As the main carrier of population and socio-economic activities, cities are also the places that accumulate the problems from production, living and ecological activities. In order to evaluate the quality of urban production-living-ecological space, this paper develops an evaluation index system based on its theoretical framework, and then analyses the overall characteristics and spatial distribution of the production-living-ecological space quality. Moreover, this paper explores the factors that may affect the quality of urban production-living-ecological space. Using data from 289 prefecture-level cities and above in China in 2015, we find that: (1) the urban production-living-ecological spatial quality is generally at a low level and decreases from the southeast coastal areas to the west and northeast inland areas. (2) The quality levels of production space in the northeast region and living space in the western region are significantly lower than those of other parts of China, and the quality level of ecological space depends on local natural ecology and pollution control. (3) While the quality levels of production and living spaces have a significantly positive correlation, the quality levels of production and ecological spaces show an opposite trend in quite a number of cities. (4) The urban production-living-ecological space quality is associated with the population size and administrative level in an inverted U shape. Specifically, cities with a population size between 10 million and 15 million are more conducive to improve the quality level of production-living-ecological space. Urban production-living-ecological space quality is positively associated with per capita GDP, and cities with comprehensive functions or located in urban clusters have a higher level of production-living-ecological space quality. The above conclusions provide important policy implications for deepening and implementing the planning of China's major function oriented zoning, regional development planning, and even the comprehensive spatial planning under construction from the perspective of production-living-ecological space, as well as directive guidance for urban development strategy and overall planning in different regions. On the whole, the optimization potential of urban production-living-ecological space should be fully released, especially more attention should be paid to the coordination of production-living-ecological space. Different regions should take overall consideration and make up for the shortcomings based on actual conditions respectively.

The study on the spatial pattern of the relationship between urbanization and economic development has a more clearly practical significance for the choice of regional urbanization and economic development path. However, the existing research on the relationship between China’s urbanization and economic development (RCUED) lacks the fine depiction of the prefecture-level units. Using 2000 and 2010 census data and the statistical analysis method, we uncovered the evolution characteristics of China’s urbanization and economic development and conducted a quantitative identification for the RCUED with improved methods using the quadrant map approach. In addition, we investigated the spatial correlation effect of the RCUED using the spatial autocorrelation analysis method. The results were as follows: 1) In general, a high degree of matching exists between China’s urbanization and economic development at prefecture-level units at the significance level of 0.01. The correlation coefficients between China’s urbanization and economic development in 2000 and 2010 were 0.684 and 0.741, respectively. 2) A significant regional difference exists in the RCUED at prefecture-level units. Based on a comparative analysis of 341 prefecture-level units in China in the two years, we found that prefecture-level units can be categorized as under-urbanization, basic coordination and over-urbanization in various areas. The distribution of the relationship between the urbanization and the economic development within provinces was similar, that is, most of the provincial capital cities were ahead of urbanization. 3) The distribution of the RCUED presents a significant spatial correlation and agglomeration effect. Over time, the spatial dependency of the RCUED has weakened and the spatial heterogeneity has increased. Northeast China has always been an area characterized by over-urbanization. The number of prefecture-level units classified as under-urbanization has begun to decline in Yangtze River Delta, and that of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has gradually increased.Meanwhile, prefecture-level units rich in resources have transformed from over-urbanization into under-urbanization along the northern border. There is a certain degree of path dependence effect in the change of typological areas of the RCUED. Units with “ Under-urbanization-under-urbanization” and units with “over-urbanization-over-urbanization” account for 73% of the total number of prefecture-level units in China, and they have evident spatial differentiation characteristics.

Comfortable climate consists of summer comfortable climate and winter comfortable climate. Insofar there has been little, if any, academic attention paid to the dichotomous climates, especially in terms of the characteristics as well as differences embedded in their spatial distribution across China. Building upon the statistics collected by 2132 national meteorological stations in China during the period of 1981-2010, this study has bridged this insufficiency in the extant literature. Specifically, climate comprehensive comfort index is calculated, using the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI), Wind-Chill Index (WCI) and Index of Clothing (ICL). Also, employing the Cokriging spatial interpolation method, this study sheds light on the characteristics and differences of the spatial distribution of summer comfortable climate and winter comfortable climate in China. As the research result manifests, (1) Summer comfortable climate in China is located in the frontier regions of Northwest and Northeast China lying north of 40°N, the central part of Northwest China and Southwest China. In contrast, the winter comfortable climate is mainly distributed at low latitudes, particularly lying south of the Tropic of Cancer. Specifically, it includes Hainan province and the southern part of Yunnan province, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Guangdong province, and Fujian province. (2) Since the weather and climate in most parts of China are perceived not so comfortable, especially over the Bohai Bay, the Yangtze River Delta as well as other economically developed and densely populated regions, and the development of these dichotomous comfortable climates appears to be potentially rewarding. (3) In addition, the dichotomous comfortable climates show obvious geographical separation characteristics, as there are few places that enjoy both summer comfortable climate and winter comfortable climate. (4) Overall, the winter comfortable climate could be a scarce resource with monopoly characteristic in China, while, the resource of the summer comfortable climate seems not so rare, in view of its relatively wide distribution. This study provides a wealth of insights that potentially hugely enrich the pre-exiting theories concerning spatial distribution of comfortable climates in China. Meanwhile, a scientific basis for the development of favorable climatic resources is contributed, accordingly.

In recent years, China's economic development has maintained rapid growth, and the demand for water resources is also increasing day by day. However, shortage of water resources and inefficient use of water have become an obstacle to the sustainable development of China's social economy. The research on spatial correlation network characteristics of China's water resources green efficiency can lay a foundation for optimizing the overall spatial pattern of China's water resources green efficiency and realizing the cross-regional synergistic promotion of it. Therefore, from the perspective of Group Frontier, this paper divides 31 provincial-level regions in China into three groups: eastern, central and western. It uses SBM model to measure the green efficiency of water resources in different areas, and uses VAR Granger causality test to transform "attribute data" of water resources green efficiency into "relational data". On this basis, the spatial correlation network characteristics of water resources green efficiency in China are studied by means of social network analysis. The results show that the regional differences in China's water resources green efficiency are significant, and the overall performance is characterized by central > eastern > western region. The spatial correlation of the water resources green efficiency of between provinces of China presents a more complex network structure, all regions are in the spatial correlation network of water resources green efficiency, and the network overall has the strong stability. The individual characteristics show that the eastern region is dominated by spillover effect, which plays a role of "engine" in the optimization of national water resources green efficiency, while the western region is dominated by the spillover from other regions, which is in the edge position in the network structure. Block model analysis shows that there are 10 provinces in "net overflow" plate such as Beijing and Tianjin, and 8 in "net benefit" plate such as Qinghai and Xinjiang, and 6 provinces in "two-way overflow" plate such as Hebei and Chongqing, and 7 in "brokers" such as Henan and Shaanxi. The results provide suggestions for the improvement of water resources green efficiency and the coordinated development in different regions of China.

It is of great significance to carry out the research on the changes of National Park ecosystem services and the trade-off and synergy to realize the strictest ecological protection, promote the construction of ecological civilization and realize the sustainable development of the region. In this paper, the Three-River-Source National Park was taken as an example. Firstly, the terrestrial ecosystem service accounting method was used to measure the ecosystem services (including 4 kinds and 11 types) from 1990 to 2015, and we revised the accounting results by using the contribution rate of ecosystem services value. Then the characteristics of its temporal and spatial changes during the study period were analyzed. Finally, the trade-off/synergy relationships among multiple ecosystem services were quantitatively analyzed based on bivariate local spatial autocorrelation and correlation coefficient in different periods. The results showed that: (1) The value of the ecosystem services of the Three-River-Source National Park increased from 54.237 billion in 1990 to 83.47 billion in 2015, an increase of 29.233 billion, or up by 53.90%, and the average growth rate at each stage was 9.01%. The value ratio of ecosystem services of the Changjiang and Huanghe river source national parks is consistent with the overall situation of the park, and the water areas provided the highest value of ecosystem services, followed by grassland and wetland. Grassland and water supply more than 90% of the ecological services of the park. But the grasslands provided the highest (70.58%) value of ecosystem services in the Lancang River Source National Park, and followed by wetlands (23.58%) and water areas (3.38%). (2) The ecosystem services value increased from northwest to southeast in Changjiang and Lancang river source national parks, but the ecosystem services value presented the characteristics of "higher in the east but low in the west" in Huanghe River Source National Park. Correlation analysis showed that synergy was the dominate relationship among ecosystem services in the Three-River-Source National Park, but the correlation degree among ecosystem services varied. (3) In quantity, the global Moran′s I index and the correlation coefficient of the trade-off and synergy among the four typical ecological services were consistent. And there was significant heterogeneity of trade-off/synergy relationships among multiple ecosystem services in terms of spatial pattern.

