The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, also known as the roof of the world, the water tower of Asia and the third pole of the earth, profoundly affects the ecological security at the national and global scales. But its harsh, sensitive and fragile natural environment has long been constraining local socio-economic development. It is an inevitable requirement for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to take the path of sustainable development in order to balance the socio-economic development with ecological protection. In this context, it is necessary to summarize the relevant research results on the sustainable development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau so as to promote the transformation of the relevant research into targeted, operable and implementable policy reference in the regional sustainable development. Therefore, this paper selects 1416 Chinese papers and 120 English papers related to the sustainable development of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by conditional search based on the database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WOS). And this paper uses the CiteSpace 5.7.R2 visualization software to carry out bibliometric analysis such as keyword co-occurrence network analysis and institutions cooperation network analysis based on these papers, and further thoroughly reviews the progress of related research. This paper finds that the study of the sustainable development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has experienced the slow rising stage (before 1999), the accelerated rising stage (1999-2009), the fluctuant decline stage (2009-2017) and the new development stage (after 2017). By combing the relevant research, it is also found that scholars have made a rich exploration on the sustainable development of the whole region and systems of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from many aspects such as the interaction among systems, practices, countermeasures and evaluation. However, there are still some problems in the research content, the perspectives and the methods. There is an urgent need to make further research in the mechanisms and influencing factors of multi-scale regions from the interdisciplinary perspective with multiple research methods, deepen the understanding of the sustainable development of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and summarize and explore the sustainable development paths of different function areas so as to build a basic theoretical framework for the study of the sustainable development of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is known as the "third pole" of the world. With the global changes and frequent human activities, its ecological problems are exacerbated. Analysis of the spatiotemporal changes of ecosystem services and trade-off synergy has important significance for the coordinated development of the ecological environment and economy in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Based on climate regulation services, carbon sequestration and water production services, we combine remote sensing, meteorology, land use and other multi-source data, and use pixel-by-pixel correlation analysis to study the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of trade-offs and synergies in long-term sequences in the study area. The results showed that: (1) From 1990 to 2015, all the three ecosystem services presented a spatial distribution pattern, in which water production, carbon sequestration, and climate regulation increased from northwest to southeast. In the 26 years, water production services and climate regulation services showed a trend of increasing volatility, and inter-annual fluctuations in carbon sequestration services rose slightly. (2) Among different land use types, the three types of services in the forest land type are generally higher in value, while the values of carbon sequestration and climate regulation in the water body type are lower, and the value of water production is higher. In terms of land use types in 2015, the value of water production services was listed as forest land > water body > grassland > cultivated land; the value of carbon sequestration was presented as forest land > arable land > grassland > water body; the value of climate regulation was forest land > grassland > arable land > water body. (3) In the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, there is a trade-off relationship between climate regulation and water production, carbon sequestration and water production. Climate regulation and carbon sequestration services have a mutually reinforcing synergistic relationship. Carbon sequestration and climate regulation are closely related. The correlation between climate regulation and water production is the weakest. (4) Under the protection scenario, the climate and water production exhibit a weak synergy relationship, with the strongest synergy between climate and carbon sequestration, and the weakest balance between water production and carbon sequestration, which is most conducive to the healthy development of the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The fragile ecological zone of the Tibetan Plateau is extremely sensitive to human activities and global changes. To reveal the response characteristics of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to engineering activities and climate changes in the direct impact area and ecological check area (CK) of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction, GIMMS AVHRR NDVI3g plus data (1982-2015), MODIS NDVI data (2001-2018), and meteorological data from the same period were selected in this study. Using the maximum value compositing (MVC) method, the annual maximum NDVI and interannual average NDVI of the direct impact area (8-km buffer zone) and CK (16-km buffer zone) along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were obtained, and trend, variation, correlation, and residual analyses were performed. The results show the following aspects. (1) Using spatio-temporal pseudo-invariant features, the spatial heterogeneity component and periodic greenness component from vegetation coverage were eliminated, and the contribution of climate change and engineering activities were identified. (2) The annual NDVI along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was highly responsive to climate change and engineering activities. In the early stage of construction, the annual NDVI mainly responded to climate change, and the annual NDVI showed a slowly rising trend. In the middle stage of construction, it mainly responded to engineering activities, and the annual NDVI showed a significant downward trend. In the operation of the railway, it responded to a combination of climate change and engineering activities, and the annual NDVI slowly increased. (3) The engineering activities of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway had a significant impact on the vegetation along the railway. In the early stage of construction, the annual NDVI growth rates in the direct impact area and CK were similar. In the mid-construction period, the annual NDVI growth rate in the direct impact area was lower than that in the CK. In the operation of the railway, the annual NDVI growth rate in the direct impact area was higher than that in the CK. (4) From 1982 to 2015, climate change along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway responded significantly to global change. In the Xining-Golmud section, the temperature increase rate was 0.57°C/10a, and the precipitation growth rate was 4.67 mm/10a; in the Golmud-Lhasa section, the temperature increase rate was 0.20°C/10a, and the precipitation growth rate was 1.78 mm/10a. Both temperature and precipitation increased.

