With the progress of science and technology and the development of economy and society, the driving factors affecting the evolution of geopolitical situation have changed significantly. Firstly, advances in information technology and the birth of high-speed transportation means have changed traditional geographical relations and regional connection. Distance influence is less than before. Secondly, individuals, non-governmental organizations and other relatively weak geopolitical gamers' play a more important role by means of the information technology and the Internet. Thirdly, on the background of economic globalization, the economic interests of the status has a higher position in national strategies, geopolitical conflict logic is being replaced with geo-economic competition logic; Fourthly, new factors, such as climate change, new energy and low-carbon economy, impact on geopolitical situation are increasing significantly; Fifthly, carbon emission rights and human rights, so called virtual resources, have become a new geopolitical competitive object. Geopolitical studies have expanded to social, cultural, emotional and gender issues. Under the action of the driving forces, some new trends of geopolitical development and research emerged: (1) Geopolitical studies pay more attention to global issues and research perspective is shifting from the view of nation to the view of humanity. The traditional concept of state sovereignty is seriously being challenged. (2) Competition objects expand from physical resources of land, energy, mineral resources and offshore strategic channels to the information rights, carbon emission rights and other relative virtual resources. (3) Renewable and unconventional energy, like liquid bio-fuels and shale gas will play a very important role in future geopolitical evolution, and the Arctic is the new focus of geopolitical competition. (4) By criticizing traditional geopolitics, the research content expands to the so-called "low politics" issues, such as culture, gender and emotion. Integration of geopolitics and geo-economy, geo-culture is becoming a trend. (5) Research methods of geopolitics are from qualitative analysis, semi- quantitative model to quantitative model. (6) With the growth of political and military power, China has become an important force to change the global geopolitical pattern, which brings opportunities for the geopolitical study, especially for the Chinese studies.

Using observed summer precipitation data from 389 sites for the period of 1961-2005, and a 650-year control simulation by the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with fixed pre-industrial external forcing, the dominant patterns of decadal variation of summer (June, July, August) precipitation over eastern China were analyzed with the EOF and Power Spectrum. The EOF analysis of both observed data and simulated data shows that the major patterns of decadal variation of summer precipitation over eastern China are a dipole pattern divided by the Huaihe River and a four zonal bands alternate with each other centered at South China, the Yangtze River Valley, North China Plain and Northeast China. Comparison between observation and simulation demonstrate that the CESM with the fixed external forcing reproduced well the above mentioned patterns and temporal alternations of phases of decadal variation of summer precipitation over eastern China during 1961 to 2005. This finding provides the knowledge for understanding the main causes of regional decadal precipitation anomalies and analyzing the influences of external forcing and internal variability on decadal variation of precipitation over China in future study.

Land surface radiation is an important parameter with regard to energy cycling and global water-heat balance. Estimating land surface radiation is a significant part of global climate change research. Series of remote sensing data have been used in the calculation of each parameter of the land surface radiation budget. The MODIS data are widely used, but the schemes are complicated. How to estimate land surface radiation easily and accurately is always an appropriate subject of debate. The GLASS data were published by Peking University in 2012 and can be directly used in global change research. Firstly, GLASS data (including albedo data, land surface emissivity data and downward shortwave radiation data), MODIS land surface temperature data and ground observed data were employed to develop a modified parameterization scheme of net radiation based on the research published by Bisht et al. in 2005. The maximum net radiation over eight continuous days in the middle of each month in 2010 was calculated using the scheme presented in this paper. Because the values that were obtained at the time of the satellite passing by were instantaneous, the instantaneous values were translated into the daily maximum data using the modified sinusoidal model and validated using ground observed data. There was a good agreement between ground observed data and the parameterization results and the average bias was 27.21 W\begin{array}{c}?\end{array}m^-2. The results showed that the scheme presented in this paper was an effective model to calculate land surface radiation over China. Our scheme required less input data. It can be applied to calculate land surface radiation at the scale of a large region. The spatial pattern change over China in 2010 was also analyzed. The results show that the land surface radiation changes significantly with the seasons and there are differences between different places at the same time. Generally, the value of net radiation increases in the first eight months and decreases in the last four months. The maximum net radiation gradually decreases from south to north. The probable reason is the different characters of the underlying surface, including land cover and geographic location.

Water is a key natural resource on which human economic and social development depends. In China today, water source shortage and water pollution impose a major constraint on sustainable development in China. Consumption terminal and water resource utilization are closely related by their water footprint, which is a comprehensive index of the effect of human activities on water resources. Water footprint has become a common indicator for measuring water resources and environmental pressures in a region. However, the water footprint theory only takes into account water resource pressure from the amount of resource consumption and does not consider the harm caused by water pollution. Thus, this may underestimate the seriousness of the water resource problem using water footprint theory. Compared with traditional water footprint theory, the grey water footprint theory can be a more direct reflection of human impact on the water resource quality. Accurate analysis of the impact of human factors on the environment is an important part of the current research on sustainable development. The GWR measurement model is more accurate than the traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) model because of its spatial factors. According to the theory of absorbing pollutants proposed by Hoekstra and Chapgain, we estimated the grey water footprint of 31 provincial regions in China in 2012 and explored the features of spatial distribution of the Chinese grey water footprint using the method of spatial autocorrelation analysis. We quantitatively examined the impacts of China's population, affluence, and technology on the grey water footprint by constructing a STIRPAT model based on the GWR. The results show that China's grey water footprint has strongly positive spatial correlation and imbalance of spatial distribution at provincial scale and the order of degree of humanistic factors threatening water environment is urbanization, population, industry structure and affluence. Additionally, our results show that 1% change in urbanization, population, per capita GDP or share of agriculture results in 1.03%, 0.85%, 0.63% or 0.52% change in the grey water footprint, respectively. There are spatial differences in the impacts of human factors on the grey water footprint. The impact of population on the grey water footprint gradually increases from north to south, the impact of affluence gradually decreases from west to east, and the impacts of agriculture and urbanization on the grey water footprint gradually increase from south to north. The calculation results using existing sample data indicate that an inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve will appear in certain conditions, and the curve relation may not exist if the present industrial structure and model of urbanization do not change. These results can provide a more scientific basis for water resource management policy.

The alpine ecosystem of the Source Region of the Yellow River (SRYR) has a significant water conservation function which represents water cycle within the atmosphere and biosphere. In this paper, ecosystem water conservation (EWC) was modeled by a modified dynamic vegetation model. Based on water balance method, the spatial-temporal changes in EWC and the impacts of climatic change were analyzed in the SRYR during the period 1981-2010. Results indicated that the EWC has a slightly decreasing trend of -1.15 mm/a in the past three decades. Furthermore, the EWC of most regions decreased especially in the southeast of the SRYR. In general, changes in both precipitation and atmospheric moisture demands have explicit influences on the amount and changes of the EWC, and the influences are various in different moisture conditions. In the southeast of the SRYR with sub-humid climate, both decreased precipitation and increased potential evapotranspiration induce the significant negative changes in the EWC. Meanwhile, in the northern part with semi-arid climate, increased precipitation is the main climatic factor leading the EWC to increase.

