeration, this paper discussed the regional economic effects of inbound tourism in China in the period 2001-2010. Spatial autoregressive error model (SEM), geographically weighted regression (GWR) and Gini coefficient were used for spatial data analysis. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) On the whole, inbound tourism among cities can promote the development of regional economy, which was inclined to be increased from 2001 to 2010. On the other hand, the results indicate that the promotion effect on regional economy from inbound tourism shows the global spatial agglomeration pattern by using Moran's I and SEM analysis. (2) The results of GWR analysis demonstrate that the influence from inbound tourism also shows local aggregation pattern. Regional economy of cities located in the eastern coastal zone and its neighbouring area is obviously promoted by inbound tourism. At the same time, the promotion effect was gradually increasing, and the influencing scope of spatial agglomeration was extended in the period 2001-2010. However, the promotion effect on the most cities located in the central and western China is not statistically significant. (3) The spatial difference reflects that the development of inbound tourism would enlarge the regional economic chasm among different regions, while the temporal variation of the economic chasm induced by inbound tourism would be decreasing. This phenomenon of regional economy can be also manifested with the spatial analysis of Gini coefficient. These main conclusions can reflect that the effect from inbound tourism in China conforms to the functions of market economy to a certain degree, and China's spatial development policies will result in the variation of promotion effect from inbound tourism.

Firstly, the provincial relation models between theoretical stock-carrying capacity and area of various kinds of grassland were established based on grassland survey data and land cover in China in the 1980s. Then the surveyed theoretical stock-carrying capacity in the 1980s was spatialized from county level administrative divisions to a scale of 1 km by 1 km based on idea of spatialization of attribute data with the method of combining model computation with residuals rectification, and the theoretical stock-carrying capacity in 2005 was calculated with these models. On the basis of the above research work, changes of national theoretical stock-carrying capacity from the 1980s to 2005 were analyzed at a scale of 1 km by 1 km and provincial level respectively. Comparison of theoretical stock-carrying capacity between the 1980s and 2005 at a scale of 1 km by 1 km showed that theoretical stock-carrying capacity decreased in most areas, and the regions where theoretical stock-carrying capacity decreased significantly occurred in Xinjiang, Hainan, Northeast China, Fujian, Henan and Shandong. The result from analysis at provincial level demonstrated that national theoretical stock-carrying capacity decreased generally with a rate of 3.11%. The areas where theoretical stock-carrying capacity decreased significantly include Liaoning, Shanghai, Jilin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Tianjin, Fujian, Henan and Heilongjiang. The theoretical stock-carrying capacity in these areas decreased at a rate of more than 10%. There were only 6 provinces where theoretical stock-carrying capacity increased slightly, and increasing rate of five out of them was less than 1%. The above analysis results indicate that grassland eco-system has been deteriorating and shriveled, and productive forces of grassland has been declining in China over the past 30 years. It is extremely urgent to strengthen protection of grassland eco-system, to keep grassland eco-system healthy and to maintain rational development and utilization of grassland resource for socioeconomic sustainable development.

Economic and social activities of human beings exist in space, and even spatially move from one place to another according to the nature of seeking benefit, and thus result in the formation of a series of spatial modes, performing as material space, landscape pattern, and relationship linkages. How to understand the relationships between behavior and landscape, behavior and structure, behavior and spatial function has important theoretical meaning and great values for practical application. The objective world that people have apperceived is a complicated complex formed by seeking spatial benefit. In order to maintain the sustainable development of space welfare for human beings, should people shape the spatial structure by their own arbitrary behaviors or restrain their spatial behaviors by building the effectivity space? Which one is more useful for maintaining the safety, health, and development welfare of people's living space? Till today, human civilization has experienced a long history, and it is the time to restrain people's behaviors to the nature. With the theories in political economics and spatial economics, this paper first illustrates the basic characteristics and patterns of spatial profiting, its spatial welfare effect by analyzing people's spatial behaviors such as benefit creating, benefit seeking, and rent seeking; and then explores the necessity and mechanism for restraining spatial organization and spatial behaviors on the way to ecological civilization; and finally it puts forward to the spatial behavior modes and paradigms for sustainable development, and further summarizes the basic principles for constructing effectivity space and organization.

Based on the description of decoupling degrees between China's environment and economic development, this paper makes a quantitative analysis of the relationship between the evolution of China's industrial structure and environment change. By using industrial characteristic bias (ICB) index and the data of 29 manufacturing sectors of each province with a time span of 1995-2010, this paper emphatically describes the impact of environment-pollution characteristic of industrial structure on the disparities of the regional environmental effect. The results show that the wastewater-discharge intensity of industrial structure in northwest China and most parts of central China reduced during this period, but this trend tended to decrease. The industrial structure of the southwest and southeast parts of China had a high level of industry solid waste discharge with constant intensification of the trend of SO₂ emissions. The paper also analyzes the gross and recession of each sector of 8 regions of China during 1995-2010. The result showed that the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the north coastal area, and the northwest and southwest of China had an obvious growth in high environment pollution sectors, while the east and south coast areas, the Yangtze River and northeast China showed a contrary tendency. In addition, the paper employed regression analysis model to analyze the impact of evolution of on the disparities of the regional environmental effect. The results show that the regional industry structure is closely related to the environment quality especially for west China which is experiencing a stage of lower economic development level. At the end, this paper brings forward some suggestions on the industrial restructuring and environmental protection policies. It is important to develop the industries with high value-added, high degree of processing and high technology, and promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries.