Vegetation phenology reflects the adaptation of vegetation to the comprehensive environment. Phenology research is of great significance to understand the growth mechanism of vegetation in the ecosystem and its response to ecological factors, especially climate factors. Based on the MODIS NDVI data and Double Logistic Function fitting method, the vegetation phenology in the typical alpine arid region of Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2019 was selected as the object. The characteristics of static state (spatial heterogeneity) and dynamics (temporal and spatial change) of vegetation phenology and their responses to climate change were studied at the regional and biome levels. The results are as follows. First of all, in Qaidam Basin, the start of growth season (SOS) and the end of growth season (EOS) were mainly advanced. Specifically, the start of growth season was 0.13 days/yr in advance and the end of growth season was 0.23 days/yr in advance. With regard to the end of growth season, 57% of the vegetation areas had a significant advance level (P<0.01). The length of growth season (LOS) was mainly shortened. The trend of shortening was 0.09 days/yr. Secondly, there was a positive correlation between the start of growth season and the end of growth season in spatial distribution and variation trend. In the region where the start of growth season occurred earlier, the end of growth season occurred earlier, and vice versa. The region where the variation trends of the start of growth season and the end of growth season were both in advance showed an obvious overlapping. The last but not the least, the combination of water and heat has obvious restrictive effect on vegetation phenology. No matter in distribution or variation trend of phenology, the start of growth season and the end of growth season were affected more significantly by precipitation, and the response of variation trend to precipitation was faster. Under the alpine arid condition, there was more precipitation in warm steppe and shrub, resulting in the longest growth season, 131 days and 128 days respectively. And the shortest growth season occurred in the alpine meadow (113 days).

The hydrological characteristic process of the dammed lake has practical guiding significance and scientific reference value for the macro-control, forecast and early warning, safety prevention and control of floods in the reservoir area. In order to acquire and grasp the hydrologic characteristics and historical evolution process of the Sarez Dammed Lake in Pamir Plateau in time, the spatiotemporal changes and hydrologic evolution process of this dammed lake from 1972 to 2019 are comprehensively and systematically analyzed by using the intensive time series remote sensing data and the measured data of the hydrological station. And through the "area-water level" relationship model, we reconstruct the historical water level and historical area evolution sequence process of the Sarez Dammed Lake from 1972 to 2019. On this basis, the Mann-Kendall trend and mutation test method is adopted to analyze the hydrological change of the lake. The research results show that: (1) In general, the water level process showed a significant upward trend in volatility, and this volatility trend was mainly manifested in fluctuations and high oscillations during the year, but the amplitude of the rising water level was decreasing year by year. (2) In terms of the hydrological evolution, the hydrological characteristics had an abrupt inflection point around 2013, where the lake area and water level changed from the original slow increase to the accelerated rise. (3) The relationship model between the area and the water level of the Sarez dammed lake is: y=-0.1003x2+18.181x+2440 (R ²=0.63, P<0.05, two tail). Combined with the analysis of river basin meteorology, runoff and related literature data, it is concluded that the intra-annual/inter-annual hydrological fluctuations of the lake are directly affected by the runoff recharge of the upstream Murgabu River. In terms of the causes of hydrological changes, we believe that the increase of river runoff caused by the accelerated melting of plateau glaciers and snow under the environment of global warming is the main reason for the accelerated increase of the area and water level of the lake in recent years.

Geologists pay much attention to mountainous geomorphic evolution of Guizhou Plateau, because of its core region of karst area in Southwest China. There are two different geomorphic blocks in the northern Guizhou Plateau, which is representative for the karst landforms in Guizhou. River terraces in the karst intermontane basin, as an important step-like landform system in this area, are of great significance for the study of regional geomorphic evolution. In this work, we studied sediment characteristics and optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the terraces in the Suiyang Basin and the Wangcao Basin in the northern Guizhou Plateau. And then, the terrace ages and associated evolutionary dynamics of Guizhou Plateau have been discussed. Combining the terrace development and geological background, we explored karst landform evolution of northern Guizhou Plateau. It is found that in the Suiyang Basin, the ages of terrace are ranged between 18.8 ka-8.2 ka for T1 and 144.4 ka-104.1 ka for T2. In the Wangcao Basin, the ages of terrace are 5.5 ka for T1 and 45.1 ka for T2. In the Suiyang Basin, the terraces mainly deposited floodplain sandy sediments, while the terraces in the Wangcao Basin mostly cut the thick dolomite bedrock. The dating results show that in the formation stage of terrace T1, the average cutting rate of the Furong River in Wangcao Basin is 1.67 m/ka, significantly greater than that of the Yangchuan River in the Suiyang Basin, which is 0.35 m/ka. According to dating and regional geological correlation, we hold that climate change may affect the sedimentary characteristics of the terraces, but tectonic uplift is the dominant driving force for terrace formation. Different terrace ages are the results of differential uplifts in the Guizhou Plateau. Based on the terrace characteristics and dating, we found that tectonic uplift and river undercutting in the Wangcao Basin were more intensive than those in the Suiyang Basin. Actively driven by differential tectonic uplift and river erosion, the karst deep-cutting gorges and peak clusters landform is formed in the Furong River Basin, a part of Dalou Mountain, while the flat intermontane basins and hill clustered landform has been developed in the middle reaches of Wujiang River Basin.

