This paper analyzes the precondition of urbanization, and concludes that the premise that urban area is better than rural area began to change. The result may be the one-way urbanization process from rural to urban area changes into a reverse or two-way process between rural and urban areas. This paper discusses the driving force and evolving mechanism of the new-type urbanization, and believes that the main driving force of urbanization came from the economies of scale under industrialized production in the early period, which gradually expands from industrial sectors to non-agricultural industries, and changes the organization pattern that the bigger the size is, the better the town is. The paper believes that the organization model of the market in "flow" space under the information condition presents the trend of decentralized layout, which will change the scale-hierarchy structure of traditional space. The paper concludes that the new trend of the mutual integration between industries will change the setting of traditional single-use functions, while emphasizing the complex response of function and space. The paper does not believe that the changes in preconditions and driving mechanisms for urbanization means that urbanization is an inevitable process, and that the higher the level of urbanization, the better, and the larger the city size, the better. The paper finds that the goal of urban development has shifted from economic benefits to comprehensive benefits. The paper concludes that the city level depends on its own attraction and the function based on it, instead of size. The paper does not believe that the residents who are engaged in non-agricultural industries and enjoy non-agricultural lifestyle in new type of rural areas be counted as farmers, but as "semi-urbanization" population. The paper believes that the socio-economic patterns are very complex and highly integrated with each other, so it is difficult to rationally distinguish the connotations of cities or villages from the simple definition of urbanization. The paper proposes that in the semi-urbanized areas, local resources should be used as an advantage, and the main employment forms, public service and infrastructure conditions, lifestyle, and community culture should be promoted in close proximity to the urbanization area. The paper believes that in the future, it is necessary to revise and improve the theory and method of urbanization mode, path, planning and regulation, pay attention to urban and rural characteristics, promote urban and rural equivalent development, and realize the integration of urban and rural factors.

The high-quality development of the new urbanization in China is focused on man-earth harmony, people-oriented principle, low-carbon, ecology, innovation, wisdom and safety. It is an organic unity of high quality citizenization, infrastructure, living environment, urban construction, public service and urban management. Promoting the new urbanization is an important way for China to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieve modernization basically, and it is an important way to realize the strategy of rural revitalization. To promote the development of China's new urbanization, we need to follow the four stage rule and gradual development rule. To realize the strategy transformation of new urbanization, it is necessary to make more changes: from the quantitative to the quality-oriented, from the "one step" to "step by step" in realizing our goals, from radical to gradual, from inducing "negative effect" to releasing the "positive energy", from passive to active, from "land-oriented" to "people-oriented". The current situation and background conditions of China's urbanization are very different from one place to another. Thus, we should avoid "one-size-fits-all" in promoting the development of new urbanization. Adhering to the principle of adapting local conditions and appropriate conditions, the paper divides the new urbanization area into five major types, including urban agglomeration region (I), major grain-producing region (II), farming, forestry, and animal husbandry region (III), linked poverty alleviation region (IV), and ethnic autonomous region (V), which are further divided into 47 sub-regions. The urbanization development mode between different regions and different subregions cannot be copied from each other, and we need to implement some diversified and differentiated models. According to the main functions of different types of urbanization regions, the different development policies of urbanization should be formulated, and development goals and priorities should be put forward according to local conditions, and the classification guidance should be proposed according to the appropriate conditions. The key paths to promote the high-quality development of China's new urbanization include: enhance the overall synergy of high-quality development and improve the quality of urban agglomeration development; promote the integrated development of industrial and urban areas and the equalization of basic urban public services, and improve the quality of urban development; propel integrated development between urban and rural areas and accelerate the revitalization of rural areas; highlight the main functions of urbanization quality development in different types of areas in accordance with local conditions; innovate institutional mechanisms and ensure that high-quality development is carried out throughout the trial process of new urbanization; standardize small towns with distinctive features and lay a solid foundation for the high-quality development of new urbanization; strengthen the analysis and regulation of the capacity of resources and environment for the high-quality development of new urbanization.

Under the background of human-oriented new-type urbanization, the citizenization of rural migrants attracted more and more attention from scholars and governments in recent years. On the basis of analyzing the China's urbanization and behavioral agencies, the paper indicated major difficulties facing the rural migrants in the process of social integration. The main findings are as follows: (1) the government, firm and individual are three main behavioral agencies in the process of urbanization in China, and their interaction is the main cause leading to the appearances of social exclusion. (2) The central government is mainly in charge of guiding the overall development of national urbanization by making top-level policies, while local governments play an important part in promoting local urbanization. However, by mean of the household registration system, local governments pay more attention to the economic development, and generally exclude the rural migrants from other administrative units to share the equal welfare together with the local residents. (3) Most China's firms mainly undertake labor-intensive industries, and most of them adopt low-wage and low-social security policies to decrease the productive cost. These measures result in low wages and low social security level for rural migrants and hinder their social integration. (4) The human capital characteristics of individuals also have an important influence on the social integration of floating population. Generally, the rural migrants with more human capitals (well-educated, younger, etc.) are more likely to integrate themselves into local society. Among the three behavioral agencies, the rural migrants are no doubt in the weakest status, and the institutional obstacles hinder them to embed in the urban society. In the end, some suggestions were proposed to promote the social integration of rural migrants. Firstly, we should deepen the reform of the household registration system, build an inclusive city, and promote the equalization of basic public services. Secondly, the government, firms and individuals should share the cost to realize citizenship.

The unequal urban-rural relation in the pre-reform period has been shifted into urban areas in the form of unequal intra-urban relation between residents with local hukou and floating population without local hukou. Thus current urbanization of China is incomplete and not inclusive. To achieve complete urbanization in China, attention should be paid to three important aspects: the usual rural to urban migration, the integration or inclusion of floating population in urban areas, and the urban-rural integration in the urban periphery. The government and enterprises are partly responsible for the problems facing the temporary population. The paper discusses the basic theories of urbanization in the context of hukou system as well as the theories of urban integration of floating population. The author argues that the system approach should be used to study the urbanization and urban-rural integration issues. The approach can be applied to the planning, development, construction and expansion of people-nature symbio-tic systems at various scales. A new town example from Hong Kong is used to demonstrate what kind of sustainable communities may be planned and developed to meet the aspiration of residents in modern cities.

Since the reform and opening up, the PRD (Pearl River Delta) region has started a rapid urbanization process by making full use of its open-policies and location advantages. However, it was this rapid development model that brought the PRD region into trouble when the international financial crisis broke out in 2008. In response to the crisis, the PRD region began to explore a new way to promote the process of urbanization. Firstly, this paper reviews the features of traditional urbanization in the PRD, which are foreign capital promoting, production factors driving, developing from below and open-policies oriented. Accordingly, this paper believes the reasons that make the PRD region into dilemmas are the rising of labor costs, the shortage of land resources, the restriction in exports and the constraints of environment. Then the paper puts forward the main four characteristics of the new urbanization process in the PRD region: (1) Seeking new impetuses for development by substituting the "resource oriented" mode with the "knowledge source oriented" mode. (2) Transforming to a composited development model which can activate the domestic capital, the heavy industry, and the large-scale enterprises instead of the traditional one relying on foreign capital, light industry and small business. (3) Changing the economic-centered strategy to the human-oriented concept. (4) Improving development quality through strengthening infrastructure construction, optimizing urban image and highlighting culture. (5) Promoting urban-rural coordination by implementing the rural revitalization strategy. Finally, the paper explores and comes to conclusions on four key issues about the new process of urbanization in the PRD region: (1) The essence of the new urbanization process in the PRD is to rely on technological progress to promote the transformation and upgrading of the industry. (2) The PRD region has some advantages in production efficiency, foreign trade, innovation, market economy consciousness and economic internationalization. If it can successfully get rid of the path dependency relying on the technological innovation, the "Pearl River Delta model" will become a typical one of urban agglomeration development in China. (3) The PRD region has to strengthen the innovation and reform, accelerate the transformation of social development and coordinate the relationship between urban construction and the carrying capacity of resources and environment, so as to break through the Middle Income Trap. (4) The PRD region should make good use of the national strategy on building the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area to deepen its cooperation with Hong Kong and Macao and play a greater role in global competition.