Linked data is an effective way to integrate multi-source heterogeneous geospatial data cross domain. Semantic high association is the key point to find out target data accurately and quickly. Semantic relevancy directly reflects the value of semantic association between geospatial data, and has great value in retrieving and ranking the targets. According to the semantic relations of geospatial data in space, time and content, a semantic relevancy computation model focusing on essential features of geospatial data is proposed in this research. We compute the semantic relevancy hierarchically through building up a relevancy indices system for essential characteristics. Spatial semantic relevancy is calculated by taking spatial topology relationships and spatial measurement relationships into account. The spatial semantic relevancy is bigger when the distance is smaller and the relative area (or length) is bigger of two spatial objects in the same spatial topology relationship. Accordingly, the time semantic relevancy is calculated by taking into account time topology relationships and time measurement relationships. The time semantic relevancy is bigger when the distance is smaller and the relative time is bigger between two times. The content relevancy is calculated by taking into account the semantic similarity of content keywords and the category correlation degree. Taking geographic metadata as the corpus, this model, which is different from traditional ones, was built up by considering the characteristics of geospatial data and their different important degrees in retrieval and using the methods of geometry processing, numerical computation, semantic similarity calculation and analysis of category relevancy. This model has the advantages of simply building process, suitable for multi-source heterogeneous data, and fully combining mathematics computation and semantics judgment of experts. The result showed that the model can be used to calculate the semantic relevancy on essential characteristics of geospatial data effectively, which can improve the speed of searching targets and the accuracy of the retrieval, and has good expansibility.

With the rapid development of globalization, vertical specialization has been more common and trade pattern has obviously changed, which exert different impacts on countries and regions with distinct roles and labor divisions. Under this background, based on Sino-Japan international input-output table for 2007, this paper studies the economic effects and carbon emission effects of Sino-Japan trade on these two countries with significantly different roles in industrial organizations in East Asia. Specifically, this paper employs trade in value added index and trade in carbon emissions index to study the trade of value added and carbon emissions between China and Japan. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Japan's capability of value-creation is much stronger than China's, especially in manufacturing sectors. The economic growth mechanism of China is obviously different from that of Japan, since the laborers' remuneration and the depreciation of fixed assets contribute less to China's value added. Besides, in terms of industries with higher level of vertical specialization, value added coefficients of Japan and China are much lower and the gap between them will be larger. (2) CO₂ emissions coefficients of most industries for China are much higher than those of Japan as a result of low level of production technology in China. (3) Japan mainly undertakes the production of key components and parts in the division of labor, while China mainly focuses on downstream processing assembly process and the production of some resources-intensive products. Hence, Japan has gained greater economic benefits from Sino-Japan trade while China are heavily affected with regard to carbon emissions. Based on the conclusion, this paper also discusses principles for assigning responsibility for CO₂ emissions at the international level and provides some suggestions on promoting industrial restructuring for China in the future.

Global warming is a direct consequence of the increasing CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere, which is caused by the abnormal increase in carbon emission levels. Such phenomenon has become a threat to the safety of living conditions. Many studies had proven that the increase in carbon emissions over the past century was mainly caused by human activities, but the factors currently known that contribute to carbon emissions are difficult to be mitigated. Therefore, further studies on the effect of economic development on carbon emissions might provide more feasible and efficient techniques for reducing carbon emissions. First, based on the framework of the effect of industrial structure on carbon emissions, the industrial structure determines the convergence of the equilibrium path of the regional economy and the final output. The final output and industrial structure influence carbon emissions simultaneously. The dynamic model shows that when higher energy intensity has a low share, its growth will dominate the overall regional carbon emissions. By contrast, when the lower energy intensity has a high share, its growth will lead the whole region to reduce carbon emissions. Second, an empirical analysis is performed to investigate the influence of industrial structure on global carbon emissions. Both the shares of the manufacturing and service industries positively affect carbon emissions. However, the influencing intensity of the service industry decreases along with an increasing share. Therefore, in the early stages of economic development, the rapid growth in the share of the manufacturing sector will increase the amount of carbon emissions; however, in the matured stages of economic development, the increasing share of the service sector and the declining share of the manufacturing sector will decrease the overall influencing intensity of these sectors. Third, an empirical analysis is conducted under different groups of countries according to the developing levels. All in all, compared with very-high-class group of countries, upgrading the industrial structure is a more efficient mitigating path in high-class and middle-class groups of countries. Meanwhile, adjusting the internal structure of their manufacturing and service sectors can inhibit the influencing intensities of different industries as well.

： Our research goal is to test the spatial agglomeration according to industries and firms sizes at the city level, which is based on a unique plant-level data set of Hangzhou. In the paper, we employ a new method based on the distance and firm point data to explore industrial agglomeration in the city. The result from this method shows great differences with that from the method dealing with the surface data based on administration boundary such as the Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi^*. On the basis of firm's data provided by Hangzhou Trade and Industry Bureau, a complete process has been finished from making spatial data. We only use text firm address information to process spatial data, then to construct counterfactuals. Finally, the results are interpreted in this research. We select nine representative industries to reveal the discrepancy of agglomeration characteristics among industries. The finding shows that the spatial agglomeration of knowledge-intensive industries is significant, while most of enterprises from traditional labor and capital-intensive industries are approximately to the random distribution in urban areas. Specifically, the spatial agglomeration degree of finance, information service and high-tech and equipment manufacturing is obviously higher than the average degree of service and manufacturing industries; on the contrary, the agglomeration degree of consumer services and manufacturing industries, such as retail and food processing, fails to pass the counterfactuals. Although the degree of agglomeration of textile and apparel and heavy industry is higher than the counterfactuals in the range of 15~40 km, such a large distance means most of enterprises are dispersed in the suburbs. It is worth noting that most of business service are dispersed in industrial space rather than clustered at a small scale as the producer service should be. This unusual result probably means that business service is under development in Hangzhou. Besides, we analyze the further impact of establishment size on industrial agglomeration. Generally, the spatial agglomeration of manufacturing industries has been driven by the larger establishments, whereas service industries are mixed. While the spatial agglomeration of finance and business is also driven by small establishments, the agglomeration of large retails is more important than that of small ones. In the field of information service, it seems that industrial spatial agglomeration is driven by neither large nor small enterprises. Actually, the contribution from the agglomeration of a large number of medium-sized enterprises in the range between 0~3 km is dominant for service cluster. To manufacturing industries, it is clear that small enterprises dominate the spatial agglomeration, but the agglomeration of large ones is also important at a certain scale.

Experiential online group-buying combines online stores and bricks-and-mortar stores, and significantly affects urban commercial spaces. However, to date there has been little research on spatial characteristics of urban group-buying markets. Adopting vector data symbolization and IDW spatial interpolation, this paper researched the spatial characteristics of the experiential online group-buying market in Chengdu. The results show that: (1) The degree of centralization of commodity information distribution in the business cores is lower for catering services, entertainment services, life services, and tourist hotel services than for photography services. (2) A developed market in experiential online group-buying has appeared in the center of Chengdu, and two types of business hot zones exist: comprehensive business hot zones providing diverse business services and life hot zones mainly providing daily life services. The spatial distribution of commodity information of daily consumer goods is uniform, and other types of consumer goods show obvious spatial agglomeration. (3) Areas with high spatial layout fairness index according to the market principles of the experiential online group-buying market are mainly distributed in the center of Chengdu. The spatial layout fairness of daily consumer goods is worse than that of other types of consumer goods. (4) The spatial patterns of the experiential online group-buying market clearly tend to be consistent with location theory, which are driven mainly by the distribution of bricks-and-mortar stores and consumer scale, and spatial accessibility, and in particular by the spatial distribution of bricks-and-mortar stores. The frictional resistance of “time distance” to the location development of the experiential online group-buying market exceeds that of the spatial distance.