International cooperation is not only the leading force for global exploration of cutting-edge science, but also the best way for global response to problems including resources and environment, climate change, health, public security and other issues. It takes only six months from the discovery of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) to more than 6 million confirmed cases and 300,000 deaths, which not only proves that the COVID-19 is too contagious to be overcome, but also demonstrates the common destiny of all countries and regions in the era of globalization. In fact, when this outbreak was declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020 by the WHO, international cooperation is regarded as the key to combating this pandemic. Based on the Web of Science database, this paper systematically reviews the international cooperation on scientific research and its evolution during several major global epidemics. The findings are as follows. In the international cooperation of SARS, H1N1 and Ebola, the United States has been playing a critical role. Meanwhile, Chinese Hong Kong and European countries took the lead in the research of SARS virus and Ebola virus, respectively. By intercepting the COVID-19 research papers on four time nodes, it is found that the cooperation between China and the United States is the constructive framework of the COVID-19 research international cooperation network. In view of the current global pandemic of COVID-19 virus, this article recommends that research institutions in China strengthen the research on COVID-19 virus and vaccines, and actively cooperate with foreign research institutions, especially those countries and regions with severe situations. In the direction of cooperation, the collaboration with U.S. research institutions should be strengthened. In terms of cooperation strategy, it can take advantage of the Hong Kong region to carry out tripartite or multi-party cooperation with relevant foreign research institutions.

As a common carrier of human and information, cyberspace is intertwined and integrated with geographical space. It has become a new spatial form of human activities as well as an important basis for the operation and development of social system. The diversity and volume of elements in cyberspace and the frequency and complexity of cyber-attacks have brought new challenges to the governance and security of cyberspace. At present, the cognition of cyberspace is inadequate, the geographical attributes of cyberspace are ignored, and a reasonable and complete classification framework of cyberspace elements has not been formed, making it difficult to meet the practical needs of cybersecurity business. Therefore, comprehensively considering both the interactions between cyberspace and geographical space and their characteristics, constructing a hierarchical system of cyberspace elements with all sorts of themes and clear layers, are of great importance for drawing geographic maps of cyberspace and realizing the visual expression of cyberspace. Based on the review of cyberspace hierarchical model, with cyberspace geography theory as guidance, focusing on the "man-land-network" relationship, combining with the practical demand for cybersecurity business, drawing on the construction method of geographic factor index system, the present study put forward a four-layer cyberspace hierarchical model including the geographical environment layer, the network environment layer, the behavior subject layer, and the business environment layer. Specifically, the geographical environment layer is the base layer, which is the carrier of all kinds of cyberspace infrastructure as well as the foundation of multi-source data integration, visualization, and comprehensive analysis; The upper layer is the network environment layer, including physical network and logical network. The behavior subject layer is composed of realistic roles, cyberspace roles, managers and organizations, and also involves their activities and social relations; The business environment layer is abstracted from the previous three layers, including all kinds of cybersecurity cases (incidents), critical network assets, security situation, cybersecurity protection activities, cybersecurity intelligence, and other elements related to cybersecurity business. Additionally, the methods to express and link the elements of each layer were also explored. All of these efforts could provide a scientific basis for the management of network asset and for the comprehensive prevention and control of cybersecurity.

Electronic machinery manufacturing products have occupied a crucial position in trading activities of China and studying the spatial pattern of such products from the perspective of intra-product trade can help to understand the Chinese trading system better. After differentiating intermediate/final products and general/processing trading modes, this study analyzes the spatial distribution of enterprises in China exporting electronic machinery manufacturing products in the aspects of export places and trading partners, and explains the distribution based on the technological relatedness. The findings are as follows. As for the descriptive part, firstly, firms of the general trading mode are located in more cities than those trading processing products, in which the latter prefers to agglomerate in the eastern region. Similarly, firms exporting intermediate products are more scattered in the inner areas. Secondly, firms exporting intermediate products export to most of countries, while those with final products mainly concentrate in developing countries. In other words, developed countries, mainly in America and Europe, import more intermediate products from China. In addition, the firms with final products, particularly the ones under the general trading mode, tend to export more to the developing countries represented by those in Africa and South America. As for the empirical part based on econometric models, first of all, at the national level, for enterprises with intermediate products under both the general and processing modes, and the ones with final products under the general mode, the higher degree of their technological relatedness to the local product structure, the greater chances they come to this place to export. In the eastern region of China, such positive correlation also exists in firms with final products under the processing mode. When it comes to the central and western regions, this promoting effect of technological relatedness on exporting behaviors only exists in the general-trade enterprises. Next, for firms exporting products under the general mode, the higher degree of their technological relatedness to the product structure imported from China of a certain country, the easier they select the country as one of the trading partners. This relation is not robust for firms with products under the processing mode. Moreover, when dividing countries into different groups by income levels, such promoting effect is validated in general-trade firms exporting to countries of middle- and low-income groups, while it is insignificant in the high-income destinations.