The construction of Xiong'an New Area is crucial for generations and a national affair of China. Under the concept of ecological priority and green development, exploring the associations between ecosystem services is of vital significance for optimizing territory development plan and realizing the sustainable management of natural resources. In this study, four ecosystem services were quantified based on multi-sources data. The associations among ecosystem services were analyzed by using correlation analysis and ecosystem service bundles were identified by applying the self-organizing feature map, in the expectation of providing a scientific basis for balancing the planning and construction of Xiong'an New Area. The results showed that the supply of biodiversity protection service presented an increasing trend from the northeast to the southwest; the delivery of food production service was higher in Anxin county and Rongcheng county than that of Xiongxian county; the higher provision of water yield service mainly occurred in the southwest, while the lower provision of water yield service occurred primarily in the northeast; the recreation service supply was higher in the north-central part of Xiong'an New Area and lower in the southeast. Most of the associations among ecosystem services are synergistic and have less trade-offs. Four ecosystem service bundles were mapped with different main land use classes and supplies of ecosystem services. The food production bundle was predominantly covered by the dry lands and had the highest supply of food production service. The cultural entertainment bundle also primarily contained dry lands and dominated in providing recreation service. The ecological conservation bundle mainly consisted of water bodies, dry lands and forests, which had the highest delivery of biodiversity protection service. The urban life bundle was associated with urban areas and some paddy lands and showed a high provision of water yield service. On the basis of the characteristics of different ecosystem services supplies bundles, the suggestions were put forward for rationally determining the timing and location of changing land use types and promoting the sustainable provision of multiple ecosystem services in Xiong'an New Area.

Urban agglomeration, as an emerging phenomenon in many urbanized areas worldwide, is considered as a highly developed spatial form of integrated cities. Cities are highly linked within an urban agglomeration, which renders the agglomeration one of the most important carriers for global economic development. In recent years, the study of urban agglomeration has become an important agenda both for urban planning and urban sustainable development. However, in the research community, there is still a lack of a consensus with regard to how to delineate the urban agglomerations in geographic space. Particularly, in many urban planning cases, functional links among cities are often neglected, resulting in overestimated spatial ranges of the planned urban agglomerations. The aim of this paper is to develop a method for the identification of the spatial range of urban agglomerations by using night-light remote sensing data, digitally mapped points of interest (POI) and the "point-axis" theory in economic geography. Firstly, based on a review of the "point-axis" theory in economic geography, we developed a concept of "developing axis" with two basic characteristics and used the concept to describe the four development stages of urban agglomerations. Then, we calculated two indexes to quantify the intensity and its changes in socio-economic activities by combining nighttime light remote sensing images and POI data. After that, we conducted a clustering analysis on the two indexes to identify and extract the "point-axis cluster", and overlaid it with the administrative boundaries to obtain a set of candidate urban agglomerations. Finally, we used socio-economic statistic data and formulated criteria based on previous studies to select urban agglomerations. Using this method, a total of 14 urban agglomerations in China are identified. Among which, eight have spatial ranges match their planning documents. As for the mismatching urban agglomerations, three different types of mismatch are distinguished, which indicate that different types of problems need to be considered in the planning. The results show that the proposed method can overcome the restriction of administrative boundaries in the identification of the spatial range of urban agglomerations, objectively reflect the strength of social and economic links among cities, and help to identify potential urban agglomerations with a dynamic perspective. This research can provide useful implications and suggestions for urban agglomeration planning and management.

In view of the shortcomings of the existing research which has split the basic change process of ecological land loss. Based on the land use data of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration in 1984, 2000 and 2015, the trajectory analysis method was used in this paper to identify the temporal and spatial dynamics of land use change in the study area. In other words, the spatial correlation characteristic of ecological land loss in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration was explored from the perspective of process integrity. On this basis, the spatial autocorrelation analysis method was used to explore the spatial autocorrelation pattern of forest loss, grassland loss and water loss at different scales, and find out the high-incidence area of ecological land loss in this region. At the same time, from the perspective of the integration of the eco-environment of the urban agglomeration, the exploratory suggestions or countermeasures against the loss of ecological land use was proposed. The results showed that (1) From 1984 to 2015, the main changes in land use of the study area were the loss of forest, grassland, water and farmland, and 40% of the lost area turned into artificial surface. (2) The spatial autocorrelation of forest loss, grass loss, and water loss increased with increasing spatial scale. In the 7 km × 7 km spatial scale, There was a strong spatial positive correlation between the three types of ecological land loss, and the spatial positive correlation gradually decreased with the increase of the distance threshold. (3) Under the distance threshold of 10 km, the high incidence areas of forest loss and grassland loss were concentrated in the northwestern part of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, and the high incidence areas of water loss were concentrated near the eastern Bohai Bay. From the perspective of coordinated development of the study area, the eco-environmental protection should resolve differences and unbalanced development and promote the integrated development of this urban agglomeration.

Health is not only the basic human right, but also the foundation of personal happiness and national prosperity. Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, Chinese residents' health has continued to improve. Health resources are the material basis for maintaining residents' health, and residents' health level is closely related to health resources level. At present, there are significant regional differences in health resources and residents' health in China. Promoting equalization level of health resources and reducing regional differences in residents' health are an important goal of "Healthy China" construction and also a vital task of health geography research. Therefore, it is of great academic value and practical significance to study the relationship between health resources and residents' health in China. Based on the coefficient of variation, geographic mapping and GWR, this paper analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of health resources and residents' health in Southern China from 2000 to 2015, and the temporal-spatial relationship between health resources and residents' health. The results showed that:

（1） In the past 15 years, the health resources level of most of municipalities in Southern China (96.02%) has been continuously improving. Meanwhile, the spatial difference of health resources level gradually decreases, and the equalization level continues to increase, which is reflected as the continuous expansion of high-value region, the shrinking of low-value region and the decline of the coefficient of variation of municipalities by 23.29%. Furthermore, the western Sichuan Plateau, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta are the high value-region of health resources.

（2） In the past 15 years, the residents' health level of all municipalities in southern China has been continuously improving. The spatial difference of residents' health level from east to west is obvious, but the high-value region expands continuously, the low-value region shrinks continuously, the spatial difference decreases greatly and the coefficient of variation of municipalities decreased by 64.62%.

（3） In Southern China, residents' health level is moderately positively correlated with the health resources level (r=0.49), but in different cities, the contributions of health resources level to residents' health level are different, which shows significant spatial heterogeneity effects.

Cholera was a new type of severe infectious disease which was introduced into China around 1820 in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), and the "localization" process was completed rapidly. At present, it is still one of the major threats to the health and safety of human life, and sometimes it causes heavy casualties. In this paper, the spatial-temporal analysis, danger simulation, and boundary detection methods are used to analyze the cholera epidemic in the late Qing Dynasty (1816-1911). The results showed that: 1) because of the strong intervention of cholera, the frequency of the cholera was 77% in the last 100 years in the late Qing Dynasty (1816-1911) which was equivalent to outbreak every 1.3 years, and the contribution rate to the epidemic breadth promotion in the late Qing Dynasty (1816-1911) was about 21.32%, which means that nearly a quarter of the epidemics in the whole Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) were caused by cholera. 2) Cholera had a wide range of suitable habitats in China of the late Qing Dynasty (1816-1911), and the eastern coast was the best suitable habitat. The risk level of cholera epidemic in China was high, and the risk level gradually decreased from east to west, and the risk level in the south was higher than that in the north. There were many factors influencing cholera epidemic, in which the distance from sea level, elevation, sunshine hours, and the maximum temperature were the main factors, and their contribution rates were 29.3%, 22.4%, 16.1% and 7.7%, respectively. This indicates that cholera epidemic was sensitive to geographic factors such as temperature, water source, sunshine and topography. 3) The borderline characteristics of cholera epidemic were obvious in the late Qing Dynasty (1816-1911). The first border was a circular arc with Fengyang as the center and Fengyang-Jiajiang as the radius (the linear distance about 1300 km), which contains about 97.65% of cholera epidemic in this area. The second border was the borderline of cholera high-suitability area, which includes eastern and central provinces of China, such as Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei , Hunan, and so on. The third border is the enclosed area with the main cholera network as the standard, covering the Bohai Sea, central China, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. Almost the entire eastern coastline was covered.