Environmental issue is the focus that influences the sustainable development of China's economy and society. The negative externality of environmental pollution to production and living has become more and more serious, and the environmental awareness of the government and general public are enhancing and their environmental concepts are converting. Thus, the environmental regulation has been critical to the coordinated development of regional economy and environment, and to improve the living quality of residents and to build a harmonious society. Mid-term evaluation of the 12th Five-Year Plan, published by National Development and Reform Commission, shows that the development of 4 indexes (the proportion of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption, unit GDP energy consumption, CO₂ emission intensity, and NO_x) has lagged behind. Also, hazy weather and human settlements have continuously deteriorated. The evaluation illustrates that the effects of the environmental management are unsatisfactory. Accordingly, it is necessary to reexamine the performance and driving mechanism of government's environmental investment and management. Environmental regulation efficiency evaluation is a critical method of assessing environmental governance performance. In this paper, data envelopment analysis is used to measure China's environmental regulation efficiency, and the spatial evolution are analyzed based on variable coefficient, Gini coefficient, spatial autocorrelation and Tobit model. In addition, the influencing factors and comprehensive driving mechanisms are discriminated. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The environmental regulation efficiency had an fluctuated upward trend during 2000-2012, and the variable coefficient and Gini coefficient presented a tendency of "combined efficiency > scale efficiency > pure technical efficiency"; (2) The environmental regulation combined efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency have a characteristic of spatial heterogeneity, which presents a trend of "eastern region > northeastern region > central region > western region", and the spatial agglomeration of environmental regulation efficiency is emerging; (3) The economic development, urbanization, technology input, marketization, globalization have positive correlations with environmental regulation efficiency. The industrial structure (the proportion of industrial output in GDP), however, has negative correlation with environmental regulation efficiency. In general, this paper has explored the spatial evolution and comprehensive driving mechanism of China's environmental regulation efficiency. And, it has resolved the predicament in environmental regulation that the local eco-environment is improving whereas the overall situation is declining. Furthermore, it has provided a research framework of spatial evolution's geographical processes and multi-driving mechanisms, and the key scientific topics of "process + pattern" and "element + mechanism" in geography have been strengthened. Therefore, this paper can provide reference for regional sustainable development.

Informatization, networking and globalization have intensified the important role of information elements to the regional development, and therefore research on information space from the perspective of information element is significant to regional information development and can help the government make scientific decisions for information development and information industrial layout. In this paper, a new method of information space measurement based on internet information flow is established. According to the new method, information spatial networks respectively based on internet flow rate and flow speed are discussed and complex network analysis is used to explore the character of information space distribution pattern. With the tool of social network analysis, overall network structure, cohesiveness and centrality are researched. Thus, the provincial information loop, information nuclear and information field are identified in this paper. Furthermore, the whole network model, the trunk network model and the backbone network model are respectively discussed. Some core and important provinces are found out from the perspective of the hub - network. Some results can be obtained as follows. The information space shows a "heterogeneous" trend, decreasing from east to west. The information influence of provinces presents an eastern-central-western tiered decreasing trend. The core provinces of the information space are mainly located in the eastern coastal developed regions, which are the potential area of the information development. National development strategies such as the integrated development strategy of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and the reconstruction of the Silk Road have a certain influence on the spatial distribution pattern of information space. Beijing, Tianjin, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions are the core area of information space. What's more, some eastern provinces and Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou connect the north, the south and east of China, which forms a stable "triangle pattern". As the backbone of the western provinces, Sichuan and Inner Mongolia cross the western region from the south to the north, driving the development of western information space with the pattern models of "one axis and two dots". At the same time, the powerful mobility of information space makes up the separatist nature of physical space, weakening the constraints of space and artificial isolation, reducing the communication costs and improving the accessibility in the traditional sense. However, we find that the information spatial pattern of China at this stage is not completely out of the constraints of geographical space, but, to a certain extent, still partly dependent on geographical distribution.

China has experienced fast urbanization for more than three decades and now it is the key time to promote the quality of urbanization through accommodating rural migrants in urban destinations orderly and properly. The entrepreneurship of rural migrants in urban destinations could increase their incomes and provide more opportunities for interaction and communication with local residents and therefore is considered as an efficient means to enhance social integration of the migrants. However, in domestic scientific community, existing studies mainly focus on the entrepreneurship of rural migrants in rural origins while in international debates, too much emphasis is placed on the entrepreneurial behavior of immigrants and ethnic groups. Studies focusing on the entrepreneurship of rural migrants in urban destinations and its determinants are rather limited. This paper therefore first proposes a theoretic model of entrepreneurial behavior of rural migrants in urban destinations through the perspective of 'human-environment relationship' and then takes Jiangsu province as an empirical case to demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of the theoretic model. Based on the '2010 Migrant Survey in Jiangsu province', this paper employs binary logistic model to investigate the determinants of entrepreneurial behaviors of rural migrants in urban destinations. This paper has several findings. Firstly, both the social-economic features of rural migrants and the social, cultural and urban environments are observed to have influences on the entrepreneurial behaviors of rural migrants in urban destinations. Secondly, the urban factors, such as urban labor market and urban economic structure, exert more profound influences on the entrepreneurial behaviors of migrants than the difference in cultural and societal contexts of original places, which are in contrast to the findings of existing studies on the entrepreneurship of immigrants and ethnic groups in destinations. Thirdly, this paper finds that the special institutional schemes of China also have significant influences on the entrepreneurial behaviors of rural migrants, particularly the hukou arrangement tends to reduce the possibilities of the entrepreneurship of rural migrants in urban destinations.

Taking the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa Rivers as the typical research area, the study established a evaluation model to assess natural, ecological, and comprehensive suitability. The spatial interpolation, superposition analysis, stepwise regression, neural network, hierarchical analysis methods were used based on detailed field data, land use data and remote sensing data. The limiting factor of water source guarantee conditions was added to the newly-establised comprehensive security assessment model. Suitability grades and distribution of the reserve cultivated land resources were determined according to the features of the reserve cultivated land use/land cover types. The spatial and temporal pattern of cultivated land resources were analyzed comprehensively. The findings show that the regional comprehensive development level of the reserve cultivated land resources present a ring-shaped distribution. The area of suitable development of reserve cultivated land resources was ten times than that of prohibition development. Finally, we put forward development proposals and measures of reserve cultivated land resources.