This study attempts to integrate the hinterland evolution of seaports and inland ports into a unified research framework. The field strength model is used to divide the direct hinterland scope of the main seaports and inland ports in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in 2001, 2008 and 2016. Afterward, this study analyzes the evolution characteristics, and summarizes the hinterland evolution influence mechanism of the two leading ports with the most significant evolution - Shanghai port and Ningbo port. The research outcomes reveal that: (1) There are significant differences in the comprehensive influence and traffic accessibility of each port, and there are also changes in their ranking. (2) Due to the port cluster of YRD involving seaports and inland ports, the high value areas of field strength are concentrated in Shanghai, Ningbo and Lianyungang ports. (3) Significant difference is found in the scope of direct hinterland, but the overall spatial pattern shows no great change. The most dramatic change is that the expanding hinterland scope of Ningbo port basically comes from the shrinking hinterland scope of Shanghai port. The potential reason is that the further expansion of Shanghai port is indirect hinterland of river-sea shipping rather than direct land hinterland. On the contrary, Ningbo port expands the direct land hinterland. (4) The endowment differences between two ports lead to different hinterland evolution mechanisms and various types of port groups. Limited by water depth, Shanghai port depends more on developed freight forwarding system, cross provincial strategic alliance, capital investment on inland ports along the Yangtze River and other market mechanisms. Furthermore, with the intergovernmental cooperation, tax relief and deregulation, Shanghai port gradually establishes a relatively loose port community, which strengthens the control of the source of goods and further expands the indirect hinterland based on river-sea shipping. (5) Ningbo port, with advantageous port resources, leans heavily on administrative power of Zhejiang provincial government to integrate the port resources in jurisdiction, which forms a relatively close port community. This action contributes to alleviating cargo flow saturation and improving traffic accessibility. In the meantime, Ningbo port gradually sets up the chain of dry port, by which it expands the direct land hinterland to Zhejiang jurisdiction.

Sustainable development of agricultural landscape is the cornerstone for ensuring food security, farming civilization, rural maintenance, eco-environmental security and even stable socioeconomic development. But the vulnerability of agricultural landscape calls for efficient landscape conservation to ensure its sustainability. That is typically the case in China: hyper urbanization and rapid economic development have highly risked the sustainability of agricultural landscape. Learning from the rich experience of developed countries in conserving agricultural landscape is urgently needed. As such, this paper makes a comprehensive review on the long-term pathways of agricultural landscape conservation in some typical developed countries like European countries, the USA and Japan, with the aims of exploring general pathways of agricultural landscape conservation, learning lessons from the experiences of developed countries and also providing some possible implications for agricultural landscape conservation in China.
The main results are as follows: (1) There are typically five agricultural landscape conservation patterns in the long-term pathways of developed countries’ agricultural landscape conservation. From ancient times to the present, many developed countries have gone through traditional-use of conservation pattern, exploitation conservation pattern, control conservation pattern, and governance conservation pattern to current stewardship conservation pattern. (2) We summarized the characteristics of each agricultural landscape conservation pattern. It was revealed that the goals of conservation patterns gradually transformed from ancient self-fed production to current sustainable development, with their landscape sustainability level first decreasing then rising. (3) We also identified that the pathway of agricultural landscape conservation in China generally kept consistent with the pathways of developed countries, that is, following the pathway of “traditional-use of conservation pattern→exploitation conservation pattern→control conservation pattern→governance conservation pattern→stewardship conservation pattern”. Nowadays, China is pursuing long-term sustainable development of agricultural landscape through the construction of Ecological Civilization System, which makes it somewhere in between governance conservation pattern and stewardship conservation pattern. (4) At the end of this paper, we proposed some possible implications and directions for the future agricultural landscape conservation in China, which include enhancing stakeholders’ awareness of landscape stewardship, optimizing multi-scale landscape patterns and services, securing information symmetry and communication channels, and improving policy resilience and efficiency.