Based on the description of decoupling degrees between China's environment and economic development, this paper makes a quantitative analysis of the relationship between the evolution of China's industrial structure and environment change. By using industrial characteristic bias (ICB) index and the data of 29 manufacturing sectors of each province with a time span of 1995-2010, this paper emphatically describes the impact of environment-pollution characteristic of industrial structure on the disparities of the regional environmental effect. The results show that the wastewater-discharge intensity of industrial structure in northwest China and most parts of central China reduced during this period, but this trend tended to decrease. The industrial structure of the southwest and southeast parts of China had a high level of industry solid waste discharge with constant intensification of the trend of SO₂ emissions. The paper also analyzes the gross and recession of each sector of 8 regions of China during 1995-2010. The result showed that the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the north coastal area, and the northwest and southwest of China had an obvious growth in high environment pollution sectors, while the east and south coast areas, the Yangtze River and northeast China showed a contrary tendency. In addition, the paper employed regression analysis model to analyze the impact of evolution of on the disparities of the regional environmental effect. The results show that the regional industry structure is closely related to the environment quality especially for west China which is experiencing a stage of lower economic development level. At the end, this paper brings forward some suggestions on the industrial restructuring and environmental protection policies. It is important to develop the industries with high value-added, high degree of processing and high technology, and promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries.

Water and energy security are key issues in the sustainable development, which are also complex and sensitive in studies on international rivers. China is the most important upstream state in Asia, and even in the world. Its water resource change, impacts of hydropower development and trans-boundary water security maintenance of international rivers, are paid attention but with weak research. Under the rapidly expanding situation of hydropower developments on the international rivers within or beyond the borders by Chinese companies, characteristics, modes and experiences are urgently needed to be understood in spite of the relative cases in the world. After 32 hydropower cooperative cases with cost-benefit apportionments on 16 international rivers located in 5 continents in 1937-2010 are verified, the modes and characteristics of cost-benefit apportionments can be discovered based on detailed analysis of the cooperative schemes, the main results are: (1) hydropower cases are mainly developed on the reaches of international rivers and between two riparian countries, without cooperation at the river basin level, 3 types of cost-benefit apportionment modes are formed as equal ratio cost-benefit apportionment, equal one and unequal one; (2) on the cross-border rivers, the mode of equal ratio cost-benefit apportionment is the major one, upper-stream states can share the benefits from down-stream ones' power generation due to their water contribution for power generation, down-stream states usually should supply compensation to upper-stream ones in order to get their cooperation; on the frontier rivers/reaches, the mode of equal cost-benefit apportionment is the basic one; (3) the major apportionment modes have obvious differences among different developing phases, the major modes are equal one, and equal ratio one until the 1950s, equal apportionment is the basic mode in the 1950s-1990s, the major modes cannot be determined after the 1990s because of the limited cases; (4) the mode of equal apportionment is mainly used between the states with similar economic level; the states with a certain and big economic gap mainly use the ones of equal ratio one, and unequal one, and among which most of the cases are implemented with compensation schemes.

With the coming of the era of the knowledge economy, innovation has become one of the most important functions for cities. However, the role of cities in the regional innovation system has rarely been studied. This paper focuses on Beijing's urban innovation function to demonstrate its functional structure and strength and compares with other top Chinese cities in innovation such as Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Tianjin. Using the urban innovation function index and urban innovation specialization index, the paper examines Beijing's urban innovation structure, and innovation intensity compared with those of Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Tianjin. The results show that there exist some differences, but not substantiality, in urban innovation based on publications and granted patents. Beijing's innovation index ranks from high to low based publications from sectors of science-education-culture, transportation and information, finance and real estate, industry and construction, trade and business, and corporate departments. Based on patents granted, Beijing innovation index ranks from high to low in the order of industry, transportation and information sector, science-education-culture sector, construction sector, trade and business sector, corporate departments sector, and finance and real estate sector. Beijing has higher level innovation capabilities in almost all the sectors. Compared with Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, Beijing's innovation functions in finance and real estate and construction sectors is weaker than those of Shanghai. Beijing's innovation intensity is the highest in science-education-culture industry, and is the lowest in the trade and business sector. Beijing's innovation intensity is stronger than that of Guangzhou and Shenzhen, but weaker than that of Shanghai and Tianjin based on publications. However, based on patents granted, Beijing's innovation intensity is the highest in industry, while the weakest in trade and business. This paper provides a basic method to study urban innovation functions through urban innovation structure and intensity to enrich the theoretical understanding of national and regional innovation systems.