As the static and abstract geographic elements, its is a puzzle that how administrative boundaries affect the process of the urban land expansion. Based on the empirical research of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration and evolution theory of the regional spatial structure, we build the model of administrative border effects on the urban land expansion of different development periods of China's urban agglomerations. According to the developed model, we divide the process of urban land expansion into four phases, namely, the invisible stage, the dissimilation stage, the persuation stage and the disappearing stage. Different phases have different characteristics. In the first stage, the spatial distribution of urban land is in the low level state of equilibrium; After that, the urban land in growth pole areas expands rapidly in the dissimilation stage. Then, urban land in cities around growth pole become the rapid expansion areas in the third stage. In the disappearing stage, the border only plays a crucial role in the symbol of different administrative divisions, and cities in the urban agglomerations become a comprehensive organism. Then the research of the spatial characteristics and dynamic mechanism of urban land expansion of the urban agglomeration is carried out in our study. We introduce the conditional convergence analysis and the β regression equation into measuring the border effect of the urban land expansion measurements in the case of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. According to the administrative level of different cities, the boundaries are divided into class A, class B, class C and class D. Border effect is measured in different time scales, including 20 years, 10 years and 5 years. It shows that: the greater the administrative level gap between two cities, the larger the border effect, and so there is the scale gap of the urban land expansion between two cities; the influence of border effect on urban land expansion is a long process, the longer it takes, the more significant the border effect is. The research will contribute to the theoretical support and policy recommendations in breaking the restriction of boundaries, delimiting the city development boundary and realizing the rational expansion of urban land.

This paper studied the spatial evolution of rural settlements in hilly region in South Jiangxi, covering its spatial distribution patterns, influencing factors, the basic types, and its mechanism in different development stages. The data are employed from DEM, and remote sensing images in 1995 and 2013. The methods are mainly based on GIS. The results show that the spatial distribution and evolution of rural settlements are characterized by smaller number, scale and density, but with an increasing trend. Most of the settlements are scattered in the regions with altitudes between 200 m and 600 m, basins with slopes below 15°, and some hilly valleys and terraces along roads and rivers. Its spatial evolution has 6 models, which are driven by low lands, economic activities, central place function, traffic or rivers direction, cultural and functional influence. The spatial reconstruction of rural settlements refers to relaying out and adjusting the settlements spatial structures. The basic purpose of the research is to reconstruct the landscape elements and the structure of settlement, and eventually restore the function of the settlements in the near future.

Soil erosion widely occurs across earth surface. It is a redistribution process of sediment over landscapes, and mitigated by landscape pattern. Landscape pattern data can be easily extracted from satellite imageries. However, due to the missing of a concrete conceptual framework, as well as effective tools linking landscape pattern with soil erosion processes, it is difficult to untangle their interactions explicitly. Landscape connectivity is a key landscape characteristic, and plays a critical role in soil erosion process. It shapes the occurrence and evolution of soil erosion from patch to watershed level. In this review, the concept, categorizing, and effect of landscape connectivity are summarized in the context of soil erosion. The connectivity indices and the spatially distributed soil erosion model are the two dominant approaches that can be used to link soil erosion with landscape pattern. Connectivity indices quantify the physical coupling among landscape units, and the functional connectivity, indicating the water or sediment delivery between landscape units. The spatially distributed soil erosion models explicitly incorporate landscape connectivity by taking landscape connectivity indices as parameters, implicitly modelling the in situ sediment production and sediment routing between source areas and sink areas, or along the flow path ways determined by topography. The connectivity concept frameworks effectively linking landscape pattern and soil erosion, and undoubtedly, provide an operational solution for unfolding the interaction between landscape pattern shifts and soil erosion dynamic.

With the profound impact of globalization on society, the connotation and denotation of mobility have become three-dimensional and multi-faceted today. Various types of mobilities are representing and reshaping our social structure and values. How to analyze and understand mobility has important implications on our cognition of social culture, local structure and contextual significance, as well as all kinds of socio-cultural phenomena which are currently measured by multiple spatial scales. On the one hand, mobility is an unprecedented enhancement of movement. This process not only occurs in the global and regional scales, but also in the scale of daily life and commuting within the urban areas. On the other hand, mobility overturns our understanding of the basic conceptions in humanities and social sciences in a revolutionary way. For example we need to rethink these crucial issues like space and identity with a perspective of mobility. Under the new paradigm—taking time and space as a basic judgement of mobility, the multi-layered and three-dimensional sociocultural meaning of mobility is thus to be discussed in terms of regions, cities, immigration, tourism, identity, policy, regulation and so on. This practice offers a field for interdisciplinary dialogue and communication which carries the expectation of providing references and prospects for lifting the discussion on movement to mobility.

Promoting the collaborative development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei is a major national strategy, whose core problem is to relief the non-capital function orderly. To determine the industrial transfer priority scientifically is the key to realize the orderly non-capital function decentralization. In this article, we use the competitive input-output table of Beijing in 2012, build the sensitivity model, and quantitatively analyze the influence on economy and employment in Beijing if the final demand changes by 1%. The results show that: 1) based on the economic sensitivity coefficient, the prior decentralization scope has 8 industries including production and distribution of gas, repair of fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment, processing of timbers and manufacture of furniture. If all the smaller economic sensitivity effect industries are decentralized, the impact on Beijing industrial added value will reach 1.06%, the industrial added value reduction relief capacity will reach 1.86 billion Yuan; 2) based on the employment sensitivity coefficient, the prior decentralization scope has 8 industries including processing of timbers and manufacture of furniture, manufacture of textiles, repair of fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment. If all the smaller employment sensitivity effect industries are decentralized, the impact on Beijing employment will reach 1.31%, the employment relief capacity will reach 120000 persons; 3) based on the comprehensive sensitivity coefficient and the core capital function, the comprehensive prior decentralization scope is wholesale and retail trade, followed by manufacture of chemical raw materials and chemical products, manufacture of foods, cigarettes and tobacco, manufacture and pressing of metals, mining and washing of coal, extraction of petroleum and natural gas, manufacture of general-purpose machinery, electrical machinery and equipment, processing of petroleum, coking, processing of nucleus fuel, manufacture of special-purpose machinery, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products, manufacture of fabricated metal products, manufacture of measuring instruments and meters, mining of metal ores, processing of timbers and manufacture of furniture, manufacture of fabricated metal products, repair of fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment, manufacture of textile, waste recycling and recovery, mining and processing of nonmetal ores and other ores.

The intricate relationship between urban housing price and land price is influenced by mingle factors and contains a dynamic interaction between each other. Traditional approaches for this topic, such as Granger test and multiple regression, are quite limited in studying the multidimensional relationship within them. In contrast, SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) can handle multiple endogenous latent variables simultaneously and overcome the collinearity of independent variables, so it could be an effective approach to characterize the interaction between urban housing price and land price. Under this background, this paper firstly deduces a theoretical structural model of land price and housing price based on the supply and demand chain of land and housing market. Then, a GIS database is built for Beijing by utilizing the residential land transaction price records from 2003 to 2013 and housing price published on housing-sale website in 2014. Within the SEM, five types of explanatory variables are included, namely, accessibility to important commercial centers, accessibility to public transport, accessibility to highway, concentration of commercial services and concentration of facilities. After that, four models (with all parameters estimated with PLS) are built taking account of the effect of spatial heterogeneity, spatial autocorrelation and the effect of floor-ground-area ratio. At last, this paper arrives at 4 conclusions: (1) Land price in the past has significant effect on current housing price. For the case of Beijing, the estimated factor is between 0.2 and 0.4. (2) Regarding the influence of different explanatory factors, some mainly affect the land price, such as the accessibility to highway and the concentration of commercial services; some mainly affect house price, such as the accessibility to public transport and the concentration of facilities; some affect both, such as the accessibility to important commercial centers. (3) Ground land price has greater effect on housing price than floor land price. The control of floor-ground-area ratio in Beijing's urban planning reduces the impact of land market on house market, as well as the impact of land supply and demand fluctuation on housing price. (4) With the SEM, this paper concludes the relationship between housing price and land price in shape of network instead of chain, also proves SEM to be an effective approach to study the complicated relationship between land market and housing market.