Evapotranspiration is an important component of water balances on coral islands, which plays a pivotal role in the ecological protection of coral reefs. A field experiment using a self-made microlysimeter was carried out in Zhaoshu Island, Xisha Islands, China from June 20th, 2018 to August 16th, 2018, which obtained the change processes of actual evaporation after rainfall, as well as evapotranspiration characteristics of different underlying surface and calcareous sand particles. Soil on coral islands is mainly calcareous sand, which has high porosity and water binding capacity. The actual evaporation observation of sandy loam bare land showed that the average evaporation rate was 1.6±0.2 mm/d from the 2nd day to the 4th day after rainfall, which was followed by a rapid decrease on the 5th-7th days. Evaporation rate stabilized at 0.5±0.2 mm/d gradually after the 7th day. Soil water content took control of evaporation. The ratio of bare surface evaporation rate to pan evaporation rate had a significant linear correlation with surface soil water content, indicating that evaporation of bare land on coral islands could be predicted by pan evaporation and soil water content. Control evapotranspiration experiment showed that potential evapotranspiration rate of different types of microlysimeter followed a rule of ET_{grassland in the open field} > ET_{sandy loam in the open field} > ET_{grassland in forests belt} > ET_{sandy loam in forests belt}. The shade of forests could decrease evapotranspiration, however, evapotranspiration of grassland decreased larger than that of sandy loam soil under the forests belt. Evaporation of calcareous sand was affected by the sand textures, the larger the calcareous sand particles. The shorter the duration of rapid evaporation, and the smaller the evaporation rate. Daily evaporation rate (mm/d) and midday evaporation rate (mm/h) showed a significant linear correlation especially for sandy loam soil, fine sand, and medium sand. So, we could estimate daily evaporation of fine sand, medium sand, and sandy loam soil in South China Sea with midday evaporation rate for similar underlying surface and climate conditions.

Health research has long recognized the importance of residential instability. However, less attention has been paid to disclose their relationships against the background of frequent mobility in urban China. Thus, this study used multilevel linear models and grouping regression to explore the impacts of residential instability on migrants′ health based on the data collected from a questionnaire survey involving 9 cities and 2573 respondents. The results were as follows: (1) Migrants in urban China exhibited an ordinary level of subjective well-being (SWB) but reported preferable value in self-rated physical health (SRH). Notably, there were significant differences in health between genders. (2) Migrants′ health was affected by sociodemography, residential instability, as well as geographical factors. For instance, migrants working overtime and those living in cities with higher housing prices exhibited lower health outcomes. Married, well-educated, and high-income migrants were happier than the rest of the migrants. No evidence has shown that marital status, education level, and monthly income were significantly related to their physical health. (3) Residential instability had a statistical significance in health outcomes, and the strength of effect varied in different gender groups. In detail, interurban and intraurban mobilities were negatively related to migrants′ health in both subjective well-being and physical health. Importantly, these relationships were prominent in terms of males. In other words, frequent mobility can reduce their health. Besides, migrants moving with family members and owning purchased houses exhibited better health than those moving on their own and living in rented houses, especially in female groups. Moreover, migrants residing in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of locals had a higher probability of reporting better health. This result was also obvious in female migrants who concerned more on neighborhood safety. Finally, the number of friends was positively correlated with migrants′ health, which implied the health promotion of social capital in cities. All in all, this study confirmed that residential instability had a significant impact on migrants′ health and that gender played a moderating role in this relationship. Men were more sensitive and vulnerable to mobility factors, while women′s poor health was attributed to housing and neighborhood instability. Therefore, we call for the government to strengthen the housing attainment, education, medical services, etc. to increase migrants′ settlement intentions and reduce the frequency of mobility. On the other hand, community committees should encourage migrants to interact with locals to build a cohesive and supportive neighborhood for health promotion.

With the continuous changes in the composition and migration patterns of floating population in China, amenities such as air quality have gradually become important factors in shaping the spatial pattern of migration. On one hand, the heterogeneous demand structure of various subgroups of migrants is surely to lead to substantial change in their overall preference for attributes of destination cities as the composition of migrants evolves significantly in recent years, that is, but not limited to, the increasing shares of the high-skilled, the aged, and followers. On the other hand, emerging types of migration such as inter-city migration, secondary migration, and return migration has not only made the spatial modes of China′s internal migration much more complex than before but also provided more opportunities to cities that used to lack economic superiority and thus can rarely share the migration dividend in the past. Against this background, based on the data of population censuses and sample surveys since 2000 and by using panel data models, this paper explores the overall characteristics, changing trends and acting paths of the effect of air quality on migration. Regression results of the panel data model demonstrated the significantly positive association between air quality and net migration rate which has rarely been discussed in previous literature. A set of cross-sectional models further revealed the increasing role that air quality plays in affecting the geography of China′s internal migration, which is in line with the migration transition history of developed countries. In-depth analysis on the mechanism of this effect found that the environmental condition has been acting mainly as a push factor instead of a pull one. Air quality is directly related to the emigration decision, which means that a number of Chinese people have been escaping from heavily polluted areas. In contrast, satisfactory air quality and pleasant living conditions have not been a vital factor in attracting migrants. As it is a fact that income level and job opportunity still play a significant role in pulling, their overall influence has been shrinking gradually as the income level increases commonly in all Chinese cities. In addition, the study verified the guiding role of accessibility of educational resources for cities to attract internal migrants and further revealed the continuously strengthened position of megalopolises as the main spatial form of China′s new-type urbanization from the perspective of migration.