By general difference index and multiple spatial data analysis such as kernel density estimate, this paper makes an analysis of spatial distribution of regional innovation output and its influencing factors in Zhejiang province. The results are as follows: from 2006 to 2012, there are great differences of regional innovation output in Zhejiang, featured by a slow fluctuated rising trend, which shows an obvious trend of unbalanced development. It is the main stage for the unbalanced development of regional innovation in Zhejiang from 2006 to 2009. The kernel density estimation shows that there are increasing differences in the regional innovation output in this province. The spatial density tends to change from relative equality to polarization. The spatial hot spots of regional innovation output are mainly concentrated in the northern and eastern parts of Zhejiang, while the spatial cold spots are mainly concentrated in the southwest. And what's more, the regional innovation output presents a concentrational trend with Hangzhou, Ningbo and the surrounding counties as the hotspot regions. The overall regional innovation output has its obvious spatial directivity which shows the spatial distribution of being high in the east, low in the west and high in the north, and low in the south. With time going by, the original trend which is high in the middle but low in both ends is gradually replaced by the increasing trend from west to east. Finally, a conclusion can be drawn from the regression analysis that spatial distribution of regional innovation output in Zhejiang is mainly influenced by four factors: economic growth foundation, innovation policies, technology spillover and spatial proximity. In 2006, economic growth foundation, innovation policies and technology spillover have a positive impact on spatial distribution of regional innovation output in this province. Compared with 2006, in 2012, technology spillover, spatial proximity and innovation policies become main factors. Corresponding suggestions are put forward subsequently: (1) promoting the high-tech industry construction actively. (2) formulating the corresponding policies and regulations to ensure that the development of regional innovation is institutionalized and standardized and has its procedures. (3) establishment of high-tech parks within the provincial range.

Investigating urban structures based on the intra-metropolitan location of economic activities (e.g. industrial districts or industrial clusters) is an increasingly important theme in empirical metropolitan studies. However, the lack of adequate research methodology has restricted the in-depth and fair exploration of mechanisms underpinning the formation of metropolitan industrial clusters, especially the differentiated roles played by two key processes-localization economies and inter-industry linkages. Therefore, based on existing literatures, this paper proposed an approach to systematically examine and detect the clustering of economic activities within a metropolitan area. Specifically, a modified, gravity model-based potential model is developed to spatialize sectoral data and measure the potential of each economic sector in every spatial unit, taking into account its location relative to firms in that sector at different spatial units. For each city street block and sector, potential is inversely proportional to the distance-decay parameter that is systematically adjusted to capture the varying weights of firms in that sector at nearby and distant locations. To evaluate the inter-correlations among potentials, which help detect geographic clustering model among economic sectors, principal component analysis (PCA) is used. Sectors loading strongly onto a component share similar location patterns. The city of Shenyang and its data from 2008 Second Economic Census (i.e. number of firms in different economic sectors at the city street block level) are used for empirical analysis. Analytical results reveal that interrelations or geographic clustering model among economic sectors in Shenyang are formed primarily because of inter-industry linkages, with the exception of the spatial interconnection among transportation, warehousing and postal services, which is forged, based on localization economies. Water conservancy, environmental protection and public facility management are closely correlated to manufacturing, and their geographic clustering model largely follows patterns of adjacent-street block clustering or across-street block clustering. The sectoral geographic clustering model of water conservancy, environmental protection and public facility management, and healthcare and social welfare, as well as public management and organizations, follows the pattern of within-city block clustering. The central business district in Shenyang where various service sectors concentrated offers many services to manufacturing sectors and thus plays an important role in the locations of manufacturing activities. Manufacturing locations, in turn, strongly affect the locational choices of transportation, warehousing and postal activities. Overall, the spatial organization of economic activities in Shenyang metropolitan area is characterized by a structure of single center and concentric rings. Large-scale decentralization and poly-nucleation of economic activities are not apparent within the metropolitan area. These revelations from the modeling generally match the reality and suggest that the model proposed by this research is capable of exploring spatial patterns and mechanisms of industrial clusters, particularly geographic clustering model (or collocations) among different sectors in the metropolitan context, thus contributing the understanding city structures.