According to the theories of housing search space and anchor point, Internet channels (e.g., housing websites, real estate agents) can provide more housing information (e.g., prices, locations, styles, years, facilities) than traditional channels (e.g., newspaper, TV, advertisements, introduction from friends or relatives) to reduce limitations of previous houses where movers have higher flexibility to choose their new houses to extend search spaces in their moving processes. However, the previous studies usually focused on some factors of residential mobility including housing price, transport, household composition, lifestyle, service facility, neighbourhood environment, employment opportunity, rather than ICT (telecommuting and information channel). Meanwhile, compared with studies on relationships between telecommuting and residential mobility (telecommuters are more likely to make longer moving distance or move into suburban areas because of flexible ways of working, which can reduce limitations of workplace in the moving processes), few scholars have paid their attention to the impacts of information channels on residents' moving space. This paper collected data from the survey of residential mobility in Nanjing city. It mainly used 3D Kernel density analysis to simulate space-time characteristics of different information channel users, and also Multinomial Logistic Regression to demonstrate the impacts of information channel on moving space. Three consequences were found by the above analyses. Firstly, males, young persons, and high-educated and high-income individuals preferred to use Internet channels to collect housing information. Secondly, Internet channel has become the most popular tool for residential mobility to obtain housing information in recent years compared to usage of traditional channels in the earlier times. Finally, more importantly, the Internet channel users were likely to make longer moving distance than the traditional channel users because of more and detailed housing information obtained from websites and real estate agents. On the one hand, these findings can enrich the present studies in the impacts of ICT on moving space in which internet channels take a directive role in the expansion of moving space as well as telecommuting. On the other hand, they are useful to housing information management (e.g., sharing platform building of urban housing information for reducing the "digital divide" among different groups) and housing spatial planning for urban governments (e.g., optimization of urban housing space, especially the one in suburban areas).

With joining into global production network and undertaking international industrial transfer, China has become the world manufacture base with its cheaper labor, land and resource, which promotes a gradual increase of industrial output. While, new international division of labor has made China play a role of global basic raw materials and low-ranking equipment manufacturer and producer, which has led to the fact that the heavy industrialization and high proportion of basic sectors are become main characteristics of Chinese industrialization in recent decades. At the same time, huge scale of industrial development has caused serious environmental pollution, such as smog, water pollution, soil pollution and fragility of ecological environment. The discharges of some industrial pollutants have increased gradually with the industrial development. In order to understand the impact of Chinese industrial development on the change of environmental pollution, this paper built the Kaya Equation between Chinese industrial pollutants discharge with industrial scale, industrial structure (the proportion of high-pollutant loaded sectors in gross industrial output), pollution productive efficiency (the waste discharge per unit of gross industrial output) and waste discharge source structure from 2001 to 2013. Then, the contribution rates of four factors to the change of pollutants discharge were calculated with the approach of LMDI. It can be found that: (1) the expansion of Chinese industrial scale and decrease of pollutant discharge per unit of industrial output are two main factors affecting the change of industrial pollutant discharge. Huge increase of industrial output can lead to a distinct increase of industrial pollutants discharge, whose contribution rates to the change of industrial waste water discharge and gas emission are 6440% and 131% respectively. However, the industrial waste water discharge and waste gas emissions per unit of gross industrial output have been decreased greatly and relieved the increase of industrial pollutant discharge caused by scale expansion, whose contribution rates to the change of industrial waste water discharge and gas emissions are -7290% and -46% respectively. (2) End treatment of high pollutant-loaded sectors has made great contribution to the scale control of the total pollutant discharge, especially in the field of industrial waste water treatment. However, industrial restructuring has little contribution to the pollutant reduction, and their contribution rates to the growth of industrial waste water discharge and gas emissions are positive. This phenomenon may be caused by the Chinese government paying more attention to end treatment and technical upgrading than to structural adjustment. (3) So, this paper suggested that Chinese environment governance should put more concerns on industrial restructuring and industrial chain extension, and promote recycling economy of high-pollutant loaded sectors at the same time.

The innovation globalization of Chinese multinational enterprises has led to a high increase of Chinese overseas patent application. The location choices and spatial structures of Chinese multinational enterprises have become a heated topic in the field of international economic geography research. In this paper, we examine the case of Huawei, based on WIPO patent analysis and interviews, to understand the ways of innovation globalization. The results reveal that Huawei has set up a centrally controlled global innovation organization. Huawei absorbs international knowledge by establishing overseas R&D centers and by keeping collaboration with overseas technically leading firms, universities and research institutes. The hierarchy inside Huawei coordinates the knowledge flows from overseas branches to headquarters in Shenzhen. This active knowledge absorption helps Huawei exclusively possess the commercial benefit of international knowledge. The innovation globalization makes Huawei grow from a lagging firm to a leading firm.

The analysis of the household water consumption in rural area plays an important role in ensuring water security and relieving the contradictions between water supply and demand. In this paper, the analysis based on 84 households completed survey by questionnaire and actual measurement in 9 counties (cities, regions) in Tibet Autonomous Region. The comparison on different households has been made regarding to the water use behavior and consumption in agricultural and pastoral area.The characteristics of household water were obtained and the important influence factors to water use were also summarized.The results showed that the Tibet rural household water consumption ranged from 33 to 38 L/d, and the water consumption was significantly different among different families. The water consumption differences mainly concentrated in the laundry, vegetable-washing and dish-washing. Sanitary and kitchen water usage were occupied the most part of the daily water consumption. The household water consumption was affected by the mode of production and cultural customs, and the structure of water consumption was affected by family population composition. Household income and permanent population were negatively correlated with household per capita water use.

The river inlet sediments were collected from three sediment cores sampled by drilling in the inlet area of the lowermost Yuanjiang River (China) in this study, and concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments were analyzed using the ICP-MS techniques. The results show that concentrations of heavy metals Ba, Sc, V, Th, U, Cu, Co, Ni and Cr in sediments are less variable, and they are relatively homogeneously distributed in all the sediments. However, concentrations of metals Mn, Zn, Pb, Mo, Cd, Tl and Bi are significantly variable, and they are distributed heterogeneously in the sediments. The depth variations of concentrations of the heavy metals in sediments of the three sediment cores suggest that there are three layers of sediments that are relatively enriched in different heavy metals. They are the middle-lower layer of sediments that are relatively enriched in heavy metals Pb, Tl and Bi; the middle-upper layer of sediments that are relatively enriched in heavy metals Pb, Cr, Ni and Cu; and the upper surface layer of sediments relatively enriched in heavy metals V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Tl and Bi. The principal analysis results show that most samples from the upper surface layer of sediments, and some from the middle-upper and middle-lower layers of sediments are enriched in different heavy metals. The degree of heavy-metal contamination is assessed using the geo-accumulation index (I_geo) and synthetic enrichment index (EI), and the results show that the degree of heavy metal contamination in the bed sediments of the lowermost river is increased from the middle lower to the upper surface layer of sediments, and along with such depth variation the contamination is changed from the single Pb-Bi assemblage to the complex V-Cr-Mn-Ni-Cu-Zn-Pb-Cd-Bi assemblage. Also the degree of the heavy metal contamination decreases from the upper river to the lower river sediments. Such spatial variation of heavy metal contamination in the bed river sediments of the lowermost Yuanjiang River is believed to be closely related to the corresponding anthropogenic events, which needs to be studied further.