While China′s urbanization has been characterized by 'growth-oriented' development models, the recent literature has highlighted the emergence of urban shrinkage in China, i.e., cities and regions that endure sustained population losses. This is especially the case for some resource-based cities in Northeast and North China, which have been losing their population and suffering from stagnant and even negative local GDP growth. Shrinking cities is a new phenomenon for research in the areas of population-resources-environments, spatial planning and urban governance in China. Based on a brief review of related literature, this paper summarizes some misunderstandings in the research of shrinking cities in China. It is a challenge to identify shrinking cities scientifically because of different demographies, different classification standards and disconnection between attributes data and geographic units. Extending from the suggestion from Zhou and Shi (1995), this paper, based on urban physical areas comparison and urban administrative areas test, analyzes the changes of China′s urban population and proposes a framework to identify the shrinking cities. The results show that there are 114 designated cities, in which the population size of the "Chengrenkou" (residential population in the built-up area) in 2010 was smaller than that of the "Shirenkou" (residential population in the administrative area) in 2000. However, due to a larger "Shirenkou" size in 2000 in statistics than in actual situation, and also several inflated figures of "Chengrenkou" in 2010, the exact number of "shrinking cities" is less than 114. After excluding "urban administrative areas" with a larger rural population, 56 cities and 75 cities were in net outflow in 2000 and 2010, respectively. The results are highly policy-relevant, therefore we should adjust future policies regarding urban shrinkage management. Finally, this paper argues that China should establish the concept of urban physical areas and promote the regional collaborative statistical system of urbanization. And it is also necessary to build a "spatio-temporal aligned" geographic information system database of China's resident population and take the regional differences in the administrative divisions into account in order to continuously promote the accurate division of urban and rural population.

Polycentric structure is an important method of dispersing urban population, relieving traffic congestion, adjusting the imbalance of job-housing, and dealing with "big city disease". First of all, word vector is used to describe the spatial characteristics and behavior rules of the trajectory big data, and vector operation is used to reflect the correlation between the origin points and destination points of the trajectories. In addition, the spatial grid of Zhengzhou city is divided, the gravity of grid units to mobile targets is measured by using the gravitational model of data field theory, and the recognition of polycentric structure is completed. At last, the interaction rules of the polycentric structure are explored with the assistance of the complex network theory, and the relationships between the polycentric nodes are reflected by the in-and-out intensity, net flow ratio and chain weight. The results show that: (1) The gravity strength of trajectories presents a circular spatial pattern with a strong core and weak peripheries, and the region with high gravity spreads along the main roads. There are significant differences in the unbalanced gravity of trajectories among the identified 21 centers. Urban elements and moving targets spread from the saturated core urban area to the periphery along the main traffic routes. The spatial distribution of polycentric structure presents a typical overflow pattern of dense inside and sparse outside. (2) The regional gravity intensity and interaction frequency of the peripheral sub-centers are low, and the interaction direction mainly goes towards the primary centers in the core urban area. Although the planning prospect of the peripheral centers is broad, due to the late planning, remote location and insufficient supporting facilities, their attraction to the surrounding areas is limited. And it will take a long time to achieve the planning objectives. In order to make the sub-centers decentralize better, it is necessary to strengthen the overall planning and guide the scientific development of the sub-centers. A polycentric structure recognition method and spatial interaction analysis method based on the trajectory gravity of word vector data field are proposed. The trajectory word vector describes the spatial information and travel pattern information in a comprehensive way, the trajectory gravity intensity expressed by the potential value of data field is more accurate, and the polycentric spatial interaction structure analyzed in a complex network is clearer. The evolution mechanism of polycentric structure is presented from the perspective of flow. This is a more suitable polycentric analysis method for trajectory data, which provides a new idea for urban planning.

This paper studied the spatial structure, pattern, and characteristics of Russian railway passenger network. The paper first built a daily railway passenger flow matrix consisting of 81*81 capital cities to evaluate the daily railway passenger flow of Russia. Then by analyzing the network density, three kinds of centralities, core/periphery structure and cohesive subgroups using the network analysis software - University of California at Irvine Network (UCINET), this paper displayed the structure and characteristics of Russian railway passenger network. Finally, the global trend analysis and spatial interpolation function of geographic information system (GIS) were used to simulate the pattern of the daily railway passenger flow and three kinds of centralities in Russia and to reveal the characteristics and the differentiation of their spatial distribution. The results are as follows. First, spatially, the railway passenger network of Russia is loosely organized, displaying the unbalanced characteristic of "dense in the west, while sparse in the east". The railway passenger network of different federal districts differs greatly as such: Privolzhsky (Volga) Federal District > Siberian Federal District > Central Federal District > Ural Federal District > North West Federal District > South Federal District > Far East Federal District> North-Caucasian Federal District. Particularly, the railway passenger connection density of the capital cities in the Central Federal District and along the trans-Siberian railway is higher than that of other capital cities in Russia. The railway subgroups and cores of the northern Europe clique, southern Europe clique, and Asia clique in Russia are different. Second, by analyzing the daily railway passenger flow, we find that the trans-Siberian railway line which has developed into the main "corridor" of Russian railway passenger flow is much higher than the rest lines. However, its south and north sides have shown an asymmetric reduction trend. And in the trans-Siberian railway line, Moscow, Yekaterinburg-Perm-Tyumen, Omsk, and Novosibirsk are located in the key positions of high railway passenger flow. Third, key elements related to railway such as population of the capital cities located on the southwest side of Russian population boundary (Saint Petersburg- Rupublic of Tuva) line is higher than that of the capital cities on the northeast side. Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Tyumen, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Novosibirsk, and Tver are the national important railway passenger accessibility intermediary cities.