The questions concerning how much precipitation is extreme and how extreme precipitation responds to warming are important to improving climate resiliency and achieving sustainable development of typical loess hills and gullies in China. The spatial-temporal variation of extreme precipitation is investigated on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi province from 1970 to 2017. To understand the influence of El Ni?o on extreme climate variation, this study analyzes whether extreme precipitation events are linked to the SST in nine different sea regions (NINO 1+2, NINO 3, NINO 3.4, NINO 4, NINO W, NINO A, NINO B, NINO C, NINO Z). The result showed that from 1970 to 2017, an obvious warming-wetting trend occurred on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi. The warming process can be divided into three periods: a rapid increase period (1970-1998), followed by a short hiatus (1999-2012), and finally, a warming rebound period (2013-2017). In addition, precipitation was dominated by interannual oscillation. However, after 2004, precipitation increased in northern Shaanxi, which was associated with semi-arid boundaries moving to the northwest. The result also showed that 16 extreme climate indices were quantified as precipitation changes that were more intense on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi. Spatially, regarding the number of precipitation days when daily precipitation was above 1, 5, 10, or 20 mm, there was a clear increasing trend from south to north. Even so, the region showed a consistent and significant change in the number of decreasing rainy days and increasing SDII. Finally, in the past 48 years, the influence of SST on the central and western equatorial Pacific, for the decadal variation of extreme precipitation, was more obvious than that in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Additionally, while the influence of SST on the northern side of the equatorial Pacific was more obvious than that on the southern side, the effect by the SST periodic variation on the 14~16a time scale was more significant than that on the 4~8a time scale. It is worth mentioning that changes in nearly all indices had a strong correlation to NINO W, especially the intensity indices (Rx1day, Rx5day, and SDII) and the indices defined on a percentile-based threshold (R95, R99, R95P, and P99P). The anomaly of SST in the Nino W region served as a typical signal that there was an increase in occurrence of extreme precipitation in northern Shaanxi.

Exploring the responses of vegetation greenness to temperature and precipitation can provide scientific basis for vegetation construction in the Three-North Shelter Forest Program. Based on MODIS NDVI and meteorological data from 2000 to 2015, the path analysis method was used to analyze the direct and indirect effects of climatic factors on vegetation greenness in different growth stages. It was found that the multi-year mean NDVI in the growing season showed a decreasing trend from east to west, and the value was listed as follows: forest > cropland > grassland. Vegetation greenness presented an upward trend during the past 16 years, and the most noticeable increases in NDVI occurred in cropland. In the growing season, temperature rise inhibited vegetation growth, while the contributions of precipitation to NDVI were positive. Precipitation is the key meteorological factor affecting vegetation greenness in the Three-North Shelter Forest Program. When the influence of precipitation change was not considered, the warming promoted the NDVI, but the decrease of precipitation caused by warming in the growing season led to the inhibition effect. Precipitation increase was favorable to greenness enhancement in different periods, the orders of influence degree of precipitation on NDVI were, in turn, the end of growing season, the middle of growing season and the early growing season. The effects of temperature on vegetation greenness varied at different stages of the growing season. Warming in early growing season was beneficial for the vegetation growth, but in the middle and the end of growing season, it showed negative effect on plant productivity enhancement. Among them, the negative effects of warming in the end of growing season were mainly realized by direct effects, while they were mainly realized indirectly through precipitation changes in the middle of growing season. This research showed that the impact of climate change on vegetation depended on the time scale. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish the periods in assessing the response of vegetation to climate change so that we can obtain a comprehensive understanding.

The Wild and Scenic Rivers System (NWSRS) of the United States designated the earliest protected river system in the world. After 50 years of existence, the system continues to grow and to fulfill the promise of the original legislation. National Wild and Scenic Rivers (NWSR) are linear, and cross boundaries, including federal, state and private lands, and represent a variety of ecosystems and serve a variety of human populations. This paper uses available NWSRS and other biophysical river data, US natural ecological and socio-economic data, GIS and other analysis softwares for development of graphical overlays and correlation analysis. There are currently 208 NWSRS units, unevenly distributed across the United States. Parameters of this system can be analyzed, based on a Kernel Density tool to calculate the density of selected features in a neighborhood around those line or point features. A linear density measure is the length of NWSRs in each state. Based on these analyses, this paper further discusses the relevance of this distribution to natural and socio-economic variables in the US. The results show that while the NWSRS units in 40 of 50 states, three states far exceed the others: Oregon, Alaska and California. There is only one unit of the NWSRS in each of 18 states in the United States, most of which are located in the eastern region. In addition, 10 states, concentrated in the Great Plains, do not have NWSRS units. High density of NWSRS units occurs in three physical geographical regions: the Pacific Coast, the high mountains, and the Rocky Mountains. Low densities of NWSRS units are found in the Plains and the Atlantic Plain. NWSRS units are distributed in Polar, Humid Temperate, Dry, Humid Tropical Domains; and only one ecological Division of the US has no NWSRS units. NWSRS units are mainly concentrated in four major continental watersheds: the Pacific Northwest, California, Alaska and Great Lake. The correlation between line density of NWSRS units and population density and level of economic development is not strong, but it is closely related to high dams. There are many reasons for the current spatial distribution of the NWSRS, especially the ideology behind political motivations for legislative protection. A guiding ideology for river conservation is needed, river designation recommendations must pay attention to key areas which have unique societal values and threats to those values, and establishing protected area selection criteria. A national system plan is needed.

In the past 30 years, the Bohai Sea's environment has undergone tremendous changes. The input of land-based pollution is the main cause of the deterioration of the Bohai Sea's environment. In order to study the spatial relationship between the pressure intensity of land-based pollution and the pollution of the sea area, the three transport spaces from the catchment area to the estuary of the sea and the affected sea area are overall considered. The hierarchical nested water pollution output zoning method is adopted to divide the Bohai Sea area into 23 land-sea integrated management zones, which have spatially linked land-based pollution pressures with pollution in the Bohai Sea. Based on the data of the land use, socio-economic statistics and pollution census, the total nitrogen emissions of five types of social and economic activities in the Bohai Rim region were estimated, and then the land-based pollution pressure of each sub-unit was analyzed. The results show that: 1) The total nitrogen emissions of social and economic activities around the Bohai Sea area are about 850, 000 tons, among which, agricultural and rural non-point source pollution is the main source of nitrogen pollution, accounting for 57.4% of the total emissions, while the contribution of industrial emissions to nitrogen pollution is limited, accounting for 7.4% of the total emissions, and the living emission of urban residents is outstanding, accounting for 35.2% of the total emissions. 2) The nitrogen emission intensity of each catchment areas of land source is spatially highly coupled with its corresponding sea area pollution, which indicates that, the 23 land-sea integrated management zones classified in this paper are reasonable and operable. 3) The pollution pressures between the 23 land-sea integrated management zones are huge. The sub-area land source pollution pressures in the surrounding areas of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay are relatively high. The pressures in other subareas are relatively low. 4) The pollution sources in the main catchment areas have obvious differences. The source of pollution between various sub-areas is significantly different. The main source of nitrogen pollution in Bohai Bay is residents' living emissions, Liaodong Bay industrial pollution is relatively prominent, and Laizhou Bay agricultural non-point source pollution accounted for a large proportion. Considering the spatial difference of pollution source structure, the management of land-based pollution should take catchment area as a unit to manage and control major pollution sources. 5) The pressure of land-based pollution in the Bohai Sea is difficult to alleviate in a short term.