In the context of expanding anthropogenic disturbances, many lakes in Yunnan province have experienced increasing inputs of pollutants such as nutrients and heavy metals. Here, we applied multi-proxy sediment analyses for Yangzong Lake with known history of industrial pollution, aiming to reveal the long-term response of the diatom communities to eutrophication and arsenic pollution and identify the main environmental stressors. The diatom community changes showed that long-term nutrient enrichment has led to the gradual increase in planktonic diatoms, however, their rapid replacement by metal-tolerant diatoms (i.e. Achnanthes minutissima) clearly reflected the impact of industrial wastewater pollution. Under the conditions of long-term eutrophication and hydrological regulation, the diatom community structure and species richness displayed a catastrophic shift when the lake-water arsenic reached a threshold level, suggesting that the Yangzong Lake has experienced a shift of stable state around 2008. In addition, water diversion project implemented since 1965 led to the increase of an oligotrophic endemic species (Cyclotella rhomboideo-elliptica), which thereafter showed a rapid decrease in abundance and was later decimated as a result of ongoing nutrient enrichment. In all, lake eutrophication, heavy metal pollution and hydrological regulation were among the main factors driving the long-term changes of diatom communities. Therefore our sediment records provided long-term trajectory of lake pollution and biological responses, which can facilitate ecological restoration and catchment management for polluted lakes.

In this paper, the influence of initial CCN concentration on the physical and precipitation processes of cloud was numerically studied by using mesoscale model WRF. A two parameter cloud micro physics scheme (2-mom+ccn NSSL) containing CCN activation process of cloud condensation nuclei is utilized to investigate the impacts of different aerosol backgrounds on the cloud microphysical processes and precipitation. A typical precipitation event near Beijing (July 16-17, 2015), which was formatted as a drizzle case and then developed into heavy precipitation, was simulated in order to examine the sensitivity of aerosol pollution. Controlled experiment captured the characters of this rainfall case very well. Rainfall rate peak in the time series and its varying tendency and moving direction of precipitation strength center were modeled with reliable accuracy. The modeled average precipitation rate decreased with rising aerosol background concentration, which is consistent with studies of some other authors. Structure of cloud system, temple and spatial variation of hydrometeor categories and strength of their sink and source terms are compared and analyzed. Our numerical simulation can completely simulate the whole process of the precipitation, including main precipitation-concentrated period of time, the rain belt in the northwest-southeast direction, precipitation at the beginning of the heavy rain, the late shift to rain or even local rainstorm. Simulation results show that the maximum cumulative precipitation of 24 hours can reach 65 mm, which is in good agreement with the measured data, and the effect of aerosol on precipitation efficiency is different in different precipitation stages. We found that when the initial CCN concentration is higher, the maximum precipitation efficiency occurs in the light rain stage, and the precipitation efficiency is reduced in the rainstorm period. There was no significant change in the precipitation range of the three initial CCN concentrations, but the location of the strong precipitation center shifted from the southwest to the northeast of Beijing. Our simulations also show that the regional mean accumulated precipitation decreases with increasing aerosol, which is consistent with the conclusions of other authors based on the statistical analysis of the ground precipitation and visibility data. Effect of aerosol on cloud micro physical structure, hydrometeor spatial and temporal distribution and conversion of microphysical processes were also given in detail. The results show that in both of early or late precipitation, the background aerosol cloud water content in the air were increased. Our research work is preliminary, but it can be used to carry out a more detailed study of the coupling chemistry model WRF-Chem. Due to the fact that the influence of aerosol on cloud and precipitation is very complex, the relevant observational data is still lacking. Therefore, the research on this aspect is still continuing to carry out extensive and in-depth study in the future.

Pingtan Island is located in the sea of eastern Fujian Province, which is one of the typical coastal aeolian landform regions in China, well known for its typical shape, volume and less human disturbance. On the Pingtan Island coast, which was taken as the research region for the observation of coastal dunes' morphological responses to typhoon, four areas were chosen as the field observation sample areas, separately representing the four types of coastal aeolian landforms such as coastal foredune, coastal transverse dune, coastal sand sheet and climbing dune. By using high-precision RTKGPS technology and surveying method, the elevation data before and after typhoon landed at 931 observation points and 15 transect belts in four sample areas were measured. Based on the high-precision surveying data over the four typical coastal dunes in Pingtan Island before and after the 10th typhoon (Matmo) in 2014, the morphological change of the four types of coastal dunes in response to the typhoon Matmo event is analyzed. The typical observation results suggest that the basic feature of the impact of typhoon Matmo on the morphological change of coastal dunes in Pingtan Island is the reduction of volume and height. The average elevation change of the 931 observation points in the four sample areas is 0.22 m, and the average elevation of all the observation points decreased by 0.05 m. The volume of four coastal dunes in the four sample areas reduced at an average of 0.59% after the typhoon Matmo landing, the biggest volume reduction is 2.20%, which was observed in the coastal foredune sample areas. However, the magnitudes of morphological responses are different in different types of coastal dunes and different sites over the coastal dunes. For example, the volume and height of coastal sand sheet was found to increase after the typhoon Matmo landing while other types of coastal dunes decreased. For the coastal climbing dunes the highest decrease in height was at the middle site of windward slope in front of coastal climbing dune and the smallest decrease in height was at the top site of windward slope in front of coastal climbing dune. The basic reasons for the impact of typhoon Matmo on the morphological change of coastal dunes are the strong wind erosion, the landform under the coastal dunes, the shape of coastal dunes and the differences of the distribution of coastal dunes' surface vegetation.

Influenced by the disturbance of farmland consolidation engineering construction and recovery period of farmland ecosystem reestablishment, agricultural productivity improvement caused by farmland consolidation usually has a time lag. This makes recent change of agricultural productivity hard to be effectively assessed by real-time remote sensing data. Based on MODIS-NDVI data (MOD13Q1) from 2001 to 2013, this study proposes four characteristic parameters to demonstrate agricultural productivity change, i.e., the level of agricultural productivity (PL), the variation of agricultural productivity (PV), the potentiality of agricultural productivity (PP) and multiple cropping index (MI). Then, the study takes farmland consolidation projects labeled as completion acceptance from 2006 to 2010 as a sample set, and establishes intrinsic relationship between characteristics of agricultural productivity change and potential influencing factors using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. Finally, the rules concluded from SVM model are used to predict the characteristics of agricultural productivity change influenced by farmland consolidation implemented between 2011 and 2013. The results are as follows: (1) On the basis of defining characteristic of agricultural productivity change and potential influencing factors of a sample set, the fitness of feature parameters of the unkown sample set can achieve global optimum by SVM model. (2) During 2001-2013, the proportions of projects that PL, PV, PP and MI have increased after farmland consolidation are 88.18%, 66.41%, 81.55% and 3.59%, respectively. (3) The general characteristic of agricultural productivity improvement influenced by farmland consolidation has significant spatial variation. The regions are of significant improvement concentrated on the middle Yangtze River plain, the hilly region south of the Yangtze River, Nanling hilly region, western Guangdong and southern Guizhou. It is noteworthy that some regions still need to be further improved in agricultural productivity, such as Songnen-Sanjiang plain, plain and hilly region of Liaoning.