In recent years, increasing interest has been focused on the Quaternary Red Clay (QRC) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The QRC profiles generally contain two parts, the Xiashu Loess(XSL) or Homogeneous Red Clay (HRC) on the topside and the Vermicular Red Clay (VRC) below. The provenance of the QRC was discussed furiously. Some scholars believed that Xuancheng, Jiujiang, and Jinhua etc. share the similar characteristics with the XSL, which may originate from aeolian dust deposit. But the others believed that the QRC in Jinhua and Changsha etc. was deposited by flood. Because of these arguments, this paper collected the QRC samples from Jiujiang (JJ), Jiangxi province; Jinhua (TX), Zhejiang province; Changsha (CS), Hunan province; Nanchang (NC), Jiangxi province; Xinyu (XY) Jiangxi province; Nanping (NP), Fujiang province.Discriminant analysis is a usual method in statistical analysis; it can be used to identify the objects in two groups, and have been widely applied. In this paper, the two groups of training samples were floodplain deposits (FPD) from Nantong (NT) and Jinhua (TG), aeolian dust deposits (ADD) of Malan Loess from Luochuan (LC) and Yili (ZS); the testing samples contained the QRC, FPD in Qidong (QD), Xiashu Leoss from Nanjing (XG) and Malan Loess from Zeketai (ZKT). The discriminate results of QRC were complicated. The samples from NP were all identified as ADD; the samples from JJ, NC, TX and CS were identified as both FPD and ADD. On the topside of the QRC profile, the XSL and HRC were always identified as ADD, and the VRC at the bottom of the profile were not only FPD but also ADD.The identification result of QRC suggests that the provenances of QRC from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are not only floodplains but also aeolian dust deposits. The north plains of Yangtze River are the dominant dust sources for the QRC which are identified as FPD. The QRC which is identified as ADD is deposited by the winter monsoon, and the aeolian characteristics decreased with latitude reduction and terrain fluctuation.

An accurate assessment prior to the contaminated site remediation is essential and pre-conditional to carry out a site remediation project. In this study, a system to calculate the pollution volumetric of BaP in a contaminated site based on three-dimensional interpolation is set up to simulate the spatial distribution of soil benzopyrene (BaP) and analyze its uncertainty. The results show that BaP content underground in the contaminated sites accords to the log normal distribution, while the southwest and north of the studied area was seriously polluted. By ordinary kriging interpolation, the volume of BaP plume concentration higher than 0.4 mg·kg^-1 was calculated to be 14134 m³ corresponding to the accumulation probability of 0.585. By variation range of values, the describing level of the existing data collected at the sites was calculated to be 65%. The spatial distribution features of the contaminations at the sites are thus accurately represented by this method with the uncertainty analysis served as reference for supplement sample stationing and precisely accurate evaluation.

There are lots of late Quaternary fluvial and lacustrine sedimentary strata in the middle reaches of inland rivers in arid China, and these sediments have already been widely used to reconstruct paleo-climate and paleo-environment. So far, most of the studies have only attached importance to the physical, chemical and biological proxies of sediments, but they are lack of the meaning of sedimentary facies, which may lead to some misunderstandings of paleo-environment reconstruction. Concerning this issue, we analyzed chronology, sedimentary facies, lithology and grain size parameters of a Holocene section named JDT in the Shiyang River's middle reaches in the arid areas of China, and compared them with the data of geochemical and pollen proxies from a section named HSH in surrounding areas. The results show that there is a coherence of these two sections, and we can reconstruct the deposition process during ~8500-~3000 cal yr BP. We can divide the section into six phases from the bottom to the top: fluvial face (part F)—fluvial and lacustrine face (part E)—lacustrine face (part D)—shallow lake-eolian deposit (part C)—eolian deposit (part B)—eolian deposit (part A). We comprehensively analyzed lithological, sedimentary facies and paleo-environment proxies, and found that the sedimentary facies change from fluvial facies to lacustrine facies and eolian deposit, and from that we can know the Holocene environment in this area was becoming drier and drier. The reason why there are some differences between this study and the previous studies is that the analyses of this study are based on the changes of sedimentary facies.

With the development of global climate change, extreme climate events have drawn attention of worldwide researchers not only due to their direct impact on socio-economy, but also as climate change indicators. Human and natural systems have been affected by extreme climate events to a great extent. The main objective of our study is to detect the possible changes and intensity, tendency and frequency of extreme climate events. Xinjiang is located in the inland China, where the climate is arid to semi-arid. Xinjiang is therefore highly vulnerable to climate variability, and a better understanding of changes in extreme precipitation events plays an increasingly role in the arrangement of agricultural production and the process of agricultural planning. Fourteen extreme precipitation indices have been selected and spatiotemporal patterns of extreme precipitation events have been analyzed based on daily precipitation data from 50 stations covering the period of 1961-2010 using statistical methods. The results indicate that precipitation amount is in an upward trend with increasing precipitation intensity and precipitation frequency. With the increase of precipitation, evident decrease of CDD can be found and increasing trend can be identified by RR1, RR5, RR10, R95P, Rx1day and Rx5day. This result show obvious wetting tendency in Xinjiang. However, different time periods are dominated by different changing properties of precipitation regimes. With smaller variability and higher stability, precipitation amount level during 1960-1970s is lower. The period of 1980-1990s can be taken as the transitional period characterized by abrupt increase of precipitation amount and lower stability, and according to unsteady precipitation variations in recent years, higher precipitation variability can be found after the 1990s. Spatially, increasing and decreasing trends of precipitation variations alternate in eastern Xinjiang with small amplitudes; however, evident increase of precipitation can be found in the northern, southern and the entire Xinjiang region. Alteration of precipitation variations was found mainly in 1986 and 2009. After occurrence of precipitation alteration, strong precipitation processes are subject to higher variability and moderate changing characteristics are found in weak precipitation processes. This study will be of great merits in terms of development of human understanding of regional responses of hydrological cycle to climate changes in Xinjiang.