The systematic and organizational nature of the urban system is not naturally formed and immutable, but it is actively reconstructed and evolved along with the process of social spatial production. The evolution of the characteristics of the research object has promoted the theoretical development of the urban system research. The research perspective has changed from the hierarchical central traditional theory to the modern urban network of the relational system. Based on the integration of relevant research results, the paper first briefly reviews the theoretical and empirical progress of the Christaller center theory in China's urban system research. By analyzing the inherent defects of the central geography theory and the logical changes in the research of the urban system, the limitations of the traditional central theories in interpreting and solving the problems of the modern urban system are expounded. That is, the main deficiencies of the central theories are owing to closed systems. The hypothesis of spatial homogenization created by theory is too ideal and the perfect structural picture which is devoted to the condition of strict hypothesis is unlikely to exist in reality which leads to the lack of universality in its application and the influence of practical value. Secondly, it is pointed out that the theoretical failure of central land theory and the rise of urban network theory are reflected in the following aspects: the time and space compression brought by the traffic revolution leads to the failure of the interpretation of location theory, the generation of space of flow theory, the generation of globalization and production network, the evolution of system and the transformation of the central organization principle. Thirdly, from the three research perspectives of enterprise organization, infrastructure, and information flow, and the evaluation index system of degree-centrality and cluster structure, etc., the network thinking of China's urban system research is revealed. Finally, it is pointed out that from the level to the network, the differences between the traditional and modern urban system research and the theoretical transformation of China's urban system research are reflected in the main characteristics changing from the central to the node attributes, and the main relationship, from hierarchical subordinate to functional complementary. The analysis logic of the subject relationship is transformed from vertical, monopoly and control of research objects, scale relation to vertical and horizontal, complementary and cooperative, and complex relationship network relations; spatial scales change from the locality to the global; the foothold of the research is from the result of closed and static to the process of open and dynamic.

After reviewing the literature on city size distribution as well as on its determinants, this paper measures China's city size distribution from 1952 to 2014 based on the rank-size method and explores its evolution trend. Then, we empirically examine which factors and how they determine China's city size distribution to test different hypotheses in previous literature and give a comprehensive explanation of the mechanism of China's city size distribution using the time series analysis. We conclude with policy implications for improving China's city size distribution. The results show that: (1) The city size distribution of Chinese cities follows a power-law, and its evolution shows a decentralized or flattering trend from the 1950s to 2000 and turns to centralization after that; (2) The increase of population size, policy intervention and the reduction of information and transportation costs among cities result in the decentralization of city size distribution; (3) Per capita GDP has a significant U-shaped relationship with city size distribution, that is, the increasing economic development level had led to the centralization of city size distribution at first, but began to bring the decentralization as a result in recent years; (4) The economic openness to the world has promoted the polarization of city size distribution, likely through benefiting large cities more. The urbanization strategies of China in future should 1) aim at keeping an reasonably balanced city size distribution to address the overdevelopment of large cities and the underdevelopment of medium- and small-sized cities; 2) promote coordinated and complementary development of large-, medium- and small-sized cities by developing market integration mechanism in a long period and a mutual benefit strategy in the transition period, based on large urban clusters and city regions centered on large cities; 3) make suggestions to the governments at all levels in regulating the national city size distribution, while paying attention to the stability of policy to reduce the frequent and artificial fluctuations of the urbanization process.

In this paper, the urbanization of China's population was subdivided into "townization" and "cityization", and the indicators of "townization level" and "townization contribution rate" were adopted. From the perspective of different spatial scales and major function oriented zones, this paper conducted the system analysis on space-time disparity and influencing factors of the development of urban population in China from 1982 to 2015. The main conclusions included: (1) China's urban population's "townization level" and "townization contribution rate" continued to increase. In 2015, townization level was 41.8%, and the townization contribution rate was 55.1% during the period from 2010 to 2015. (2) The urbanization of China's urban population presented significant spatial and temporal differences. The townization-dominated counties and cities were mainly distributed in the central and western regions of China, accounting for more than 70% of the country's total land area. The cityization-dominated counties and cities were mainly concentrated in coastal urban agglomerations, and had a relatively small proportion in the national land area. (3) Looking into the future, China's urban population's "townization level" and "townization contribution rate" would increase steadily but slower and slower. It was necessary to strengthen the exploration of a differentiated development model of small towns based on the differentiation of major function oriented zones.

Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered the new era. Problems such as unbalanced development between urban and rural and inadequate development in rural areas have become increasingly prominent. The implementation of the rural revitalization strategy is an inevitable requirement for resolving the contradictions between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life. With the rapid advancement of new industrialization and new urbanization, China's rural tourism has entered the era of big tourism instead of small and medium tourism. The development of rural tourism can effectively pursue the development strategy of the country in the new era, promote agricultural quality and efficiency, increase farmers' income, make the countryside prosperous and stable, and speed up the development of urban-rural integration. Therefore, it is an important way to realizing rural revitalization. This paper has reviewed the related research on rural revitalization led by rural tourism at home and abroad. In addition, it has grasped the new characteristics, new missions and new requirements of rural tourism development in the new era. Considering the basic situation of China as a developing economic power, and a large agricultural country with a large population, this paper has constructed a research framework of rural revitalization led by rural tourism in China in the new era, which integrates theories of geography, tourism, economics, sociology, management and other related disciplines. It has summarized the five key research contents of rural revitalization led by rural tourism, which contains study on theory and logic mechanism of rural revitalization led by rural tourism, study on the path of rural economy revitalization led by rural tourism, study on the path of rural ecological livability led by rural tourism, study on the path of reconstruction of rural governance system led by rural tourism and study on the policy system of rural revitalization led by rural tourism. The five key research contents cover the theoretical, practical and safeguard aspects, promote the development of urban-rural integration through interconnection, mutual influence and interaction, and ultimately realize the scientific, sustained, and healthy development of the rural revitalization strategy. In the new era, the key of rural revitalization led by rural tourism is to master and apply scientific methodology, to learn the wisdom and nutrition of scientific methodology, to construct a method system for multi-method comprehensive integration, and to ensure the authenticity of data collection and the scientificalness of data processing.