As an important material carrier of history and culture, Chinese memorial archway is a kind of concentrated reflection of the complex interactions of Chinese geographical environment, historical culture and socio-economic changes. The current study, using data from 1045 memorial archways, investigated the regional distribution and the comprehensive effects of physical geographical environment, socio-economic developments and regional cultures on the construction and protection of Chinese memorial archways in history. The distribution of Chinese memorial archways is uneven, and the number of existing archways declines from sea to land with a significant southeast-northwest differentiation pattern. The distribution of each type of archways also shows the east-west differentiation or south-north differentiation with certain apposition in the specific distribution sites of chastity-and-filial-piety archways, merits-and-virtues archways and clan archways. As to the causes, the regional differentiation of China's economic, social and cultural developments from southeast to northwest resulted into the decline in the number of memorial archways from the southeast coast to the northwest interior, and semi-arid and sub-humid climate boundaries became the natural boundaries of the memorial archways distribution. Preservations and protections of memorial archways in history also promoted the differences of memorial archways between the North and the South. Sacrificial culture flourishing had made temple archways and tomb archways mainly in northern China. Neo-cultural prosperity of the South made most of chastity-and-filial-piety archways and merits-and-virtues archways clustering in the South. The appositional distribution of chastity-and-filial-piety archways, merits-and-virtues archways and clan archways was mainly due to the similar cultural connotation and their owners' co-ancestry and homology. The distributions of the human-oriented types of archways are largely linked with social and economic development, while the distributions of the deity-oriented and thing-oriented types of archways are less relevant with the socio-economic development. Local physical geographic environment also impacts the construction and distribution of some types of memorial archways.

The agglomeration of industries is one of the core issues for economic geography, while scales of the unit which we use will make the analysis results uncertainty. This paper takes Xi'an as an example, utilizing the geographic coordinates of cultural corporations within the belt highway. Firstly, 60 kinds of grid with different scales were created, and the quantity and density of cultural corporations in each unit were calculated. Secondly, Gini index and Global Moran's I index were used to calculate the concentration and agglomeration of cultural industries at 60 kinds of scales. Thirdly, with the method of kriging interpolation, five typical scales were chosen to explore the spatial structure scale effect of cultural industry. The results are as fellows: (1) The concentration of cultural industry will be diluted when the scale expands. But there is a "threshold scale" for the concentration of cultural industry, the concentration declines rapidly below the "threshold scale", while it declines slowly above the scale. (2) Unlike the concentration, the agglomeration of the cultural industry seems to be a "peak scale". Below the "peak scale" the agglomeration increases rapidly when the scale expands, while above it, the agglomeration presents a declining trend at first, then it fluctuates when the scale expands continuously. (3) Based on the change characteristics of Gini index and Global Moran's I index, the scales of cultural industry were identified into three levels. The indices changed rapidly with the scale expanding on the micro scales (0.1 km×0.1 km-0.6 km×0.6 km), fluctuated at high level with the middle scales (0.6 km×0.6 km-2.8 km×2.8 km), and became stable on the macro scales (above 2.8 km×2.8 km). (4) The spatial structure differs from point (polar nucleus) to axis band to black mass when the scales vary from micro to macro level. The micro scales reflect the location factors of the cultural industry, and the middle and macro scales reflect the layer structure of cultural industry. (5) The scale effects of cultural industry results from the reconstitution for cultural corporation concentrated area when the space units redistrict. When industrial planning and policies are being enacted, different schemes and measures should be taken according to the characteristics of different scales.

This paper attempts to analyze the overall situation and differentiation of foreigners' willingness to travel to China by means of the questionnaire survey on the residents of China's important tourist source countries and statistical analysis; it is also explored the influencing factors of tourism willingness from the perspective of tourism supply-side and source-country residents' perceptions of China's tourism. The results indicate that the foreigners' willingness to travel to China is not too strong in general; the significant differentiations in willingness are residence in region, characteristics of ethnic Chinese, the number of visits to China and demographic characteristics of age, educational background and occupation; the factors such as tourism resources and products, language communication, travel safety, tourism reception services, degree of transportation convenience and tour prices have impact on the foreigners' willingness to travel to China to different extents; among them, tourism resources and products are found to be the main influencing factors, followed by the language communication, travel safety and tourism reception services, while the degree of transportation convenience and tour prices also have influence on willingness.

Based on the connotation and theoretical research of tourism industry performance, this paper defined the concept and characteristics of tourism internal performance, used the related data of Zhangjiajie from 1989 to 2013 and combined with wavelet analysis, coupling coordination model and path analysis to evaluate and discuss the development level and influence mechanism of tourism internal performance from the perspective of industry generation cycle. The study arrives at the following results: Firstly, emerging stage demonstrated an extremely imbalanced tourism industrial structure in Zhangjiajie as its progress experienced ups and downs with internal performance mean value at 1.199; in addition, tourism was mainly invested in construction during this period. Secondly, in generation stage, the progress of tourism industrial structure presented periodic fluctuations with internal performance mean value at 6.265, the rapid growth of tourism economy and moderately imbalanced industrial structure brought improved economic performance. Thirdly, in developing stage, the performance of tourism economy experienced three decreases, industrial structure was coordinated with high quality, its high development progressed steadily in adjustment, the internal performance mean value was 47.885, and the structural performance was good. What's more, influence mechanism of tourism internal performance varied in different stages with economic development, transportation, total tourism demand, social fixed assets and government expenditure as the key influencing factors. Finally, according to the research conclusions, this paper puts forward the optimization on the tourism internal performance from the perspective of transportation, tourism investment, government and tourism industrial structure. It is hoped that the research has certain reference value for the rational and sustainable development of tourism in Zhangjiajie.

With the deepening of globalization, the national competitiveness is increasingly dependent on the S&T-pillared hard power, talent-sourced intellectual creativity and culture-centered soft power, as well as those multi-scale innovative spaces/places as accommodators. The spaces refer to not only the spatial entities which can help to foster and inspire innovation, but also the cultural ambience and innovation eco-system which are able to stimulate ideas exchange and social interaction. Therefore, how to implant the culture as a key element into space to make it a cultural and culturally-productive place, is gradually becoming the essential issue to be dealt with and big challenge to academic society. This paper thus tries to, first of all, based on the elaboration of China's new vision and the systematic literature review on culture essence, call for the desperate need for China to formulate its own new culture to be aligned with its comprehensive power in international arena. Then, based on the historical development perspective, it argues the importance and approach of how to create culture-embedded innovative local spaces for enhancing both the urban and national competitiveness. Lastly, the paper stresses that geographers should pay high attention to a series of new research topics on inter-relationship between culture and place, in an aim to further optimize the innovative place making and promote urban sustainable development in the human-oriented, urbanity-chasing and amenity-focused age. To response this summoning, geographic science needs to expand its research horizon to more focus on micro space and place making while continuously exploiting its advantage in a macro regional study.