As the largest developing country in the world, China has faced the most serious challenge to urban land expansion, which is rare in the world. Drawing upon the Landsat TM satellite images of Nanjing in 1985, 1995, 2000 and 2007, this paper integrates convex-hull analysis, shared boundary analysis and matrix analysis to distinguish different types of urban land expansion. We also investigate the restructuring of urban land in the course of spread expansion. The results showed that Nanjing has experienced rapid expansion of construction land from 1985 to 2007. And the infilling expansion was initially focused on the areas near the city center, and showed a trend of outward expansion recently; the enclave expansion was centered on development zones, industrial parks and university towns, which were disconnected from the original urban area; the spread expansion was not only concentrated around the original built-up areas, but also expanded from the previous enclave areas. With respect to the functional characteristics of newly developed urban land, the infilling expansion was initially dominated by residential land and was recently featured by a mix of residential and industrial land; the land expansion was characterized by a mix of residential and industrial land, while it has shifted towards land for industrial purposes; the enclave expansion was consistently dominated by land for industrial purposes, along with land expansion for science & education purposes. The new types of urban land use was characterized by the strengthening of its original function, which reflected a rapid industrialization process. Results derived from regression analyses of influencing factors further pointed to the following findings: the infilling expansion and the spread expansion were demand-driven; in comparison with the infilling expansion, the spread expansion was more sensitive to demand-related factors; and the enclave expansion was mainly cost-driving. We also found that, with the continued urban expansion, the expansion of built-up area was increasingly constrained by cost-related factors. However, with the increased proportion of industrial land, revenue-related factors have been strengthening their roles. In the future, the local government of Nanjing should play the role of the central city in the Yangtze River Delta and intensify Nanjing metropolitan governance by making up scientific and rational urban plans, adjusting the structure of the construction land, accelerating industrial restructuring and upgrading, and promoting the development of sub-centers as well.

The notion of urban-rural cultural integration (URCI) has become a new focus in cultural geography, given that the problem of the imbalance between urban and rural cultural development has raised great concern in the process of urbanization practice. The existing researches on URCI, however, are unable to effectively meet the application requirements of the integration of Chinese urban and rural culture, and also do not meet the internal demand for human geography discipline development. Taking Wuhan metropolitan circle as an example, this paper explicitly proposed the concept of integration degree of urban-rural culture based on a brief analysis of spatial-temporal pattern for urban-rural culture. Then, the spatial-temporal measure model of URCI was creatively constructed through analyzing the time dimension of URCI, the population who is sensitive to urban and rural culture, the cultural information flow between urban and rural areas, and the shortest path of cultural transmission from urban to rural area. On county/city scale, spatial-temporal structures and development patterns of URCI in the case area from 1980 to 2010 were explored, with the method of entropy, factor analysis and network analysis. The research demonstrated that: (1) spatial-temporal development patterns of URCI, namely, the plaque-type development in the embryonic stage, the wave-like development in the formative stage, the corridor-type development in the stage of diffusion and agglomeration and the network development in the prosperous stage, generally complied with the "point-axis" theory of regional social and economic expansion; (2) they followed the basic law that the more the society and economy developed, the stronger the spatial correlation of the road network between urban and rural areaa was and the more cultural factors between urban and rural areaa flowed reciprocally, the more perfect the spatial structure of URCI became; (3) the development degree of spatial structure of urban-rural culture was also consistent with the rule of circle differentiation that the "core area" is greater than "reception ward".

Ecotourism contributes to both environmental conservation and the economy, and has become the optimal choice of prohibited development zone. Local residents are the essential stakeholder groups, and thus their participation behavior plays a key role in ecotourism development. This paper, on the basis of previous findings, constructs an integrative SEM model of ecotourism cognition, attitude, participation intention and participation behavior. The primary data is collected from the residents in the National Scenic Area of Dongjiang Lake, and is analyzed with the aid of the software of SPSS 15.0 and AMOS 7.0. The findings are as follows: (1) The modified model explains 90.7% of the variance in ecotourism participation behavior, showing the strong predictive power of the model; (2) ecotourism cognition cognition has a direct effect on participation behavior with a path coefficient of 0.374; (3) ecotourism has an indirect effect on participation behavior mediated by ecotourism attitude and participation intention. Based on the above conclusions, the approaches to enhancing residents' ecotourism participation are put forward.