With the rapid urbanization, the life circle of rural residents continues to be reorganized. Focusing on Qunyi Community in Kunshan, the fastest growing urbanization area in China as an example, this study analyzes the internal mechanism in the reorganization process of rural residents' life circle by deconstructing its life circle, based on the geo-spatial analysis method and semi-structured sociological interview method. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) Urbanization is a comprehensive process involving land urbanization, population urbanization and people urbanization. In this process, the life circle of the rural residents can be deconstructed as residence circle, employment circle, and social circle. The reorganization process of the three circles deduces the adjustment relations among land urbanization, population urbanization and human urbanization, therefore it is found that the social circle lags behind the reorganization of the residence and employment circles from the inconsistency of this process, which means the lagging of people's urbanization. (2) Residents' life circle reorganization is closely related with change of relation based on blood, place and work, while the work relation is the main cause for the differences in the intergenerational life circle reorganization and plays a leading role in the process of the life circle reorganization. (3) Rapid urbanization transforms rural space into urban community. The enormous energy of this spatial transformation interrupts the natural transformation process of residents' life circle, resulting in the spatial difference and intergenerational imbalance of residence, production, and social interaction, and affecting the advancement of new-type urbanization. Based on the long-term field investigation for the life circle reorganization of rural residents in developed regions of China, this study reveals the real life of residents, through the research on its process and the reorganization mechanism under the background of rapid urbanization, which provides a theoretical basis for the promotion of new-type urbanization in China.

How to deal with the contradiction between the protection and development of ancient villages and towns in the process of new-type urbanization and rural revitalization is an important issue at present. The new-type urbanization is not "de-ruralization", but to strengthen the protection of the whole cultural ecology, inherit the historical context and the local cultural genes, and establish a new home which is comfortable, warm and livable in the history and the ecology, under the concept of "remembering the nostalgia". Urbanization has produced some negative effects on the protection of ancient villages and towns, but as long as we pay more attention to the protection of the ancient villages and towns, the protection of the original authenticity and the protection of the local culture, we can retain the nostalgia and inherit the context. The tourism development of ancient village and town under the principle of "protection priority" can not only solve local farmers' employment and entrepreneurship by use of local resources, but also promote the new-type urbanization process in ancient villages and towns and their surrounding areas. The tourist destination planning based on the new-type urbanization can be carried out in an orderly way under the framework of the "landscape information chain" theory, which truly embodies the excavation and display of the cultural genes of ancient villages and towns. The traditional rural tourism attraction is composed of "village, scenery, man and thing", a village landscape with local characteristics. The protection and tourism planning of the old town of Xuanzhou in Hunan province is a typical example. It is the future direction to adapt to the trend of information and intelligent social development, to carry out the three-dimensional virtual landscape of ancient villages and towns (VR), and to promote the new tourism industry - the rise of the network virtual tourism industry.

In the context of economic-social transformation and entering the new normal, many spatial injustice problems have emerged due to the previous rapid urbanization mode, which is characterized by emphasis of the quantity, scale expansion and economic benefits. How to achieve the equality of land resource allocation and space development rights are urgently needed to use the theoretical thinking of spatial justice to reflect and reconstruct China's urbanization development mode. The theory of spatial justice has three features: social space, multi-scale and critical construction, which have a significant impact on urbanization research and practice. Western geographers have already had sufficient theoretical discussions on spatial justice with rich practical cases. However, China is still in the initial stage of exploration, lacking the theory that is suitable for China's system and social development needs. Through combining the ideas and the theories of spatial justice, this paper advocates the integrated use of multiple methods to conduct comprehensive analysis and case comparison of multi-scale and multi-agent, explores and summarizes the evolution mechanism and development mode of China's urbanization based on spatial justice. Informed by the socio-spatial dialectic, this paper uses qualitative, multi-scale and multi-agent methods to reveal the evolution mechanism of China's urbanization, seeking for improvement ways so as to realize urban spatial justice. Utilizing the idea of spatial justice to rural-urban development and planning can provide a new perspective for urbanization research and guide the transformation of urbanization to achieve the normal development of economic society and rural-urban areas.

A polycentric city is an important trend in the development of modern cities. Identifying accurate urban centers and understanding formation mechanism of urban center are of great significance to promoting the new urbanization with the people-oriented idea. Based on the VIIRS night lighting data, the paper designs the identification method of the urban center, identifies the urban center of 286 prefecture-level cities, and analyzes the differentiation characteristics and influencing factors of the urban center from the number and the centrality index. The results show that: (1) The 181 polycentric cities have been identified in 286 cities throughout the country, the identified urban center is in great agreement with the urban planning center, and the results have a certain reliability. (2) The urban center number presents the spatial pattern of more in the east and less in the west, and presents the "S" type increasing trend with the increase of the city scale. (3) The equilibrium index shows the spatial pattern of high in the east and low in the west, suggesting a steady increase with the increase of the scale of the city and remain stable until a megalopolis forms. (4) Natural geographical factors such as the segmentation of the rivers, the adjacency of the sea and the proportion of the flat land have influence on the development of the city center, but the social and economic factors has more impact on this process. Social and economic factors, the number of rail transit station, city population, city scale, GRP, proportion of third industries and investment in fixed assets have a significant impact on the polycentric development.

Currently, China is at the critical stage of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Although the controlling elements of economic and social development are still dominating the process of urbanization, the role of water resources in terms of production, living, and ecology has become increasingly significant. However, there are still two urgent issues that should be dealt with. Specifically, the first research question is how to couple water resources, which is also a controlling element in urbanization, with economy and demography. Second, how to coordinate and optimize the relationship between urbanization and water resources utilization in China is supposed to be further explored. Thus, this study extends the existing China's urbanization system dynamics (SD) by incorporating the key controlling element of water resources into the original SD model from the perspectives of water supply, water demand, and water environment. Then, based on the newly constructed China's urbanization SD model, we simulate the water resources utilization in the future with multi-scenarios of China's urbanization. The conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The system stock-flow test and sensitivity analysis demonstrate that China's urbanization SD model based on water resource constraints is effective in simulation and operability. (2) When the water use efficiency of a certain sector keeps constant, the industrial development will exert more significant effects on the water supply and demand balance than population growth, typically in agricultural and industrial water demand. (3) According to the proposed scenario, which assumes the integrated and coordinated development with water-saving agriculture, water-saving industry, high domestic water demand, high ecological and environmental water demand, and highly reclaimed water utilization, China's urbanization growth until 2050 will require approximately 6789.70×10⁸ m³ of water resources in total, consisting of 3642.65×10⁸ m³, 1215.53×10⁸ m³, 1361.80×10⁸ m³, and 569.72×10⁸ m³ for agricultural demand, industrial demand, domestic demand, and ecological and environme ntal demand. The proposed scenario not only contributes to the stable and high-quality economic development and population growth, but also achieves a balance between water supply and water demand, which guarantees the water demand of residents' daily life and the ecological environment as much as possible. Both the highly efficient and sustainable utilization of water resources and virtuous socio-economic development can be realized in this scenario. It should be one of the sustainable ways for China's new urbanization in the future.

New urbanization construction is related to the improvement of urbanization quality, China's transition to high quality development and the achievement of the "two-phase goals" in the new era. After 19th CPC National Congress in 2017, China's new urbanization has shown four major trends. First, new urbanization with Chinese characteristics has become a widespread consensus, turning from a serious lag to a precipitous movement, from blindly catching up with developed countries to coinciding with China's reality, from land-centered urbanization to human-centered urbanization. Second, new urbanization is a crucial approach to solve the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life in the new era. New urbanization is highly integrated and needs to be coordinated with rural revitalization and the Belt and Road Initiative. Third, the research content of new urbanization needs to be refined and deepened in the new era. The emphases are the human-centered urbanization and fundamental public services equalization, ecological civilization and sustainable urbanization, social governance and institutional innovation, spatial governance and space planning. Finally, the development of urban agglomerations is becoming more and more important. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay, Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, key urban agglomerations in central and western regions of China and national new areas have played more prominent roles in new urbanization to strengthen the basic research on new urbanization and enhance the ability of geography to serve China's new urbanization.