“Putting Science in Its Place: Geographies of Scientific Knowledge” by David N. Livingstone is a striking, fascinating, and unusual book that suggests that geography does not play a prominent part in the critical exploration of science. This book advocates a broader context in which the geography of scientific knowledge (GSK) should be dealt with as another field of science studies, like the history of science, the sociology of science, and the sociology of scientific knowledge, and that “geography” in science studies should be examined from multifarious contexts. Currently, GSK has indeed been recognized as an important academic field, especially in science studies. Focusing on “Putting Science in Its Place” and considering the reviews on this masterwork, and relevant research, this paper provides a critical review on why GSK is relevant now, how it offers critical responses beyond the current academic trends, and whether it is capable of investigating the geographical features of contemporary scientific knowledge (and broadly, of knowledge beyond science, such as indigenous knowledge). It discusses that, although “space” and “geography” were inescapable perspectives on explaining the globality of science in traditional science studies, they were understood as either logically metaphysical or logically metaphysical concepts. As a result, space and geography were not intrinsic variables for the globality of science. The success of GSK in highlighting “thinking geographically” resides within its ability to transcend the spatial problem of science, especially the dualism of “placelessness” and “placeness, ” which is contrasted with the tendency to regard space as the external condition of science in traditional geographical research on science. Based on a critical investigation produced by scientific knowledge, which circulated in various locales and claimed that scientific knowledge could be global through various geographical agents, GSK affirmed the consciousness that science is essentially a geographical enterprise. Beyond that, an emphasis on the spatial sensitivity of the production and circulation of contemporary scientific knowledge and the involvement of post-colonial research has brought GSK into a broader perspective. Thus, GSK must create a separate framework in response to what it ignores. The conclusion suggests that Chinese scholars can make a more critical contribution to GSK if the current theoretical presuppositions—which mainly focus on the West—are reexamined, if special geographical questions on Chinese scientific knowledge are explored, and if new insights are imported promptly and critically.

With the further implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, China's rural areas have entered a critical stage with priority development. It is of great significance for the implementation of the strategy of agricultural and rural priority development to scientifically understand the law of urban and rural element allocation and guarantee approaches under the guidance of rural priority development. This paper is based on the regional system theory of human-land relationship and the developmental logic with "Element-Structure-Function". The scientific connotation for urban-rural relationship and element priority guarantee under the guidance of rural priority development is analyzed in this study. This paper sorts out the evolution characteristics of urban-rural relationship and element flow in China from three aspects, namely, the evolution of urban-rural relationship affecting element flow, the division of element flow stages and the overall characteristics of element flow. In addition, it builds a regulatory framework of priority guarantee of rural element from the aspects of element integration, spatial integration and mechanism coordination. The results show that rural priority development is an evolution process based on rural elements, optimizing rural structure and realizing rural functions. The development of relations between urban and rural areas in China has initially gone through the preferential development in urban areas, the coordinated development between urban and rural areas as well as the integration development for urban and rural areas. What's more, the rural element allocation generally encounters such problems as less types for flow elements, poor element outflow and inflow, as well as unsound element flow. It aggravates the imbalance of the type, direction, scale and efficiency of element flow between urban and rural areas in urgent need of external intervention and regulation. At the current stage, there is an urgent need to expand the types of mobile elements in rural areas, to enhance their mobility, to strengthen the weak links in infrastructure, to dredge the stock of elements flowing into the city, to expand the channel of elements flowing into the countryside as well as to expand the "gray space" in urban and rural areas. It aims to expand the rural flow element types, to enhance its flow property, to improve urban elements into the country and to make a long-term development environment. In the end, the priority allocation targets of rural elements should be achieved, including rural elements flow, urban elements flow and scarce elements, so as to ensure the priority of agricultural and rural development.

As an important development force, tourism development profoundly changes the socio-economic form and spatial pattern. On the one hand, rural settlements of world heritage sites contain traditional functions (such as residential function, production function, etc.), on the other hand, tourism consumption gives new development vitality to rural settlements. The potential functions such as cultural heritage innovation and leisure tourism are gradually explored. In the process of tourism development, the rural settlements functional transformation and human adaptability to world heritage sites is an important research content, which has important reference value for understanding the directions of rural settlements transformation and promoting the sustainable development of world heritage. Taking Tangkou, Zhaixi and Shancha villages as the research objects, we integrate the method of participatory rural assessment, GIS technology and remote sensing images, in a microscopic research perspective, apply the house function and tourism-live mixed use to analyze the characteristics and patterns of functional transformation and spatial restructuring, and adopt quantitative and qualitative methods (such as factor analysis, questionnaire interview, etc.) to explore the influencing factors and mechanisms in the three villages. The results suggest that the three villages have different characteristics and patterns in functional transformation and spatial restructuring. Tangkou is characterized by functional dissipative transformation and spatial fragmentation, Zhaixi is characterized by functional modular integration and spatial synergistic succession, and Shancha is characterized by functional self-organizational adaptation and spatial nuclear agglomeration. Accordingly, there are three transformational development models: Tangkou belongs to "in-situ growth" model, Zhaixi belongs to "original-place reconstruction" model and Shancha belongs to "Jingcun symbiosis" model. The interaction of internal and external factors is the supporting force, the initiative of multi-stakeholders is the action force and the demand of tourism market is the driving force for the rural settlement functional transformation and spatial restructuring in world heritage sites. This study could promote the coordinated development of tourism and village construction in Tangkou Town, provide a reference for the sustainable development of rural settlements of world heritage, and further enrich the content of rural transformation in tourism destinations.

Borderlands are margins of nation-states where different social systems meet. Against the backdrop of the Belt and Road Initiative, borderlands are becoming strategic points and forefronts for China's "opening-up". With the deepening of China's opening-up, tourism industry is now considered an important driver for socio-economic development at China's border areas. Drawing on ethnographic fieldworks conducted during the period of 2014-2019, this study identifies the features of rural restructuring in Daluo port area of Yunnan on the China-Myanmar border, and unravels how tourism has affected the transformation of the area. Findings show that along with tourism development, cash crops plantation emerged, which led to significant changes in rural development factors, including the surge of land value, increase of capital, and development of human resources. This saw the decline of traditional self-reliant rice agriculture, and the formation of a market economy dominated by cash crops plantation, supplemented by non-agriculture sectors such as tourism. The border people thus turned to cash crops plantation and non-agriculture sectors for livelihood, which resulted in significant income growth, and their pursuit of modern lives. This, in turn, helped dissolve traditional ethnic boundaries in the area, where all ethnic groups integrated into China's national development. With the emergence of non-traditional security problems, the Chinese state increasingly enhanced its presence at the border, and started to involve the border people in border governance, which reflected that the socio-economic transformation, land use and its spatial pattern changed significantly, including agricultural land for non-food crops cultivation, decrease of ecological space, and conglomeration of town construction land around the port. With the structural changes related to "people-land-industry", geopolitical security function, cultural function, and ecological function of the rural border have become evident, and the rural border developed towards multifunctional countryside. Based on these findings, this study identifies sustainable development paths for rural border tourism destinations. These paths include following the "agriculture +" vision to develop agricultural produces processing sector, rural tourism, and other non-agricultural sectors, supporting border people in borderland governance and development, and protecting the agricultural land and monitoring the ecological environment. This study contributes to the understanding of rural transformation and comprehensive impacts of tourism in China's borderland.