With the rapid urbanization and industrialization process during the last three decades, traditional Chinese rural villages had been reshaped in different directions. On the one hand, most of the traditional agriculture-dominated villages are gradually declining and becoming blighted by depopulation and the abandonment of buildings and land, which is called “village-hollowing”. On the other hand, with the introduction and development of various industries in rural areas, some new types of villages (industry-dominated rural development type (IDT), rural development type focusing on business, tourism and services industries (BTT), and balanced rural development type (BDT)) are constantly emerging and have become the main form of rural urbanization in China. However, all of the transfermation process is alike in the reconstruction of the social space. Social-spatial reconstruction is also a significant component of the study on rural transformation development (RTD), among which tourism villages are an important type. Integrating the methods of participatory rural assessment (PRA), GIS spatial analysis and remote sensing images, this study performs an analysis of the social-patial evolution process of tourism villages, through a case study of Gougezhuang village, in Yesanpo tourism area, Hebei province, China. In the paper, both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using primary and secondary data sources, including policy documents, journal articles, land-use map (1:2000) in 2007 provided by local governments and high spatial resolution remote sensing image from Google earth. The results indicate that Gougezhuang village had gone through a drastic social reconstruction from 1985 to 2012, with the traditional rural community based on kinship gradually transforming to a tourist town based on economic benefits. This reconstruction was manifested in the following three aspects: (i) From the perspective of physical space, private space is decreasing from 95% to 15% of the total area, while the semi-public and public space for tourism purpose is increasing, form 0 to 76%; besides, as to the residential pattern, traditional enclosed courtyard is gradually disappearing, displaced by the open multi-storey building. (ii) From the perspective of demographic composition and social relations, the massive population influx represented by tourists, tourism employees and investors had resulted in the substantial alteration of rural social structure, exhibiting an obvious trend of spatial polarization as well. The rural community relationship based on blood lineage is continuously weakened and replaced by more complicated commercial leasing and employment relationship. (iii) The income gap is constantly widening, fostering the formation and discrimination of social classes among rural communities. The rapid tourism development and massive immigration dominated by tourists are the major external driving forces of the rural social stratum discrimination and social relation reconstruction. In addition, the micro-scale location condition, such as the traffic condition and landscape quality, has further intensified the spatial discrimination of social structure and relationship. The social spatial morphology of tourism villages, in essence, can be seen as the transitional form between urban and rural communities, presenting periodic characteristics due to the seasonality of tourism activities. Apparently, the traditional management system is not able to effectively support tourism development in an export-oriented rural community generally engaged in providing tourism services, which will hinder the sustainable development of rural tourism and tourism village development. Thus, corresponding with the social spatial reconstruction of tourism villages, the establishment of new-type community management system, regulation of tourism industrial practice and reconstruction of rural community culture are urgent for the sustainable development of tourism villages.

This article uses the HP and BP filter, and seasonal index to analyse the periodic and fluctuant characteristics of the annual and monthly data of Chinese mainland's inbound tourists. Combined with the impulse response model, it studies the influence mechanism. The results show that: the total number of inbound tourists has risen in fluctuation since 1978, and shows a decline trend in 1989, 2003 and 2009. According to the filter decomposition, it can divide the development of inbound tourism into 5 periods: (1) the initial stage (1978-1983), (2) the period of exploration (1984-1989), (3) the preliminary development period (1990-1996), (4) the rapid development period (1997-2003), and (5) a relatively mature period (2004-2011), with the average period being about 6.6 years. The seasonal strength index of Chinese inbound tourism generally presents the "inverted-V shape" distribution; the seasonal variation index generally presents a "double-W shape" distribution. Compared with the annual data, the fluctuant effect of monthly data is more obvious. Policies and institution, regional economy and unexpected events have a significant impact on the period and fluctuation of inbound tourists. Through the analysis of impulse response, it is found that the foreign economic exchange and regional economic development have a positive impact on inbound tourists; however, different modes of transportation have different response mechanism to inbound tourists. In term of the periodic and fluctuant characteristics of inbound tourists, it is suggested that we should enhance the quality of tourists, strengthen the publicity and marketing, adjust the management mode and development strategy in time; in addition, we should balance the development of three major inbound tourism markets, and reduce the risks of the inbound tourism market in the future.

The study on the regional tourism development patterns has become a hotspot in the field of tourism geographies. In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have mainly focused on the tourism strength, tourism development efficiency, tourism competitiveness, tourism development spatial difference, tourism development spatial patterns and etc. The spatio-temporal evolution of city tourism is the hot-spot of tourism geographies research. This article, choosing China's eastern coastal cities as the research objective, analyzes the temporal and spatial evolution patterns of tourism development. First, it comes to the analysis of the spatio-temporal evolution of coastal city tourism development strength, and then it analyses the spatio-temporal evolution of coastal city tourism development efficiency by DEA data envelopment method.Results show that in the aspect of tourism development strength, there is great difference among the eastern coastal cities. The tourism development strength in the cities of Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula in Bohai Economic Circle is strong, but that on the west side of the Straits Economic Zone and Beibu Gulf Economic Zone is weak. During the ten years, the comprehensive efficiency of tourism development basically maintained unchanged; however, the pure technical efficiency is remarkably enhanced, and the scale efficiency is reduced significantly, which indicates that the development of the coastal city tourism has gradually changed from scale efficiency to technical efficiency. Moreover, through the data analysis of the years of 2002, 2006 and 2011, it is found that as time goes by, the polarization efficiency of tourism development comprehensive efficiency has also increased.