The spatial organization law of territorial function-structure is the basic theoretical problem of human-earth system coupling research, as well as the basic theory of carrying out territorial spatial planning and shaping sustainable geographical pattern. Starting from the discussion of geography on the repetition, prediction, regulation and optimization of geographical processes, this paper explains that the spatial governance system is an important way for modern geography to regulate and optimize the sustainable geographical processes and patterns. The spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the spatial structure of territorial function composed of ecological-life-production (also known as three living spaces) are adopted to express the spatial order law of territorial function - structure, and explain some spatial organization goals, e.g., the coordination between territorial function and natural geographical environment, the minimization of various functions and conflicts between different units in the same region, the effective transmission of territorial functions in different spatial scales, and the maximization of comprehensive benefits in a long time scale. On the one hand, from the perspective of sustainability, the concept of four attributes of natural elements -- resources, environment, ecology and disasters -- is proposed. Through the integration of the four attributes, the natural carrying capacity is constructed, and the function of the original value, remaining value and potential value of carrying capacity in spatial planning is analyzed, so as to form the basic method of analyzing spatial organization from bottom to top. On the other hand, starting from new spatial equilibrium, the basic method of top-down spatial organization analysis is formed based on the territorial functional suitability of carrying capacity, integrated position and spatial structure parameters. Furthermore, the basic and strategic values of the major function zoning formed by the two methods for spatial organization and planning are discussed, and a new idea of separation and interrelation of the zoning, strategy, system with planning of utilization is proposed. With the implementation of the strategy of major function zoning as the main line, the spatial scale-down conduction of major functions as the core scientific problem, and the key constraint parameters as the control indicators of spatial structure, this paper discusses the database and territorial function pedigree, functional and scale-dependent carrying capacity evaluation method and model, and the construction framework of "Three Zones and Three Lines" (Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary), and demonstrates the way to implement the strategy of major function zoning in spatial planning. Finally, the paper puts forward some suggestions that geography should strengthen the construction of scientific and technological support system, e.g., the basic theory, method and technology of large and medium spatial scale (regional) territorial spatial planning.

"Standardizing the land use classification, integrating land use and urban land use classification systematically, and establishing the land use classification for spatial planning" is an important task for promoting spatial planning and unifying the basis of planning in China for the new era. This paper firstly studied the evolution of land use classification system at home and abroad, examined the problems in the current land use classification systems in China, and proposed a systematic integration of land use classification system scheme which could support the spatial planning and also meet the demand of different industrial sectors by inheriting the reasonable elements of the current land use classification systems and integrating land use classification systems in different sectors. In the past 90 years, the evolution process of land use classification systems at home and abroad can be roughly divided into three periods by taking 1960 and 1985 as the boundaries. Before 1960, these systems were usually conducted by scholars, the land categories were simple and only suitable for the on-site inspection in small-scale regional studies. Between 1960 and 1985, they were dominated by the government, there were more land categories organized hierarchically, and the data were collected by aerial remote sensing and plot investigation methods. From 1985 till now, the classifications of subjects show a trend of diversification, and there are different levels of complexity in classification levels and types formulated by the governments, international organizations and scholars in different fields. Besides, data acquisition is mainly achieved by remote sensing image interpretation and ground sample collection. The review shows that the existing demestic land use classification systems were incompatible in conductors, codes, names, types and structures, methods, data collection technique and the precision of the data. For example, the all-coverage systems have many defects in terms of systematicness and structures, while the region-coverage systems are lack of linkage with all-coverage systems, even within the same classification system there are some inhomogeneous categories such as "countryside homestead" and "public garden". The incompatibility among the current classification systems makes it inconvenient to share data and wastes a huge amount of resources. Therefore, we established a land use classification system for spatial planning, which was organized by three hierarchies: 7 categories at the top level, 27 categories in the middle and 79 categories in the bottom. Based on the current land use classification, the urban land use classification and the forest land classification system, we made much revision and adjustment on development land types, cultivated land types, garden plots types, forest land types, grassland types and water area types.

In order to establish a sound and unified spatial planning system, the state has included "the marine classification standard for spatial planning" into the "Pilot Program of Provincial Space Planning" and listed it as one of the important tasks of the foundation of unified planning. On the basis of summarizing and analyzing the characteristics and existing problems of China's current marine classification system, and combined with the requirements of spatial planning and marine-related departments for the marine classification, this study proposed a basic marine classification system that not only satisfied service space planning but also met the needs of departmental industries by historical inheritance, type refinement and comprehensive integration. Based on the classification system, this paper explained and classified the meanings of different marine functional spaces and the composition of marine types. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) China's marine classification research started late, and the development process can be roughly divided into two periods: before and after 2001. Before 2001, the research was in its infancy, with academic inquiry as the mainstay and less achievements. Since 2001, the research has been driven by national needs and government actions. Aiming at different uses of various classification systems of marine utilization including marine space utilization, marine utilization way and marine function zoning have been established in succession. (2) Due to the differences in classification objectives, classification sequences, type composition, and type naming in China's current marine classification system, there is a lack of organic linkage among different classification systems, and the results and data are not comparable with each other, which not only restricts the integration and application of the results data, but also causes huge waste of manpower, material resources and financial resources. China's current marine classification system is still in the stage when multiple systems coexist, and has not yet formed a standardized and unified basic marine classification system. (3) This study established a marine classification system including 9 first-level types, 28 second-level types, and 43 third-level types for spatial planning by using a three-level classification sequence structure consisting of the functions of marine space, the way of marine utilization and attribute characteristics. The first-level and second-level types inherit the sequence structure and main content of the current marine space classification systems. The newly added three-level type absorbs and integrates the rational components of the marine classification system and standards for expropriation of marine space utilization fee, and focuses on the specific attribute characteristics of marine space utilization. (4) Based on the newly-developed marine classification system for spatial planning and aiming at spatial planning topics such as spatial planning, marine major function oriented planning, and marine function zoning, this study has carried out the classification of marine functional space by marine type, which indicates that the newly-developed marine classification system has the characteristics of "standardized and unified basic marine classification system".

As the scientific basis for constructing the basic strategic structures of territorial land space and implementing functional zoning, the "Double Evaluation" (i.e. resources and environmental carrying capacity and territorial development suitability evaluation) provides a series of important parameters for the downscaling of the major function zoning, the optimization of the spatial structure, and the intensity control of the land development. Based on territorial function theory, this paper explores the theoretical connotation of "Double Evaluation" from the evolution of human-land relationship, establishes the scientific logic of "Double Evaluation" to territorial function optimization, and points out that the major function regionalization scheme from "Double Evaluation" comprehensive integration that realizes the comprehensive benefit maximization is the optimal result of territorial function optimization. Taking Fujian province and Liupanshui city as two cases, we transform the rational demand of human production and living activities into the demand control parameters of land use. Combined with the superior planning and the government and expert system, we determine the critical target parameters, including the total control parameters, structural control parameters, spatial structure or strategic pattern control parameters, through the parameter decomposition and measurement of downscaling. By adjusting the indicators, parameters and thresholds, the gird cell territorial function optimization is continuously carried out, and the grid cell territorial function optimization regionalization schemes under different scenarios is obtained. Then continuous evaluation, check and optimization are carried out by the comparison with the planning of major function zones, land use status, neighboring areas, the construction needs of regional development and spatial strategy, as well as the relationship between land and sea. Given the influence of the uncertainty of available data, the adaptability of the data set to the theoretical model, the uncertainty of a usable analytical model and the scale effect, the uncertainty of the major function regionalization scheme and its solution are discussed to enhance the robustness of the optimization results as the scientific basis for territorial planning such as the "Three Zones and Three Lines" (Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary).