City is an important space carrier for tourists' activities. Grasping the characteristics of tourists' mobility between cities is the premise and foundation for exploring the tourism links between regional cities, clarifying the mechanism of tourism-affected regional development and optimizing the layout and strategy of urban tourism development in the future. Based on the clustering method, mining algorithm and network analysis method, this paper takes geo-tagged photos as the research object, and analyzes the spatial characteristics of inbound tourists from 52 prefecture-level cities in the Pan-Yangtze River Delta from the perspectives of distribution, type, flow and image. Through the data acquisition, processing, analysis and other steps, some conclusions can be drawn as follows. The results show that according to the degree of inbound tourists, the study area can be divided into the inbound tourism core area, the sub-core area and the marginal area. The core area is highly consistent with the regional economic center, and higher economic level provides a strong support for the development of regional tourism. The sub-core area has prominent tourism resources, rich or special tourist resources can make up for development disadvantages and attract more tourists. The great tourism development potential of marginal area will become key development area in the future. At the same time, the density of inbound tourists' moving networks gradually decreases from the central core area to the outer edge area, forming a four-level network hierarchy, and the density of network structure decreases from east to west. Moreover, the distribution and flow of inbound tourists within the provinces and cities are also differentiated, which are closely related to resource endowments, economic levels, traffic conditions and service reception levels, and the different influencing factors have the difference function degree in different areas. Further quantitative analysis is needed at a later stage. Finally, the image analysis of inbound tourists shows that different regions generally have corresponding local characteristics, and confirm the influence and role of the most essential local characteristics of the destination on its spatial distribution and flow characteristics.

Since the reform and opening-up, the institutional environment for the development of Chinese museums has undergone fundamental changes, from absolute government dominance to encouraging and supporting non-public capital to invest museums. Various social and market subjects have shown great enthusiasm and initiative in participating in the construction and development of museums. Domestic research has rarely systematically sorted out the development and characteristics of museums, and rarely explored the relationship between museum development and institutional environment. However, this work is of great significance for guiding museum development and enriching the theoretical connotation of museum research. Taking Chengdu, the city with the largest number of museums in China, as an example, and using qualitative methods such as semi-structured interviews, this paper systematically studies the development process, characteristics and spatial effects of museums in Chengdu. Results show that: (1) The museum development in Chengdu has experienced three stages, namely nationalization, non-nationalization and industrialization. The key features of museum development include the increasing number, various types, significant differences in the scale and level between state-owned and private nuseums, diverse functions, gradual formation of industrial foundation, and prominent relocation and agglomeration. (2) Institutional change has affected museum development by changing the types of participants and their perceptions and behaviors. Chengdu municipal government regards museums as an essential carrier for the development of cultural industries, and actively promotes the construction of state-owned museums and the gathering of private museums. Companies, which are market-oriented, try to use museums to demonstrate their social responsibility. Collectors and art workers, with strong individuality and subjectivity in their behavior, take museums as a platform for entrepreneurship and cultural creation. (3) The spatial effects of the development of state-owned museums in Chengdu are quite different from those of private ones. The former mainly refers to the influence of a single state-owned museum on the industrial type and land use of its surrounding area, and the latter mainly refers to the impact of the gathering of multiple private museums on the industrial and functional structure of the gathering area.

It is a powerful guarantee for the implementation of China's Rural Revitalization Strategy to clarify measures for the governance of rural public space as well as to promote the orderly reconstruction of rural space comprehensively, which is an inevitable requirement for deepening the problem and strategic orientated perspective of rural geography research. Firstly, this paper defined the connotation of rural public space and its classification clearly. Secondly, it reviewed the historical evolution process and characteristics of rural public space in China. Thirdly, it pointed out the realistic bottlenecks such as unclear ownership relationship, limited land system and disordered spatial organization in rural public space. This paper constructed a comprehensive governance system of “demand-planning-organization” in rural public space, and used a governance idea which combines “from top to down” administrative control with “from bottom to up” governance demand, so as to strengthen the important role of material space optimization and ownership integration in the rural reconstruction. Specifically, the basic demand of public space provides the prerequisite for rural reconstruction, the overall governance of rural public space clarifies the main responsibilities of participants, and the governance of public space organization is helpful to promote the coordination abilities of rural development elements. On this basis, we put forward the governance framework of rural public space, which can activate the transformation of key elements, clarify the responsibilities of ownership subjects and consolidate the institutional security system. On the one hand, rural reconstruction provides direction for rural public space governance. On the other hand, the governance of rural public space provides a guarantee for rural reconstruction. Rural reconstruction and rural public space governance are closely related to improvement of the rural spatial planning system and enhancement of the rural social governance capacity. It is beneficial to promote the modernization of rural governance system and further rural revitalization while deepening the mutual assistance mechanism between rural public space governance and rural reconstruction. It is of great significance to carry out research on the governance of rural public space in China, which will provide an important basis for improving the rural spatial planning system and promoting the modernization of rural governance system.