City is the product of the era. As the development and evolution of a city would be affected by multiple factors, such as history, nature, economy, etc., the urban morphology and space structure of the city would be reintegrated in its evolutionary process. Among those factors, the economic factor exerts the dominant and far-reaching influence on the evolution of the urban spatial form. Different types of cities may have disparate economic basis and are featured by distinct functional positioning, therefore, the rules and characteristics of the evolution of urban spatial morphology will vary among cities. Huangshan, a famous and typical tourism city of Anhui province in China, has remarkable accomplishments in developing tourism in recent years. Using the historical analysis methods and Geographic Information System (GIS), this paper first reviews the evolutionary process of the urban spatial morphology in Huangshan city. Combined with the dynamic data of the industrial development in Huangshan city in recent 30 years, the paper also discusses the mechanism that the industrial evolutions in Huangshan city influence the evolvement of urban spatial morphology from the prospective of industrial economy. The study is to provide helpful references for the coordination between the industrial development of tourism cities and urban planning of these cities, thus better grasping the developing directions of tourism cities. After making a probing analysis of the fact that the evolution of urban industry has an in-depth impact on the evolvement of the spatial morphology in Huangshan city, the paper comes to the conclusions as follows. First of all, the evolution of urban industry, especially the urban industrial restructuring, the upgrading of urban industry and the succession of the forms of industrial organization, will produce a great influence on the physical and functional elements of the urban space, then promoting the evolution of the urban space greatly. Secondly, the dominant role of the tourism industry will determine the essential functions of tourism cities, thus causing the great changes of the urban land structure inevitably. Thirdly, the flows of the productive resources among various urban industries are altered by the upgrading of the tourism industry in the city, which also leads to the changes in the pattern of the urban industrial space. Last but not the least, the optimization of organization form of the tourism industry will further accelerate the fusion and agglomeration of the urban industrial space. Based on these conclusions, the paper builds a mechanism model to demonstrate how the evolution of urban industry impacts the evolvement of urban spatial morphology, as well as the corresponding logic function.

Historic evolution of spatial pattern for water resources development and utilization in the Heihe River basin is representative in the arid regions of Northwest China. Reconstructing the spatial pattern and accumulating the experiences in historical periods could provide valuable references for water resources exploitation in modern times. Using historical documents, ancient and modern maps as well as remote sensing images as data sources and combined with a series of field investigations, this paper reconstructed the spatial pattern of historic water resources development and utilization in the Heihe River basin and analyzed the spatial evolution with the aid of geographical information system. The results indicated that large-scale water resources development and utilization in this basin started in the Han Dynasty, with its scope covering most parts of plains and deltas in the middle and lower reaches. The development activity was inherited in the Wei-Jin, Southern & Northern dynasties but shrank obviously in some local parts. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, large irrigated areas were distributed in midstream but they were destroyed by Tubo's invasion in the mid-Tang Dynasty. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, there were only small ranges in core oasis regions. From the Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China, the number and density of channels increased dramatically, expanding to river origins and their peripherial areas even in the regions near mountains with high elevation in the south. Thus the strength and scale of water resources development and utilization rose continuously, which laid the groundwork in modern times. However, nomadism dominated in the downstream and large-scale water resources development and utilization did not exist in these periods. It can be observed that water resources development and utilization before the Ming Dynasty fluctuated frequently with several rises and falls, while the sharp contrast can be observed between the middle and lower reaches, with stable expansions of irrigated areas in midstream and depressed conditions in downstream respectively. In addition, irrational water resources utilization led to ecological problems such as recession of terminal lakes, soil salinization, and desertification.