Territorial space planning at the provincial level is a brand-new attempt of "multiple planning integration" fundamental regime. The core content is demarcating the "urban space, agriculture space, ecological space, urban development boundary, permanent basic farmland and ecological protection red line", to analyze natural and social background scientifically, which are the strict assignments of all kinds of space boundary, so as to strengthen national spatial control. The "ecological space and ecological protection red line" refered to "ecological space and ecological protection red line", which is the concrete embodiment of the "concept of ecology priority" in the construction of ecological civilization in the new era of China. The ecological protection red line is the core of ecological space, which has three characteristics: the strongly underlying constraints, the wide range of coverage and the high level of constraints. With full absorption of the "Technical Guideline for Demarcating the Red Line of Ecological Protection" promulgated by the Ministry of Environmental Protection, this study, taking the whole land area of Fujian province as an example, carried out double assignments of ecological protection level and ecological protection priority, based on the thought of ecological carrying capacity and suitability; and then discussed and practiced the demarcation of ecological space and ecological protection red line under the framework of provincial spatial planning, so as to put forward "multiple planning integration" and to be a useful reference for the demarcation of territorial space planning in coastal and mountainous provinces. The results show that, the whole area of Fujian ecological space and ecological protection red line is about 95932.88 square kilometers, accounting for 78.76% of the province's land area. The ecological protection red line is about 25461.39 square kilometers, taking 20.90% of the province's land area. The "biodiversity maintenance red line" and "water source protection and water conservation red line ", which were subordinated to the ecological protection red line, accounting for 11.96% and 6.26% of the province's land area. The "biodiversity maintenance red line" and "water source protection and water conservation red line" were concentrated in Wuyi Mountains, Daiyun mountain, Zhejiang-Fujian mountainous region, southern Fujian mountainous region and southeastern coastal area, which are mainly consistent with Fujian ecological function zones.

The importance of the water conservation functional region is one of the key classification indexes to define the ecological protection “red line”, i.e. the ecological protection area with the highest priority. After reviewing the classification indexes previously used for identifying the water conservation functional region and investigating their potential influences on applied areas, we propose a new method of the Red Line determination, taking the water conservation ability into account and discuss an improvement in the evaluation of the red line determination method, fulfilling the requirement of the national spatial planning, i.e. the “Three Zones and Three Lines” bottom-up determination (Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary). The study area in this paper is Liupanshui, Guizhou, a typical karst landform region in China. After combing through the previously used indexes as well as the target areas for classifying the water conservation function, we compare results of the Red Line determined by three methods, which are the modeling method, the quantifying index method (NPP) (both methods were proposed in the “Guidelines for the Delimitation of the Ecological Protection Red Line” and published by the MEP of China respectively in 2015 and 2017) and an improved method we newly propose in this study. Our method introduces two factors. One is the “vegetation cover index”, used in recognizing non-ecological land and in increasing the weight of the positive effects of the water conservation function on the forest land. The other is the “elevation index”, for including qualified mountain top areas as alternatives of the red line. In Liupanshui, 34.25% of the cultivated land areas is selected as the candidates for the red line, using our newly proposed method. The percentage of the cultivated land is less than the ones obtained by the modeling method (46.62%) and NPP (38.54%). Further, our method identifies more candidates of forest land areas by the amount of 44.2%, while the modeling method reaches 25.31% only and NPP reaches 43.74%. In conclusion, using the vegetation cover index and the elevation index to classify the water conservation functional regions, the red line determined by our method has a better match with the real ecological condition of Liupanshui, compared to the results from the modeling method and NPP. Therefore, we advocate these two indexes to be included as additional indicators in the “Guidelines for the Delimitation of the Ecological Protection Red Line”, in order to increase the precision of the redline determination.

The assessment of suitability for urban land-use and delimitation of urban space (US) and urban development boundary (UDB) are among the key tasks and is a challenge for carrying out basic evaluation and drawing up the base map of planning in the 'Pilot Program of Province-level Spatial Planning' launched by the State Council in 2016. In line with the framework of spatial planning reform, i.e. to achieve effective governance over national land- use with the tool of "Three Zones and Three Lines" (Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary), we first explored the conceptual ideas of US and UDB, and appropriate topological relationships and rules, upon which the principles and methodology for assessing suitability for urban land-use and delimitation of US and UDB were determined. Then, based upon the practice in Fujian province, we elaborated the procedures and the method. It was revealed that the proposed principles and methodologies are reasonable and feasible. One aspect that sets the work apart from previous practices is that, US and UDB were designated upon comprehensive assessment of the carrying capacity of resources and environments and the suitability of land for different functions. This improves the balance of urban development activities with resource and environments. In addition, the procedure for drawing up US and UDB incorporates the evaluation of urban development potentials and directions of each land parcel, and considers the objectives of spatial governance over the whole area, thus the randomness of US and UDB is well controlled. This practice is expected to provide useful reference for the improvement of the Chinese spatial planning system.

In order to promote "Three Zones and Three Lines" layout (Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary) in the territory spatial planning system, it is important to develop the methods of population and settlements planning in both urban and rural areas. This paper aims to put forward a series of methods, which focus on not only the top-down planning but also the bottom-up planning. First, the total population and the urbanization level in the macro scale should be controlled. Using the classic estimation methods in the field of demography, including cohort-component method and the United Nations urbanization projection method, the population and urbanization level based on the administrative units can be figured out. Second, the population size should be adapted to local environment conditions. According to the method of demographic data spatialization, the urban and rural population by the grid format can be estimated. Furthermore, the overload population and the additional population can be calculated based on the population raster data and the layout of "Three Zones and Three Lines". Third, the elastic integration is necessary. The integration considers not only spatial-temporal changes of population and urbanization but also the requests of local governments and residents. The layouts of population and settlements in both urban and rural areas include the regional types of population development and the hierarchical structure of the city system. We further applied our method into the provincial-scale spatial planning in Fujian. We do hope that this paper could be beneficial for the related population and urban-rural spatial planning in other regions or other geographic scales.

Recently, the spatial planning of provinces, cities and counties promoted by the state is an exploration of the application of the theory of modern geographical function in the mesoscale. Compared with the mature regional functional planning and governance system in developed countries and the research needs for perfecting the theoretical system of regional functions, there are still weak links in the basic research, comprehensive functional zoning method and practice of modern regional functional theories in China. In the partition process, the industrial spatial allocation based on the division of "Three Zones and Three Lines" (Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary) in the space is the necessary steps to further clarify the geographical functions and guide the geographical research to optimize the functional pattern. Focusing on perfecting the theoretical system of regional functions and serving the needs of national strategy, this paper gave quantitative and qualitative analyses of industrial spatial configuration of the logical structure, technical methods, and data systems. Based on the selection of dominant industries, and considering the external influence of neighboring regions on the development of industrial economy, a key industrial spatial identification index system was formed from the perspective of industrial association, industrial development foundation, development potential and policy support. The article also identifies the appropriate size of industrial park space for land use by building an appropriate scale identification system for industrial parks, which is composed of indicators such as industrial park level, industrial development direction, industrial scale, and spatial relations between industrial parks and various red lines and towns. This paper also summarizes the key industry space scope from micro enterprise data, and carries out the spatial superposition between the enterprise agglomeration space scope and the land space suitability and the urban space division results, so as to achieve the effective identification of provincial key industry space. The article, taking Fujian Province as an example, conducts a practical analysis, with a view to forming a set of technical methods for the development of industrial spatial configuration map.