Under the background of rapid urbanization, the culture of rural tourism destination is increasingly impacted, and the decline of rural culture has become an indisputable fact. Following the development trend of the rural revitalization strategy and integration of culture and tourism in the new era of China, taking Dongshan Town in Suzhou city as an example, we explored the types, spatial pattern and mechanism of cultural stress in rural tourism destinations by using qualitative research and spatial measurement methods. The results show that: (1) the scale of cultural stress of rural tourism destination constructed by the grounded theory and questionnaire survey contains 23 items and 5 dimensions, namely natural landscape culture stress, settlement landscape culture stress, production and living culture stress, interpersonal culture stress and spiritual ritual culture stress. (2) According to the results of GIS spatial analysis, the rural cultural stress space is mostly distributed along the street and water. Traffic jams are the most common stress symptoms in rural areas at the early stage of tourism development. With the development of tourism, the problems which are closely related to the life of local residents, such as water pollution and price rise, are becoming increasingly prominent. Otherwise, the spatial distribution characteristics of the cultural stress in each dimension are quite different. The general space of rural culture stress shows significant agglomeration, among which the production and living culture is most vulnerable to tourism development and shows symptoms of spatial stress. (3) The rural culture stress space has the core-peripheral pattern with multi-core hierarchical distribution, and its spatial agglomeration degree will be significantly improved with the development of tourism. There is a big difference among the spatial agglomeration characteristics of the cultural stress in each dimension. Among them, the settlement landscape cultural stress has the characteristic of large aggregation and small dispersion. (4) Factors affecting cultural stress of rural tourism destination can be identified into the individual and whole levels. The differences in social attributes and conceptual cognition at the individual level, as well as the basic conditions, social development and policy propaganda at the whole level, play a role in the emergence and development of cultural stress in rural tourism destinations.

Rural revitalization depends on a specific development environment, and policy adjustment has an important external impact on the development of rural areas. With the approval of the State Council, Hunan province has formally implemented the Planning of Dongting Lake Ecological Economic Zone since the year of 2014, in order to achieve such objectives as ensuring water and ecological security in the Yangtze River Basin, consolidating and enhancing the status of the Dongting Lake as one of the main grain producing areas in China. Making an evaluation on the impact effect of the Planning of Dongting Lake Ecological Economic Zone has great reference value for balancing rural revitalization and the construction of ecological civilization in restricted development zones.
In this paper, the approval and implementation of the Planning of Dongting Lake Ecological Economic Zone in 2014 is taken as a quasi-natural experiment, while the panel data of 87 counties of Hunan province from 2007 to 2017 and difference-in-differences model are used to test the effect of the Rural Revitalization from two perspectives of the income increase of farmers and grain yield increase. The results show that: (1) the implementation of the Planning of Dongting Lake Ecological Economic Zone can increase both yield and income through generating the structural effect, allocation effect and technical effect. The grain output has increased by 3.82% and the income of farmers has increased by 10.2% after the implementation of the Planning. Moreover, the implementation of the Planning does not have a time-delay effect, which will actually be beneficial to such goals in rural revitalization as industrial prosperity and a better-off life. (2) There is an remarkable increase in production and income of county farmers;nevertheless, as a matter of fact, the effect in county-level cities is not good enough. (3) In comparison with other types of grain crops, the yield of rice has an even more marked increase. (4) The next step is to further optimize and improve the relevant policies on the construction of high standard basic farmland, the increase of agricultural subsidies and ecological compensation, and the cultivation of rural characteristic industries, so as to promote the realization of rural revitalization in restricted development zones.

Rural tourism plays an irreplaceable important role in promoting targeted poverty alleviation, bridging the differences between urban and rural areas, stimulating the rural vitality and solving the issues on agriculture, countryside and farmers. So it is urgent to enhance efficient and intensive development of rural tourism. Under the new background about upgraded consumption environment, rural tourism increasingly becomes sophisticated, personalized, ecological and quality-oriented. At the same time, the tendency of rural tourism is inclined to the places with abundant resources, convenient transportation, high-distinctive space. Agglomeration development of rural tourism has become a significant feature in South Jiangsu. The paper analyzes different business entities about rural tourism and draws a conclusion that rural tourism attractions have a more obvious geographical cluster than festivals, but the differences between regions have been narrowed since 2005. What's more, the regional rural tourism cluster evolution presents a characteristic of dual constraint from the natural environment and the socio-economic performance. In the perspective of natural environment, with increasing distance from the waters and altitude elevation, the scale of rural tourism rapidly decreases and performs the rule of distance attenuation. The overall size of the main business presents a "peak-like" distribution in different dimensions of elevation. In the perspective of socio-economic performance, rural tourism cluster evolution performs a clear social and economic characteristic of the threshold requirement. Specifically, the urban population density of 10,000 people per km², grade highway density of 1000 meter per km², tourist spending density of 100,000 yuan per km², the disposable income density of 3 million yuan per km² are the optional rural tourism cluster space. Economic and social development, leisure and consumption growth are the fundamental driving force of rural tourism cluster. On the other hand, the evolution of rural tourism spatial structure presents diverse characteristics in South Jiangsu: rural tourism attractions show a multi-node network structure, and rural tourism festivals present dual-core with a satellite structure, while the evolution of rural tourism shows scattered hierarchy structure. Based on the above, in particular, to understand the spatial radiation effects of rural tourism spatial cluster evolution, the paper puts forward the view that rural tourism cluster is to boost the construction of rural tourism and ability and to make breakthroughs in building the holistic tourism destination, which may arouse heated discussions in academic fields.

The global automobile industry has been going through unprecedented and once-a-century changes, which in turn has stimulated new waves of entrepreneurship within the sector. A notable feature of the Chinese automobile industry in recent years is the emergence of new ventures. However, with the decline of automobile sales, many new ventures have exited the market, which generated negative impacts on regional economies. This study uses a detailed firm-level dataset from the "The National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System" to analyze the spatial pattern of automobile ventures. In particular, it identifies hotspots of new automobile ventures that have ceased to operate with kernel density analysis. Drawing upon the database of "China's Annual Survey of Industrial Firms", this study employs logit regressions to identify underlying factors of exited automobile ventures in China. Specifically, this study finds that: (1) Dynamic entries and exits have been taking place. Areas with more new automobile ventures such as the Yangtze River Delta tend to have more exited firms; exited firms along the coast as well as the Yangtze River tend to be larger. (2) Firms' survival rate varies across regions. "Hotspots" of exited firms include Fuzhou, Yichun, and Ji'an in Jiangxi Province, Yantai in Shandong province, as well as Chizhou and Tongling in Anhui Province. (3) Related variety, which contributes to the generation and diffusion of new "know-how", tends to lower the probability of firm exit, while unrelated variety tends to have the opposite effect. Furthermore, higher levels of relatedness within the sector and larger sizes of the complete automobile industry tend to reduce the probability of firm exit. Higher levels of globalization, which have the potential to bring in new "know-how", tend to be associated with lower probabilities of firm exit. It is also noted that higher levels of dependence on state-owned enterprises as well as lower levels of tax tend to lower the probability of firm exit. Therefore, these results provide further evidence on the importance of industrial policies on firms' survival.

The study chooses 1128 China time-honored brand (CTHB) as the research object, and applies the average nearest neighbor index, nuclear density analysis, unbalanced index, spatial auto-correlation analysis and hot spot analysis model. With the help of ArcGIS software, the spatial distribution density, regional differentiation characteristics, equilibrium situation and spatial auto-correlation of time-honored Chinese brand are analyzed. On this basis, the industrial structure characteristics of CTHB are systematically sorted out, and the patterns and characteristics of spatial differentiation are revealed. Finally, the paper reveals the inner influence mechanism by using the methods of geographic contact rate, vector data buffer analysis and correlation analysis. Results showed that: (1) CTHB space differentiation presents an obvious core-edge structure, namely, one high density area, one sub-high density area and multiple high concentrated areas. CTHB has mainly concentrated in the developed economy since modern times, which has a high degree of market opening in northern China, eastern coastal areas, open seaports, provincial capitals, arterial road network cores, and parasitic shaped agglomeration. (2) CTHB is not randomly distributed in space, but presents significant spatial auto-correlation. The distribution of CTHB shows a pattern of "agglomeration and spindle", and the polarization phenomenon is prominent. (3) The cold and hot spots of CTHB show a gradient pattern of "hotspots - sub-hotspots - sub-coldspots - cold spots" from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river plain to the northern and southern China. (4) The distribution of CTHB in wine, medicine and catering services shows a pattern of "regional agglomeration and industrial clustering". The distribution of other CTHB in different regions of the country is characterized by "regional balance and industrial diversification". (5) The spatial differentiation pattern and type structure characteristics of CTHB are the result of the combined effect and interaction of multiple production and consumption factors such as resource endowment and development foundation, regional tradition and social change, economic development and consumption market, as well as cultural tourism and consumption demand. Based on this, this paper puts forward suggestions from the aspects of space management, overall development, optimal allocation of resource elements, inheritance and innovation.