According to the input-output relationship of cultivated land per unit, this paper constructs a stochastic frontier production function to estimate the cultivated land use efficiency and analyzes the regional characteristics of its influencing factors using a panel data of 281 prefectural cities in China from 2001 to 2011. Our first main result is that the cultivated land use efficiency increases steadily but still remains at a relatively low level since 2001. Meanwhile, the regional difference of cultivated land use efficiency is quite apparent. The efficiency decreases with the following order: the eastern, central, northeastern, northwestern and southwestern China, and grows fastest in the northeastern region. The study of influencing factors of cultivated land use efficiency suggests that: (1) Total personal postal and telecommunication services, agricultural loan scale and the exemption of agricultural tax have significant positive effect in different ways on cultivated land use efficiency in the regions above. (2) The proportion of effective irrigation area of cultivated land has positive influence on cultivated land use efficiency in the central, northwestern, southwestern regions respectively. (3) The proportion of crop acreage has a positive effect on cultivated land use efficiency in the central region, while negative in the southwestern. (4) The scale of cultivated land per labor has the strongest positive effect in the central and southwestern regions. (5) Total freight has a positive impact in the eastern, central, northeastern, northwestern regions. Several feasible suggestions are concluded from the study. First, innovate the operating mechanism and improve the capability of agricultural public services. Second, promote land transfer and expand the expenditure of agricultural loan scale and cultivate the scale operation of cultivated land. Third, reinforce the construction of the transportation and information service infrastructure in villages, and consummate agricultural product market system. Fourth, increase agricultural water conservancy facilities in the central and western regions. Fifth, enlarge the food cultivated area in the eastern and central regions, and strengthen the construction of grain production base in the central region, and expand the area of industrial crops and support featured agriculture in the southwestern region.

It is an important and significant task to improve the efficiency of urban land use for the development of new-type urbanization. This study takes the precise recognition of the influencing mechanism of new-type urbanization in intensive urban land use as a basis, and employs the dynamic principal components analysis to discuss the spatial-temporal evolution of new-type urbanization and intensive urban land use during the period from 2006 to 2011 with the aid of SPSS 19.0 software. Moreover, spatial panel econometrics model is used to reveal the relationship between these two variables on new-type urbanization and intensive urban land use by employing the panel data on 29 provinces of China during the period 2006-2011. Major conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) In general, both the comprehensive level of new-type urbanization and intensive urban land use show stable upward trends and tend to be convergent; (2) The performances of relationship between new-type urbanization and intensive urban land use are various in eastern, central, western China, and among the three regions. Both the interprovincial gap between the eastern and western regions, and the intra-gap among the three regions are main causes for the overall gap. The spatial-temporal evolution trend reveals that these two variables show a significant geographical agglomeration and incremental clustering characteristic. What's more, the spatial pattern presents a more apparent similarity and synchronization of cluster evolution trend. Besides, the spatial pattern of new-type urbanization has "geographical features of three vertical and two horizontal lines", while spatial distribution of the intensive urban land use shows a gradient in agglomeration from the east to the inland areas; (3) The intensive urban land use has a more significant positive spatial correlation, which shows an upward trend. This implies that new-type urbanization plays a significant role in improving intensive land use both in the whole country and in the regions.

Belonging to restricted development zones at both national and provincial level, northwestern Shanxi province has inherent vulnerability of natural ecosystems which have caused land desertification, water and soil loss, and farmers' poverty. Since 2000, the urbanization of farmers in ecological fragile region of northwestern Shanxi has been growing rapidly. Forming an interaction chain of “transformation from agricultural to non-agricultural livelihoods of urbanized farmers—farmland transfer—scale management of farmland—improvement of rural residents' income—ecological restoration and protection” could provide a new way of reducing population pressure on land and restoring ecological environment in the study area. The key point of this interaction chain is the sustainable non-agricultural livelihoods of urbanized farmers. Using DFID model—a sustainable livelihoods (SL) framework which is the most widely applied all over the world as reference, and taking Shuozhou—a big city in northwestern Shanxi for an empirical study, this paper quantitatively measures the complicated influencing mechanism between vulnerability context, livelihoods capitals, livelihoods strategies, and livelihoods outcomes. The results show that: (1) the vulnerability context has a significant negative impact on livelihoods strategies, and it negatively influences livelihoods outcomes indirectly through livelihoods strategies as well. (2) Human capital, physical capital, and financial capital have a positive impact on livelihoods strategies of non-agricultural labor remaining in the city. In livelihoods capitals, only physical capital has impact on the nature of employment. (3) Human capital has a significant positive impact on both career level and richness of entertainment life. Social capital has not exerted significant impact on career level, but has positive impact on the income increase after the farmers moved into the cities. Financial capital shows a significant positive impact on the richness of entertainment life. (4) The livelihoods strategies of non-agricultural labor remaining in the city have a positive impact on the richness of entertainment life. Besides, the nature of employment displays a positive impact on income increase.

The promotion of comprehensive quality plays key roles in solving ancient villages' problems and enhancing its sustainable development. This study samples 101 ancient villages in Huangshan city as cases. A set of indicators for comprehensive quality on evaluating ancient villages is constructed, and the spatial difference of these indicators is studied through GIS. The results indicate the scores for ecological capacity quality, residential facilities quality, economic development quality and history culture quality, are 4.23, 3.50, 3.27 and 2.87 respectively, and the history culture quality has become a constraint for improving comprehensive quality of ancient villages in Huangshan city. The spatial gradients are obvious, and suggest that comprehensive quality of ancient villages decreased from northeast to southwest, corresponding to the higher and lower heterogeneity regions. It is also indicated that the influences of urban economy and infrastructure on ancient villages are significant, and the spatial gradients for urban-rural area, expressways and scenic areas are obvious.