Infrastructure is a human-built system based on the physical environment, thus the layout of infrastructure network represents the relationship of human-related spatial interactions between places. Infrastructure system is not only an important component for shaping regional spatial structure, but also a key element for regional development. Since infrastructure is significant for leading and optimizing the spatial order of regional development, thus it is also necessary for spatial planning. The paper analyzes existing planning systems for infrastructure construction, and then provides a theoretical framework for planning infrastructures and public service facilities in spatial planning. The existing planning systems mainly have the following problems. Firstly, the content of public service facilities planning has not been valued. Secondly, the departmental segmentation of the transportation management system leads to a prominent interest of departments in the special plan. Last but not least, the relationships between planning levels are unreasonable, and a single general map covering all types of infrastructures is lacking. Therefore, from the perspective of overall spatial layout, the paper proposes a theoretical framework for the integrated planning of infrastructure and public service facilities based on the general patterns of social and economic development. The theoretical framework includes the content that should be covered by the planning scheme, the technical roadmap for working out the project, as well as key planning points on different spatial scales at the provincial, municipal, and county levels. What's more, combined with the network layout of transportation facilities and the spatial pattern of traffic activities, a technical framework of hub and corridor identification is designed. Finally, with the case study of Fujian, the paper explores the research flowchart for infrastructure and public service facilities, emphasizes the relationship between special planning, Three Zones and Three Lines (Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary) and spatial overall layout, aiming to provide experiences for spatial planning in other parts of China. In Fujian's spatial planning, we first design the special comprehensive map of public facilities and standardize some new legends. The comprehensive map of infrastructure system contains all elements such as energy facilities, water resource facilities, and information and communication facilities in addition to transport infrastructure.

Comprehensive map of ecology and environment, an important part of spatial planning, is a significant support to the implementation of the eco-environment control and the promotion of the coordinated development between eco-environment and social economy and carry out the blueprint all the time. This paper discussed the compilation points and technical methods of ecological and environmental comprehensive map. By taking Fujian province as an example, the strategic objective, spatial structure and key tasks of eco-environment were developed. In this case, the pattern construction program of ecological security, referred to simply as three barriers, six corridors, fourteen zones, and environmental management and control program with spatial differences were formulated. In addition, the key areas and major improvement projects in the ecological environment were implemented in space. Finally, the relationship between the comprehensive map of ecology and environment and the special planning of the eco-environment was discussed, and then the principles and methods of city or county belonging to lower level were discussed so as to innovate guidelines for eco-environment protection under spatial planning.

An orderly and efficient spatial planning system is an important part of the modern governance system and governance capacity. At present, the problems of different spatial planning fights in China and the non-convergence of planning at the upper and lower levels are prominent. The spatial planning of convergence and integration with each other is still in the stage of reform and pilot. This paper reviews the stage process of the development of China's spatial planning system. According to the spatial hierarchy and planning type, this paper proposes a spatial planning system with Chinese characteristics that suit China's land area and regional unit conditions. Combined with the pilot cases of spatial planning in Fujian and Guizhou provinces, five types of convergence in the spatial planning system are summarized, including the connection of the "Three Zones and Three Lines" Base Map and the General Layout of the Spatial Planning, the connection of the "Three Zones and Three Lines" Base Map and the Overall Layout of the Special Planning, the connection of the General Layout of the Spatial Planning and the Overall Layout of the Special Planning, the connection of the Overall Layout of the Special Planning and the Special Planning made by various professional departments of the government, and the coordination between the upper and lower levels of spatial planning. Finally, this paper points out the difficulties to be overcome and efforts that should be made in the future to further improve and perfect the spatial planning system from four aspects, i.e., the data base, subject system, personnel training and planning process.

Spatial governance is a scientific planning and management arrangement for various human development and protection activities on territorial space, and it is an important policy tool for the macro-control and micro-fine management of land resources. This study explores the framework of spatial governance system from the perspective of territorial function and resource environmental carrying capacity. Meanwhile, by taking Fujian province and Liupanshui city of Guizhou province as examples, the technical methods of spatial governances for the collaborative delineation of "Three Zones and Three Lines" (Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary) and territorial development intensity calculation is analyzed. Finally, the multi-scale and multi-time spatial governances approaches for functional control and threshold control is proposed: (1) The function control approach is based on the major function zoning and the "Three Zones and Three Lines" governance map, according to four types of major function orientation, three types of territorial spaces (including ecology, agriculture and urban space), six types of zoning (including red lines for ecological protection and general ecological area, permanent basic farmland and general agricultural area, urban development boundary and urban reserved area) and "N" types of construction and non-construction land use. (2) Based on the territorial development intensity (TDI), the threshold control approach is implementing the "total quantity & target" and "processes & increasing range" dual control, and upper and lower limits dual control. Through the comprehensive approaches of spatial governances, it is expected to achieve a balanced and coordinated "production-life-ecology" structure within and across all types of territorial space, and shape a high-quality and sustainable regional development and protection pattern.

In the context of advancing the construction of ecological civilization in an all-round way, it is urgent to establish a territorial development and protection system supported by the spatial planning system suitable for China's national conditions. Aiming to solve the problems of uncoordinated plans and ununified land classification, based on the major function-oriented zoning in China, the spatial planning system must be established, which should be an important task to establish the spatial governance system in the new era. Based on the analysis of various types of spatial planning conflict, the principal causes of conflict were analyzed. Combined with the compilation of territorial spatial planning in the new period, some suggestions are put forward, such as promulgating the compilation methods and technical regulations of territorial spatial planning as soon as possible, readjusting the timing arrangement of the compilation of territorial spatial planning in China, and strengthening the construction of planning technical team.

Starting from the discourse structure, this paper studies the mechanism of the planning institutional factor on territorial spatial planning, and proposes suggestions to optimize the discourse structure. The conclusions are as follows: First, because the stakeholders do not change in the short term, the real impact on territorial spatial planning is the discourse structure of different stakeholders. With the reform of China's planning system, the discourse structure of different levels of government in subdivided fields has been the key to the formation of an orderly territorial spatial planning system. Second, the conflicts of different levels of planning are mainly manifested in two aspects of scale and space. Compared with the ideal plan of "Three Zones and Three Lines" (Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary), the construction land area of urban planning is 27.9% larger, and the protection area is 9.3% smaller. The reason for the conflict is the lack of the control mechanism of the superior planning for the lower level planning and the connection mechanism between the lower level planning and the higher level planning. Third, through the decomposition conduction and the collective transmission mechanism, different levels of government discourse structure system in the subdivision domain are constructed, and the hierarchical conduction and hierarchical management of different levels of territorial spatial planning are realized.