Explaining the role of modern transport in realizing regional integration from the perspective of "space of flow" can provide scientific support for the interactive development of transport and urban system. Based on this, this paper uses the railway passenger data since 2000, and applies community detection algorithm to analyze the spatial organization of railway passenger transportation of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, in order to provide a new perspective for regional studies represented by transportation, and a guarantee for the study of regional integration through the rational use of railway passenger service. The conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) We use combo community detection algorithm to divide the railway links of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration into sub-groups, such as the Jinghu Community, the Zhejiang Community, the Wanjiang Community, and the Suzhongbei Community. These communities present different spatial linkage patterns and the main scope and direction of urban passenger rail links are concentrated within the community. (2) In general, the inter-community linkage is lower than the internal linkage of the community. The high internal contact community has a high degree of connection between the external communities. There is a high cross-community relationship between the railway hub cities, which forms a "core-edge" structure that does not depend on the accessibility of the railway. (3) According to the spatial characteristics, communities are divided into the single-core community, dual-core community, multi-core community, and non-core community. Different types of associations may be derived from the same type of community. During the study period, the core continued to decrease, while the higher communication channels continued to develop, connecting the main cities in each community and expanding continuously, but the channels did not match the core cities, and the transfer of core cities may occur. (4) There is a high connection between the cross-community hub cities, and the contact network is transformed from a channel point to a hub point. High-speed rails play an important role in enhancing cross-community communication and its spatial pattern changes from channel orientation to hub orientation. In the future study, it is necessary to analyze the role of different types of trains and trains in different operations. And we should combine the time cost with the number of trains, so as to more truly reflect the spatial process of urban agglomeration railway passenger transport organization.

Drawing on the data of Chinese manufacturing firms during 2004-2016 compiled by the Chinese Customs Trade Statistics, this paper explores that how different financial markets improve the development of manufacturing industries through influencing their industrial evolution. Empirical results indicate that the roles of credit markets and equity markets in influencing regional industrial evolution are different. Overall, credit markets can enhance path dependence trend of industrial evolution, while equity markets have a significant effect on enhancing industrial path-breaking development. Moreover, due to the spillover effects of financial markets, not only the local financial markets but also the financial markets in regional central cities can affect local industrial evolution. In eastern China, local financial markets play a more important role in promoting local industrial evolution than financial markets in regional central cities, while in central and western China, local industrial evolution is more affected by financial markets in regional central cities.

Exploring spatio-temporal evolution and the laws of economic differences of river basin can provide a scientific basis for promoting the adjustment and optimization of the spatial structure of river basin economy, making regional coordinated development policies, and promoting the sustainable stability and high-quality development of river basin economy. Based on the combination of mathematical statistics analysis and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), this paper takes county as the basic unit and GDP per capita as the measurement index to study spatial pattern evolution and the influencing factors of county economic differences in the Fenhe River Basin from 1995 to 2016. The results show that the absolute difference of county economy in the basin has shown a trend of rapid rise and then gradual decline, while the relative difference is characterized by the decline of fluctuation after the rise of fluctuation since 1995. The spatial differentiation characteristics of county economy is obvious, and there are distinct spatial and temporal evolutions, which forms the core area of basin economy centered on cities of Taiyuan and Xiaoyi, and the economic edge area is composed of Ningwu, Jingle, Loufan, Lanxian, Fenxi, Wanrong, etc. The "Core-Edge" characteristics of economic spatial structure is significant, and the difference of the economic development level between the core area and the edge area is obvious. From the perspective of spatial correlation, the county economy in the study area has obvious spatial positive correlation, which fluctuates with time. The hot and sub-hot areas of the county economy are mainly concentrated in the middle reaches of the river basin with Taiyuan and Xiaoyi as the center, while the upstream of the basin and the southern part of the downstream become cold and sub-cold areas. The center of gravity of the basin's economic space moves toward the southwest in the direction of the main axis, which is more obvious, and there is a certain degree of expansion in both the main axis and the auxiliary axis. But the expansion process is not the same, which is consistent with the strategy of actively promoting the urban spatial planning system of "One Core, One Circle and Three Groups" in Shanxi Province. Natural conditions and geographical location, regional resource endowment and industrial structure, population and urbanization level, as well as national policies and market environment are important factors that affect the evolution of county economic spatial pattern in the study basin. Among them, the agglomeration of population, the development of urbanization, the improvement of industrialization level and the expansion of market scale play a significant role in promoting the development of county economy, while limitation of terrain and the lack of regional market vitality will restrict and hinder the development of county economy in this region. The analysis results of multiple linear regression model show that the imbalance of population agglomeration and industrial development level are the main factors leading to the expansion of economic differences of county in the Fenhe River Basin.

Objectively and precisely depicting the spatial distribution characteristics of straw burning is of great significance to scientifically guide the prohibition of straw burning and improve the efficiency of administrative supervision. Based on Satsee-Fire point datasets in China during 2014-2019, natural environment and population-economy data, China's straw fire points database and nature-population-economics database established by terrain, social and economic data, this study used GIS analysis tools and mathematical statistics methods to examine the distribution characteristics of straw burning fire points in China during the 6 years under the influences of 7 factors in 3 aspects including terrain, public transport and the population-economy. The results showed that: (1) straw burning phenomenon concentrated in areas whose elevation was less than 250 m and gradient was less than 8°. And the number of fire points which are located on the north slope or the south slope accounted for 42.65% and 37.36% of the total, respectively. (2) Straw burning presented different spatial characteristics in the forbidden area of airports and railways. The farther away from the airport, the more common the straw burning was. Approximately 60% of the straw burning in the forbidden area of the airports took place 11-15 km away from the airport. However, the distribution of straw burning fire points in the forbidden area of railways were more balanced, and the internal circle was slightly more dense than the external region on the whole. In terms of space, the fire point density increased gradually with the increase of latitude. The number of fire points in the forbidden area of railways in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and the three provinces of Northeast China accounts for 76.88% of the total. (3) Nearly 70% of straw burning occurred in countied with a population density of less than 250 people /km2, while 58.17% occurred in counties with annual GDP less than 10 billion yuan. There was a negative correlation between the phenomenon of straw burning and the population density and GDP level of the county, that is, the larger the population density and the more developed the county economy was, the rarer the phenomenon of straw burning was.

Nature reserves are the core area for biodiversity conservation. National nature reserves are the main body of nature reserves in China. According to characteristic of each type of human activity, the patches of different human activities of 446 national nature reserves in 2015 and their change from 2013 to 2015 were interpreted with the aid of GIS and RS. Status of the distribution of human activities and their change are generally analyzed in different functional zones and different regions in China. Also according to different types of human activities, the intensity and characteristics of dynamic change of human activities are evaluated from 2013 to 2015. The results showed that in 2015, there were different kinds of human activities in 446 national nature reserves. Human activities were widely distributed, and agricultural land and residential areas were dominant. The area of the two types covered more than 88.94% of the total of human activities. And the number exceeded 77.67% of the total. In China, 66.59% of national nature reserves had new or expanded human activities from 2013 to 2015, and the amount of human activities increased by 2.45%. Compared with agricultural land and residential areas, the increase trend is more pronounced of the development or construction activities. From 2013 to 2015, the number of national nature reserves where human activities had no change covered 33.41% of the total number of national nature reserves in China, those with little change covered 45.06%, and those with and significant change covered only 21.53%. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the overall human activity in the national nature reserves of eastern China is greater than that of central and western parts of the country. The intensity of human activities in coastal and riverside national nature reserves is relatively strong.