In March, 2014, the "National New Urbanization Planning (2014-2020)" was issued, indicating that China's urbanization has entered into a transition period from "quantity growth" to "quality improvement". The transformation of the national policies in urbanization is the result of long-time multidisciplinary researches on urbanization, with the collective wisdom of many scholars. Academician Lu Dadao took the lead in research on a series of consulting reports of urbanization, which is a symbolic achievement and has played a key role in the transformation of policies in urbanization. This paper reviewed the main content of the consulting reports, as well as the substantive promotion and influence they have on the relevant ministries and commissions of the nation. We believe that the discipline of human and economic geography should undertake the function of national think tank, and strengthen basic researches to support the policies. Urbanization is an important part of geographic research, and the new-type urbanization has provided a broader space, and we should have a strong sense of responsibility and scientific spirit.

In recent years, environmental pollution accidents occur frequently in China, which gives rise to serious environmental damage. Environmental damage identification and assessment is one of the most important environmental protection measures to cope with damage, while baseline is the key to determine the nature and extent of injuries or damages. As a crucial component of environmental damage assessment and restoration activity, baseline determination is the key technology link of scientific assessment and the important premise for a fair damage assessment, which can be used for the environmental damage identification and assessment in China. There are four widely used methods that can determine the baseline of environment or resources in developed countries: historical data, reference area data, environmental standards and models. Firstly, this paper analyzed these methods systematically, and summarized their advantages and disadvantages based on the theory and case studies. Then it discussed the specific steps of all kinds of baseline determination methods. Furthermore, we summed up knowledge on soil or soil environment, which is closely related to soil baseline determination in China, and proposed the basic principles of soil baseline determination for environmental damage identification and assessment. In conclusion, we recommended the "4 steps" operating procedure for determining soil baseline, which provides a valuable academic perspective and gives a scientific guidance for soil environmental damage identification and assessment in China.

Innovation rather than land, capital and other factors becomes the new driver of economic development. In recent 35 years, researchers have made fundamental contributions to the understanding of the innovation process by exploring the location of R&D centers, the geography of high-technology industries, the diffusion of knowledge, etc. This paper systematically examines the history of the Western research on innovation geography, by summarizing the main researchers and their analyzing spatial scale, methodology and main findings every 5 years from 1991 to 2015. From 1991 to 1995, researchers mainly illustrated the geographical features of innovation activities as concentration in places. From 1996 to 2000, researchers explored the dynamics of innovation agglomeration, by focusing on the role of institutions. The period of 2001 to 2005 witnessed the booming of innovation geography research, especially the role of distant knowledge and global pipeline. From 2006 on, the evolutionary turn took the innovation geography research into the study of innovation network description and exploration. In summary, the Western innovation geography research has endured a dynamical development in the last 35 years; however, it has three shortcomings: neglecting the relationship between individuals and the organization, under-development of methodology, and thinking little of innovation policies and practices in developing economies. Therefore, we propose three fields to be studied to develop a new theoretical framework based on the developing economies: (1) the role of individual and organization as innovators; (2) the combination of quantitative and qualitative research; and (3) the innovation characters of developing economies.

Climate comfortable period (CCP) is a temporal index evaluating the climate comfortableness or human thermal comfortableness. It is of significance to architectural design, public health and tourism development etc. Most of studies on CCP generally take month-scale as the time granularity, which is too long to precisely chart the intra- or inter-regional differences, especially under global climate change. This article chooses day-scale as the time granularity of CCP, which is more precise than month-scale. Based on the daily meteorological data from 775 basic weather stations in the mainland of China from 1961 to 2010, which is provided by China Meteorological Science Data Sharing Service Network, this paper makes use of Temperature Humidity Index (THI) and Wind Effect Index (WEI), and modifies them to fit the actual situation of China in order to assess the climate comfortableness in the mainland of China since the 1960s. This study indicates the average annual and seasonal CCP and its spatial patterns in the mainland of China, and summarizes the evolving characteristics of CCP over the past 50 years. These results can provide some scientific understandings for human settlements environmental constructions, and also be helpful to improve local or regional resilience responding to global climate change.

The study on environmental protection and ecological restoration in the lower reaches of the Tarim River has aroused widespread concern in the community and government at all levels. For those studies, the observation of the various forms of water resources is very important, because almost all natural processes and human activities are directly or indirectly restricted by lackage of water resources in the Tarim River Basin. In this research, the lakes in lower reaches of Tarim River were selected as an object, water body information was extracted from historical maps, topographic maps and satellite images, over the past century. Based on water body information and some other ancillary data, evolution of those lakes was analyzed, and the following results were summarized. (1) According to location, wate rbody and their change trends, evolution of the lakes could be divided to three time segments of the study period. Before the 1960s, hydrological conditions of the lower Tarim River were better than in recent 50 years, the number of the lakes was large, and most of the lakes were larger. For example, from the end of the 19th century to beginning of the 20th century, the total water body of the lakes were more than 2000 km². From the 1960s-1970s to the end of 20th century, along with the construction of water conservancy facilities, hydrological conditions in this region tended to be worse, water bodies were reduced or completely dried up in many lakes. In this century, as an one of important results of Ecological Water Transfusion Project, hydrological conditions were improved, some lakes were refilled with water, and they were dried up over the decades. For example, in 2013, the total water area of the lakes in this region reached 760 km². (2) The lakes of the lower Tarim River can be categorized into three main classes, in terms of types of lake basins. The lakes are distributed west of national highway and the right side of the mainstream is typical eolic (wind-formed) lakes; The lakes distributed on the east side of the mainstream and among the river network are riverine (fluvial) lakes; Tetima Lake can be identified as a tectonic lake. (3) Evolution of eolic lakes in this region has been summarized, and compared with riverine lakes in the same region. And we found that, there are great differences between eolic lakes and riverine lakes, in the aspects of shape, depth, water quality, formation time, etc. (4) In modern days, human factors exert more effects on the lake changes of this region than natural factors.

High capacity transit system offers a solution to traffic problems and shapes the city structure at the same time. A great number of articles have examined the close relationship between rail transit and urban structure. Our study attempts to enrich the existing literature by providing empirical evidences of how the metro system in Shenzhen has helped to change urban structure. We use data of land transaction from 2000 to 2014, which includes information on price, parcel location, land use type and transaction mode. We calculate distances from each parcel to its nearest metro station, nearest hub station, and the city center. We also divide all land parcels into three groups according to its temporal relationship with the planning and operation of its closest metro station. When analyzing the data, we firstly plot land price and FAR in relation to the three distance variables to see how they vary spatially. We then use spatial regression models to test whether land price and FAR are significantly affected by the distance to stations. We find that price and FAR of parcels transacted before metro plan announcement shows weak or even no station-orientation. However, price and FAR gradients appear after metro plan announcement and metro operation, which result from relatively fast price increase at station proximity. It is shown that land price and FAR's rising within 1 km are greater than the ones within 2 km. In addition, we find that metro investment has a greater impact on land price in relatively underdeveloped outer part of Shenzhen than that in the inner part by dividing all land parcels into two groups. Metro stations in the outer part then become a series of new economic growth points. Shenzhen is a city of multiple centers. The station-oriented development could further move the city into a fine tuned multi-center structure.