In recent years, export-oriented development strategy in China is facing serious challenges under the prevailing trend of protectionism. Focusing on the anti-dumping and countervailing (AD) policy adopted by EU and US after 2011, this article tries to explain the dynamic of photovoltaic (PV) trade between China and other countries. We apply network analysis to investigate the pattern of PV trade during 2009 to 2015. And Logit model is utilized to find out the influencing factors that affect the pattern of PV destinations of prefectural cities in China in 2009-2011 and 2011-2013, respectively. The results show that, (1) the volume of trade between China and countries with AD policy dropped sharply after 2011, while the volume of export from China to countries beyond EU and US enjoys increase. The main destinations transferred from Germany, Netherlands, Italy and US to Japan, South Korea, India and Singapore. (2) Incentives can promote the export of PV products under marketization. Moreover, when some countries apply protectionism, appropriate policies play an important role in maintaining the pattern of trade and reducing the fluctuation of export. (3) Exporting relatedness of PV products can promote the growth of exports significantly in the first period. However, the effects of relatedness reversed after 2011, which indicates that export of Chinese prefecture-level cities are following new routines in front of trade protectionism. (4) Trade type of PV products only become significant in the second period, and the more processing trade a city has the worse its export situation would be. This results indicate that common trade is more robust than processing trade. (5) The diversification of market is not able to resist the negative effects of trade protection, which suggests that there is a threshold for market diversification to reduce the effect of protectionism. At the same time countries with high centrality are conducive to the growth of PV exports in prefectural cities. Based on the results we argue that, to guarantee the effect of diversification of market, it is necessary to establish export links with countries different from each other. Although trade protectionism leads to severe damage to Chinese PV industry, it also accelerates the transition from processing trade to common trade. After a short period of pain, it will be beneficial to the rise of Chinese PV industry. Appropriate policy cannot be underestimated in the rise of PV, especially in the context of trade protectionism.

Tourism, as a social practice, plays an important role in political and economic development as well as in social and cultural changes. The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party in 2012 has set up new goals for China's tourism. It is necessary for us to rethink current ways of tourism development and its future with the perspective of new era. In view of this, this research, based on the study of tourism development and characteristics of current tourism in the West, examined China’s tourism features. This paper proposes a theoretical framework about “field of place”. Based on the discussion of ontology of place, the article integrates tourism, encounter and place into an interrelated framework to conceptualize tourism as: the empirical, experiential, reflective and practical fields of place that are shaped by the process of encounter of human and non-human. The field of tourism is a dynamic system, and it is also a politicized practice process that constantly changes and interweaves with conflict and compromising. This research emphasizes a meaningful temporal and special process of encounter. Only through a combination of unexpected encounters and daily encounters, can the truth of tourism be reflected. Compared to the classic tourism geography model (from the perspective of spatial format, the tourism system is a spatial system in which the tourist-generating areas and the tourist-receiving areas interact through the tourist routes), the field of tourism is actually a dynamic spatial relationship of mobility shaped through the process of encountering and meeting where the absence and the presence are intertwined, both of which are composed of human and non-human. The field of tourism model breaks through the limitations of dichotomy where the tourist-generating areas and the tourist-receiving areas are separated. The version of field of tourism is more a research epistemology and research perspective than a research paradigm. Finally, with the change of tourism development and tourism research, this paper proposes five kinds of knowledge production mode and research direction based on local practice, critical reflection, technological change, participation and interdisciplinary research. This paper tries to bring a dialogue on the ontological political agenda and provide a guidance for future tourism research.

As human society evolves from agrarian economy to industrial dominated urban economy and further to the knowledge economy, peasants' livelihood has shifted from mainly undertaking agriculture to more diversified employments and income sources. However, peasants' income growth depends on their capability in getting adapted to the human society evolutions. Peasants' income growth is the key index to reflect peasants' livelihood adaptability and self-development capability. The paper investigates the coupled relationship between peasants' income growth and provincial economic development of China in the period 1995-2015. The panel data is used in the research. The results show that there is clear spatial-temporal differences of peasants' livelihood response to the economic development. The year 2009 is the turning point at which the growth rate of rural per capita net income in China starts to decrease. The turning point of rural per capita net income in central and western China appears in 2005 while eastern China finds the rural per capita net income decrease in 2012. This indicates that difficulties in peasants' income growth have already appeared in China and the situation in central and western China emerged earlier than that in eastern China. This also implies that peasants' capability fails to adapt to the changing external circumstances as China's reform and opening-up goes deep, which provides both opportunities and challenges to peasants' livelihood. In this process, the study shows that both urbanization development and scientific input contribute to peasants' income growth while the peasants' low educational level has restricted peasants' livelihood and their capability in obtaining steady income. In 2017, China announced its rural revitalization strategy which aims to promote rural development in a comprehensive way. To achieve prosperous livelihood for the peasants is the core aspect of the strategy. In the aim of realizing China's rural revitalization strategy, it is necessary to help peasants to achieve steady income growth in the long run. Thus, the paper suggests to promote ruralization and rural transformation which create a platform for peasants to generate steady income. Also it is important to improve peasants' educational level so as to enhance their resilient capability against external changes and improve their livelihood.

The interaction between poverty and geographical environment creates a spatial poverty trap. This paper makes an empirical study on the effect of rural population transfer on poverty reduction of 50 state-level poverty-stricken counties in Guizhou Province, and examines the spatial coupling relationship between incidence of poverty and rural road accessibility index in poverty-stricken villages in Songtao, Weining and Wangmo counties. Then this paper explains the mechanism of solving spatial poverty and constructs the corresponding policy system. Main conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) the transfer of rural household registration population in poverty-stricken counties to towns within the county and the transfer of counties outside the county have significant poverty alleviation effects. However, the poverty reduction effect of urban transfer in the county is greater than that outside the county. (2) The poverty-stricken villages of extreme poverty and poor accessibility types (EP) and deep poverty and poor accessibility types (DP) in Songtao and Wangmo countries account for about 15% and those of Weining take up about 10%, and these types of poverty-stricken villages should be relocated and merged. For the poverty-stricken villages with natural, historical and cultural characteristics, such as deep poverty and medium accessibility types (DM), general poverty and medium accessibility types (GM), the rural road width should be further expanded, the network should be formed, and the traffic capacity should be enhanced. (3) It is necessary to adhere to the local urbanization in the county and the urbanization of the central cities and provincial capitals in developed regions. We will strengthen skills training for the transfer of the working population and continue to promote equalization of basic public services in poverty-stricken areas. This paper believes that the endogenous and exogenous industries of “lucid waters and lush mountains” in hilly and mountainous areas should be developed to guide the poor to improve their self-development capabilities. In the current and future period, we should adhere to development of the green industry, and further mobilize the enthusiasm of poor people to increase production. At the same time, we should steadily improve the basic public service level in poverty-stricken areas, enhance the self-development ability of the relatively poor people, and gradually move toward common prosperity.