Based on the Landsat remote sensing information, visual interpretation and ratio threshold method are adopted to analyze the specific characteristics of the glacier area and changes in the Himalayas from the beginning of 1990 to 2015. The results demonstrated that the glacier area in the study area decreased by 2,553.10 km² for the past 25 years, with an average annual retreat rate of 0.44%/a. During the study period, the rate of glacier retreat accelerated; some of its glaciers were distributed in the western section, followed by the middle section; the least is the eastern section; the eastern, central, and western sections of the glaciers showed a trend of retreat. The eastern section had the fastest retreat speed, while the central section had the slowest. In terms of the distribution of terrain and the characteristics of changes, most of the glaciers are distributed in the range of 5° to 25°. In recent 25 years, glaciers of all slope grades had shrunk, and the glacier area retreated faster between 25° and 30°, and more slowly in extremely gentle/steep regions. Although all the 8 slopes showed a retreat trend, the extents of retreat were different. The glaciers on the north and northwest slopes retreated relatively slowly, while in the other slope directions, the glaciers shrank relatively quickly. In recent 25 years, both debris-covered and non-covered glaciers retreated, but the latter had retreated greatly, suggesting that the surface debris inhibited the glacier melting in the study area.

There are significant regional differences in precipitation changes in China under global warming during the past half-century. In this study, based on 763 observation stations daytime and nighttime precipitation data to examine the precipitation amounts, precipitation frequency, precipitation intensity, and contribution of daytime and nighttime precipitation to the total precipitation, then to appreciate the spatial and temporal patterns of daytime and nighttime precipitation in China from 1961 to 2016. Results indicated that: (1) There are significant differences between nine river basins of daytime and nighttime precipitation. And the changes patterns can be summarized into four types: daytime and nighttime co-increasing, daytime and nighttime co-decreasing, daytime increasing and nighttime decreasing, and daytime decreasing and nighttime increasing. (2) The change of the total precipitation is closely related to the day and night precipitation. The decrease in daily precipitation in the Huaihe River Basin is due to daytime precipitation decrease (-0.72 mm/a), while the decrease in precipitation in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River Basin is due to the nighttime precipitation decrease (-0.21 mm/a). (3) Daytime and nighttime heavy rain amount is higher than torrential rain in the arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid regions, but in the humid river basin, the torrential rain amount is higher than heavy rain, especially the Pearl River Basin and Southeast River Basins. (4) The contribution of daytime heavy rain, nighttime heavy rain and torrential rain to annual total precipitation exceeds 10%, while the contribution of daytime torrential rain to annual total precipitation is roughly 10%. At the same time, the contribution of daytime and nighttime torrential rain to the annual precipitation is higher than that of daytime and nighttime heavy rain in the humid river basins, while the arid and semi-arid regions demonstrate the opposite. Therefore, the results are helpful to understanding of the impacts of global warming on regional daily precipitation cycles in China.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to ravage the world. The key to combating the epidemic is the international cooperation especially to the maintenance of normal and circulating trade for essential drug in the field of health. However, the increasing number of export prohibitions and limits during the epidemic have changed the previous global drug trade. The interdependent relationship in the global antiviral drug trade has been portrayed more and more clearly. This paper analyzed the 2000-2018 global spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the antiviral drug trade pattern, discussed the product structure and the status change of countries (regions) in the global antiviral drug trade system, and especially revealed the interdependence between China and other countries (regions). The following conclusions were drawn. Firstly, in terms of industrial structure, the global trade system dominated by vaccine products is evolving to be dominated by vaccines and antibiotics. Both drugs are mainly exported to the developed countries like Europe and the US. China mainly exports antibiotics. Secondly, in terms of topology, the global antiviral drug trading network has the typical characteristics of "core-edge" and a small world network. The core of the network has gradually shifted from the United States to Western European countries. Besides, the network communities have gradually gathered, China has gradually separated from American communities and moved closer to Western European communities represented by Germany and Belgium and China's position in the network has become increasingly important. Thirdly, in terms of spatial structure, the global import and export trade of antiviral drug has gradually shifted from decentralization to concentration, forming a global antiviral drug trade system dominated by Europe with the decline of the United States and the rise of the Asian region. Finally, the global trade in antiviral drug has highly overlapped import and export markets. The interdependence between China and developed countries (regions) is gradually deepening, while that between China and countries (regions) along the Belt and Road is relatively low.

As a traditional place, Wengding has experienced a rapid transformation from productivism to post productivism and from production space to mobile consumption space in recent years. In this process, Wengding is embedded in a series of time-space fracture and reconstruction process networks shaped by mobility, such as global and local, modern and traditional. The superscription of spatial meaning and local identity have become the focus of attention in the practice of rural tourism space. The emergence of this new problem puts forward a new demand for the rational consultation of multiple subjects in the practice of rural tourism space. This study takes Wengding, the last primitive tribe in China, as a case, and takes three cases of "encounter of stone", "lawn of power" and "relocation of new village" in the transformation of public space as the specific analysis object to analyze the overlap of spatial meaning and local identity of Wengding in the context of tourism. The research shows that Wengding village is experiencing a shift from "local space" to "mobile space" in the practice of growing globalization and global localization. The mobile power of tourism and the spatial demands of different subjects are reshaping the spatial production of social culture and relations in Wengding village. The superscription of Wengding's spatial meaning has brought about the local differential identity. Wengding is also changing from "natural identity" to "split identity". As the starting point of national unity and optimization of identity structure, the identity of villagers needs to gradually transit to "understanding identity" characterized by inter subjectivity and inter nationality. The superscription of spatial meaning and local split identity are likely to lead to the dispute of value orientation among multiple subjects, even the nihilism of local meaning. Therefore, we need to actively form the value guidance of spatial moral practice to avoid radical rural tourism spatial practice. In the future, the practice of rural tourism space should avoid the situation that one kind of subject conceals the other. The relationship between human and land in public space, the form of space subject, the visibility of place, and the negotiation, compromise and transfer of different subjects' moral norms are dimensions that cannot be ignored in the practice of rural tourism space in the new era.

Based on the comparison of the power-land relationship between China and the West, this paper discusses and summarizes a double-layer structure composed of territory and dipan (地盘). Territory, a core concept in political geography, reflects how spatial power game goes in the context of Western contractual society. Unlike the West, contemporary China has been a complex of traditional favor society and modern contract society, where existing territory theory seems unable to give perfect expression to certain China’s situations. In this case, we suggest that dipan, a local power-land concept, serve as a supplement of the China’s power-space analysis. Dipan is a term composed of two Chinese characters. Di means land/space while Pan depicts a status of crisscross. According to the power-land view difference, we points out that Guanxi (关系) is the main factor shaping a more sophisticated power game in China. Generally, dipan system could be regarded as Guanxi’s projection in space. As a result, there come two parallel systems in the same physical space: the territory system and the dipan system. Meanwhile, it forms two independent interacting processes, territorialization and dipanization (transforming neutral space into one's dipan where he/she has emotional advantages and enjoys certain power through some informal means). We give an in-depth discussion on Kengtou village in Guangzhou to preliminarily discuss the double-layer’s evolution. By reviewing the spatial development and power-land relationship transformation of the village in history through literature works, interviews and questionnaires, we find that 4 kinds of double-layer structures have appeared in succession. Territory rules are formulated corresponding to different socio-economic systems, yet the dipan system will somehow realize its informal guanxi effect to reshape the power rules. The interaction between the two systems can be divided into four stages, namely, division into two layers, infiltration from dipan to target territory, dipan succeeds/fails in gaining its way, and the balance-broken. In practical terms, dipan view is shown in numerous aspects of the Chinese people's behavior at different scales. This new double-layer analytical framework is expected to provide a Chinese perspective in promoting the territory and territorialization research at home and abroad.