By using an analysis framework based on distance of merchandise export, this paper compared two definitions of the actual and ideal distance of merchandise export, and then used the Index of Merchandise Export Offset (IMEO) to analyze the evolution of merchandise export pattern among 317 Chinese cities from 2005 to 2016, which integrated geographical factors to analyze the export trade and comprehensively discussed the changing characteristics of the export pattern relative to the economic pattern. In the meantime, the general public budget, the industrial outputs of enterprises above designated size and broadband users were adopted to depict each city’s government investment, industrial level and the development of communication technology respectively, and then their effects on the regional merchandise export were explored by using the GTWR. Finally, the study came to the following conclusions: (1) From 2005 to 2016, the IMEO shows a special sine-cosine superposed oscillation, and the evolution of merchandise export pattern is moving west, moving east, west again and east again. This indicates that the economic transformation and the international environment influence the merchandise export of the western region greatly. Obviously, the merchandise export in the central and western regions has risen twice in comparison with its weak economic strength from 2005 to 2016. However, this development momentum will soon fall back to some extent due to the background of its own development and the international environment. (2) In terms of the overall impact on the merchandise export, it can be listed as follows: government investment > industrial level > communication technology. The impact of government investment on merchandise export has weakened over time, whereas the development of communication technology plays a more significant role in promoting the export of merchandise in the west than in the southeast. Based on these, we think that the east should emphasize the export of high-tech products and then increase the ability of keeping away from trade risks in the future, and the west should focus on the infrastructure construction and its industrial production capacity. Besides, the premise setting of IMEO measurement in this paper is relatively simple, and there is still space for further expansion of the selection of influencing factors.

Cohesive subgroup constitutes a bridge connecting individual cities and urban network. This paper aims to analyze the cohesive subgroups and their mechanisms in the urban network in China. First, data on headquarter and branch locations of China's top 500 public companies in 2016 are subjected to ownership linkage model to approximate the urban network, resulting in a 294×294 valued urban network. Second, four measures of cohesive subgroup analysis, i.e. cliques, k-cores, lambda sets and core-periphery techniques are employed to generalize about the link strengths between cities. Finally, the influencing factors of the cohesive subgroups in the urban network are examined by using quadratic assignment procedure, and the mechanisms are explored under a conceptual framework of urban network growth. Three main findings are concluded. First, the four measures of cliques, k-cores, lambda sets and core-periphery techniques all indicate the presence of cohesive subgroups, revealing the hierarchical structure of link strengths in the urban network in China. The cohesive subgroups are mainly composed of core cities of urban agglomerations, and the cities in the eastern and central regions have more active economic ties compared to the cities in the western region. Second, key resources possessed by cities, such as economic scale, political resources, and knowledge capital, are important factors underlying the formation of cohesive subgroups. Links are more likely to occur between cities with larger economies, richer political resources and more intensive knowledge capital. Temporal distance, geographical location and path dependence also have a profound influence on the spatial pattern of cohesive subgroups. Third, network homophily and path dependence are the dynamic mechanisms underlying the development of cohesive subgroups, and the key resources and location advantages of cities will be further translated into network competitiveness. In the network environment, China's urban governance system and urbanization policies need to be adjusted accordingly. The Chinese government needs to promote network cooperation between cities on a larger spatial scale, and actively respond to the widening economic gap between cities under the network environment.

There is a complex dynamic interaction process between urban development and ecological environment. Urban smart development is considered as a model of emphasizing intensive and compact development in space to promote environmental improvement and ecological restoration in the long-term growth. And ecological efficiency refers to efficient optimization and configuration through input of capital, resources and other factors while reducing pollutant emissions and maximizing regional economic output. To clarify the dynamic coordinated relationships and interactive effects between smart development and ecological efficiency is a key link in the regional sustainable development. Taking 276 cities at prefecture level and above in China from 2003 to 2015 as objects, this paper comprehensively measures dynamic coordinated and interactive response relationships between urban smart development and ecological efficiency in China by using multi-index comprehensive evaluation method, Super-SBM model, gray correlation analysis and panel VAR model. Research results are shown as follows: 1) Urban smart development presents a decreasing trend of spatial evolution from coastal areas to inland areas and the level of urban smart development gradually improves, and the trend of urban smart development year by year has obvious improvement with a higher urban smart development index in many urban agglomeration areas of China. 2) Ecological efficiency has a certain coupling characteristic with the spatial change trend of smart development, which presents a higher level of the "ecological arc" urban belt in the north and south directions of the coastal areas in China. 3) urban smart development and ecological efficiency have significant correlation characteristics, and the coordinated development relationship between urban smart development and ecological efficiency has a downward trend. 4) The test results for Granger causality demonstrate that there is a two-way interactive Granger causality between urban smart development and ecological efficiency, and the results for PVAR model show that there is a positive interactive response relationship between urban smart development and ecological efficiency, which has a certain path-dependent characteristics and inertia development trend. 5) In the long run, urban smart development has a greater impact on the change of ecological efficiency. It is recommended that cities should focus on long-term goals and formulate rational development policies by optimizing efficient allocation of elements and promoting ecological efficiency through smart development.

Scientific evaluation of land use general planning on controlling the effectiveness of construction land expansion is of great significance for the improvement of planning methods and management measures. Based on the relevant indicators of the land-use general planning, this paper constructs the urban expansion evaluation index system from the perspectives of time, space, quantity and quality, and selects the rapidly urbanized area of Nanjing City as an example. The results indicate that: 1) Land-use general planning of Nanjing has some effect on the control of the expansion of construction land, but it still needs to be strengthened. In addition to 2013, the scale of newly added urban industrial and mining land in the rest of the planning period is higher than that of the planned annual average control. By 2015, the using process of construction land planning indicators reached 78.83%, and it is difficult to meet the land demand for planning the remaining years; 2) The expansion of urban construction land in Nanjing is basically consistent with the planned spatial expansion pattern of urban land use. There are large differences in the using process of land indicators in different directions, which are fast in the northeast and northwest but slow in the south. Moreover, the concentration and compliance indicators are better; 3) The control index of land use scale during the evaluation period is -0.97, and the spatial spillover index is 0.34. The land use planning is weak under the control of new urban industrial and mining land expansion. Simultaneously, the cumulative implementation effectiveness of land-use general planning shows a deteriorating trend year by year. The comprehensive evaluation index has been 4.39 since 2010, and the cumulative execution effect of the plan shows a worsening tendency. The scientificness of the planning compilation and the binding of planning implementation need to be strengthened. 4) The index system constructed in this paper can evaluate the effectiveness of planning and control of urban expansion in all-round directions and multi-angles, and has certain reference for the evaluation of planning implementation in other regions.

With the advance of China’s urbanization, developing low hills and gentle slopes to build mountain towns has become an important approach to solve the contradiction of land resources brought by urbanization in mountainous areas of southern China. However, the ecological environment of mountainous areas is fragile, regarding to how to develop and construct mountain towns scientifically and reasonably on the premise of guaranteeing ecological security, there is no mature theory and method at present. This paper has carried out some preliminary discussion in this regard. With Dali City as an example, this paper takes geological hazards, water conservation, topography, soil & water conservation, biodiversity, and flood inundation as key ecological factors in the construction of mountain towns to divide and determine the ecological security level of mountain town construction; through empirical analysis and scenario simulation such as CGELUC model and DLS model, the land use and scenario mode selection in mountain towns under the constraint of ecological security are optimized. The empirical study shows that the economic development priority model and three-dimensional land use with high ecological security level are sustainable land use model for mountain towns that are most suitable with the three-dimensional characteristics of mountainous areas. The complex physical geographical conditions and ecological environment of mountain towns bring a series of influencing factors and restrictive conditions of complex changes to the land use of mountain towns. There are always different views in academic circles with respect to the ecological problems in the construction and development of mountain towns on low hills and gentle slopes. This study can be a preliminary exploration. Obviously, whether the construction and development of mountain towns on low hills and gentle slopes will lead to the instability of the ecosystem, there is still a lot of follow-up research work to be carried out.