The level of agricultural technology of Taiwan, China is higher than that of Chinese mainland to a certain extent. Taking orchid planting in Guangdong-Taiwan agricultural cooperative pilot zone in Shaoguan city, Guangdong province as an example, this paper discusses the characteristics of social network of Taiwan’s orchid technology diffusion through the ways of field research and social network analysis. The research results show that: (1) The diffusion network of orchid technology in Guangdong-Taiwan agricultural cooperative pilot zone has a multi-core structure, and the main diffusion bodies, such as Taiwan's orchid farms, universities and scientific research institutions, farmers’ cooperative organizations (such as orchid association and orchid professional cooperative), are at the core of the diffusion network of orchid technology, which strengthens the exchange and cooperation between orchid farms in the test area, and plays a very important role in the process of orchid technology diffusion. (2) The “core-edge” characteristic of orchid technology diffusion network in the test area is obvious (there is close relationship between enterprises in the core area, while there are less relationships between enterprises in the peripheral area, and the relationship between enterprises in the core area and enterprises in the peripheral area), the faction structure between orchid enterprises in the test area breaks through the limitation of regional space to some extent, and gradually forms the “functional diffusion network” on the basis of “clan and family diffusion network”, and functional diffusion network plays an increasingly important role in the process of orchid technology diffusion, while the function of clan and family diffusion network is becoming weaker and weaker. (3) The formation and transformation of orchid technology diffusion network in the experimental area is driven by the special regional culture, various diffusion subjects, government, market and other factors, which conforms to the theory of evolutionary economic geography and relational economic geography, and has the effect of “path dependence”; at the same time, the diffusion network of orchid technology in the test area realized “path innovation”. To accelerate the development of orchid industry, reasonable development policies of orchid industry should be formulated in the experimental area according to the characteristics of the orchid technology diffusion network.

Knowledge spillover has been one of the most important topics in economic geography. As a matter of fact, knowledge spillovers may occur at different geographical scales with differentiated performance. However, previous studies have over-emphasized the intra-region knowledge spillovers, while insufficient attention has been paid to the intra-firm and inter-region ones. Choosing the interaction effect between import and export as the representation of the outcome of knowledge spillovers, this paper builds a multi-scale framework, empirically measuring the intra-firm, intra-region and inter-region knowledge spillovers, and at the same time comparing the effect they make on firms′ export based on the data of China Customs Trade Statistics from 2002 to 2015. Empirical results indicate that the import of new varieties of products by the firm itself as well as the region where the firm is located can significantly promote the export of new varieties of products by the firm, while the former promotion effect is stronger. The imports of new varieties of products from neigbouring regions have a negative effect on the firms′ export of new varieties of products. At the same time, this effect turns out to be negative in developed regions but positive in developing ones. Such phenomena can be interpreted as follows. On the one hand, the uneven development pattern within developed regions brings the co-existence of core and periphery areas. Under the effect of polarization, knowledge would flow from the local areas at the periphery to the neighbouring ones at the core, which is not conductive to the creation of new export products by local firms. On the other hand, in the developing regions of China, due to the lower level of internal development inequality, there are few core areas with strong polarization capabilities. Therefore, knowledge can spillover freely across regional boundaries, and the import of new varieties of products from neighbouring regions may contribute to the export of new varieties of products by local firms. In short, the results reflect the differential performance of knowledge spillover at different geographic scales, and the spillover effect shows a distance attenuation feature. This paper enriches the cognition on the topic of knowledge spillovers in geography, which is of certain theoretical and practical significance.

China is the world's largest mariculture country, and its mariculture output accounts for more than 70% of the world's total. First, according to the data from China Fishery Statistical Yearbook, the carbon sinks of mariculture in each province from 2008 to 2017 are estimated. It is found that the carbon sinks of mariculture in China were on the rise, and the average carbon sink efficiency was stable at about 8.4%. After 2011, the value reached more than 1 million tons. Second, we adopted the carbon tax law and artificial afforestation method to calculate the economic value of mariculture carbon sink, and then examined the time-space differentiation characteristics. Besides, we used LMDI index decomposition method to analyze the factors influencing the carbon sink capacity of mariculture. The results show that: (1) Both carbon sink and economic value showed an upward trend from 2008 to 2017, and the economic value reached 9.18 billion yuan in 2017; the ranking of carbon sink efficiency of various provinces fluctuated greatly, and the relative and absolute differences in efficiency and economic value were gradually shrinking. The economic value keeps a continuous growth trend. (2) In terms of spatio-temporal evolution, economic value presents a three-legged distribution situation in the Pan-Bohai Rim, Pan-Yangtze River Delta, and Pan-Pearl River Delta. The spatio-temporal evolution reveals that carbon sink fishery is scientifically guided, rationally distributed, land-sea coordination, and pilot projects first in China, the evolutionary mechanism of national promotion indicates that the development trend of carbon sink fishery is getting better. (3) Among the influencing factors of carbon sink capacity, value effect is greater than scale effect and structure effect, and fishery-related laws and regulations have significant influence on scale effect and structure effect. Research on mariculture carbon sinks is conducive to promoting the high-quality development of marine fisheries, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of marine fishery carbon sinks.

The housing price-to-income ratio is an important index to measure the health status of real estate and to evaluate residents' housing affordability. Taking 307 districts and counties in the Yangtze River Delta from 2008 to 2018 as research units, this paper explores the overall distribution characteristics of the housing price-to-income ratio by using the numerical-rank rule and trend surface analysis, and uses LISA time path to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamic characteristics of the housing price-to-income ratio, and tests the convergence of the regional housing price-to-income ratio. The results show that: (1) The housing price-to-income ratio in the study area is on the rise in general, that is, the growth rate of urban residents’ income level is much lower than that of residential prices, and the housing price-to-income ratio is spatially high in the east and low in the west, and high in the south and low in the north, while Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui are decreasing in turn. (2) The spatial structure of housing price-to-income ratio in Shanghai and southern Zhejiang is more dynamic, while that in Jiangsu and Anhui is more stable; the spatial evolution of housing price-to-income ratio has a strong spatial locking effect and spatial integration as a whole. (3) There is no σ convergence in the housing price-to-income ratio, but there is a significant absolute β convergence in each time period, and there is also a club convergence phenomenon in all the provinces in the study delta. The rate of convergence slows down over time, and the regional difference in the rate of convergence is positively correlated with the level of housing price-to-income ratio. The change of housing price-to-income ratio in urban agglomerations plays an important indicative role in the flow of residents, and has diffusion effect and siphon effect. The government should guide the reasonable housing demand and consumption mode, improve the income distribution system and narrow the income gap among residents, so as to realize the goal of "the residents have their own homes, and the residents can live in peace". Strengthening the integration of real estate market in urban agglomerations will help promote the process of regional economic integration, and it is an effective way to promote the development of regional integration of urban agglomerations.

Based on the precipitation, river water and soil samples collected from six sampling points in the southern and northern mountains of Lanzhou city from April to October 2018, the stable isotopic of hydrogen and oxygen of different water bodies were determined, and the spatio-temporal changes of soil evaporation in the study area and influencing factors were analyzed. In our paper, we first use water line equation to qualitatively analyze evaporation fractionation strength of different water bodies. Then, we quantitatively calculate the soil evaporation strength based on Craig-Gordon model. The results show that: (1) The slope of local meteoric water line (LMWL) is smaller than that of the global meteoric water line (GMWL), indicating that lower relatively humidity, and raindrop are affected by the sub-cloud secondary evaporation during the precipitation process. From surface layer of 0-10 cm to deep layer of 60-120 cm, the soil water δ²H and δ ¹⁸O are gradually depleted, and the slope of the soil water line SWL is regularly increased. The smaller the slope, the stronger the evaporative fractionation, which indicated that the evaporation fractionation of the surface soil is the strongest, and with the increasing soil depth, evaporation fractionation gradually decreases. (2) In terms of the temporal variation, the slope of local evaporation line S_LEL is larger in April, indicating that the soil evaporation is smaller, the slope of local evaporation line S_LEL began to decrease from April to June, indicating that soil evaporation increases, the S_LEL tends to be stable from June to August, and the soil evaporation is more stronger in July. The S_LEL began to increase from August, and the soil evaporation began to decrease, and continued to decrease until October. (3) As for the spatial variation, the evaporation loss of northern mountain is more intense than that of southern mountain, which is the fact that the air temperature, relative humidity, and soil water content in north mountain are more higher than those of south mountain. (4) From April to October 2018, the evaporation loss reached the peak value and the valley value showed a significant hysteresis compared with the precipitation δ¹⁸O in each sampling point, which is owing to the main reason that there exists hysteresis in the process of precipitation infiltration into the soil matrix.