The spatial form of traditional villages is subject to both natural and cultural impact, and demonstrates complicated differences. The spatial differences can be used to identify the man-land relationship as well as the spatial mechanism and cultural formation mechanism within the system, and are therefore a major scientific topic in human geography. From the perspective of spatial order, this research selects 10 typical traditional villages in southern Hunan province, and compares the differences in the directional order, compactness, fractional dimension, and centrality and centralization of social network analysis within and between villages. The TOPSIS approach is employed to establish a comprehensive evaluation system, explore the universality and individuality in the spatial order of traditional villages and analyze the influencers and spatial mechanism. The findings suggest that directional order is the most direct representation of the spatial order of traditional villages. The average direction order values of traditional villages in the study area are all greater than 0.7. Compactness and fractional dimension represent how compact and complicated the spatial form is, and reflect the outwards spatial order of the villages. The traditional villages in southern Hunan are quite compact, with less complicated boundaries. The degree centrality represents how central the villages are, the closeness centrality represents the clustering of villages, and the betweenness centrality represents the brokenness of the villages. The closeness centrality and betweenness centrality fall near the geometric center of the traditional villages in the study area. The spatial order of villages represents the self-organization of social order. The traditional villages have good spatial order, with the influencing factors being natural landscapes, kinship, economy, and culture and education. The findings are of theoretical and practical significance to identifying the spatial form of traditional villages and their cultural formation mechanism.

In the strategic background of high quality integration in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), green technology innovation, as the combination of green development and innovation-driven national strategies, has become an important engine of green transformation and development in the region. This paper, by constructing a super-efficiency SBM-DEA model that includes undesired output, measures the efficiency of green technology innovation in core cities of the YRD from 2010 to 2017, and studies its spatio-temporal evolutionary pattern and driving forces mechanism. The results show that, (1) In terms of time series evolution, the green technology innovation efficiency in the study region shows a “W”-shape pattern. (2) In terms of spatial evolution, the green technology innovation efficiency in the southeast of the YRD is relatively stable, while changes in the central and southwestern parts are obvious, showing the characteristics of continuous agglomeration and development as a whole. (3) In terms of spatial correlation, the regional spatial relationship of green technology innovation efficiency in the YRD has gradually changed from the “polarization effect” to the “trickle down effect”. As a whole, Theil index and Gini coefficient show the characteristics of an “M” change opposite to the evolution of time series. (4) Based on the measured results of input, output and efficiency of green technology innovation in the delta region, all cities are identified into six types: high-high-high, high-high-low, high-low-low, low-high-high, low-low-high, and low-low-low This further reveals regional differences in the development path of green technology innovation in the YRD. (5) The research results of driving forces mechanism show that environmental regulation, economic development, industrial structure, opening degree to the outside world, human capital and urbanization all play significant positive roles in promoting the spatio-temporal evolution of green technology innovation efficiency in the YRD, while the innovation support has a significant negative spillover effect. (6) On the whole, the green technology innovation in the study region does have a significant “Porter Hypothesis” effect, but the “pollution paradise” effect mentioned in the literature has not been found.

Based on corporate equity connection investment data among cities during 2003-2018, this study investigates the urban investment linkage level in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), aiming to explore spatio-temporal dynamics of urban investment linkage level in this region at global(outside the Chinese customs territory), national(within the Chinese customs territory), and regional scales by the social network analysis and Markov chain methods. The spatial panel data econometric model further reveals the factors of urban investment linkage level. The results of the study are as follows: (1) The amount of intercity investment in the YRD has dramatically increased, and the industry structure of investment at the global, national, and regional scales are characterized by service-driven, manufacturing-driven, and industry-equilibrium types, respectively. (2) The urban investment network shows the characteristics of regional orientation and polycentric evolution. Cities such as Shanghai, Hangzhou and Nanjing are playing an increasingly important role of converging the global and national investment, and radiating the region internally in the YRD. (3) The spatial distribution of urban investment linkages is uneven at global, national and regional scales, showing that the spatial structure supported by the Shanghai-Nanjing-Hefei-Hangzhou-Ningbo development corridor is gradually highlighted. The global, national, and regional levels of urban investment linkage present the outstanding characteristics of continuous distribution of low-level areas, first coastal and then inland expansion of improved spaces, and wide-area expansion of medium- and low-level areas. (4) The urban investment linkage level tends to shift to the adjacent higher level, and it is difficult to realize the leap forward transfer. There are significant club convergence effects and Matthew effects. With the expansion of spatial scale, the difficulty of transferring to a higher level will increase, and the club convergence effect and Matthew effect will also increase. The geographical spatial pattern plays an essential role in the transfer of the level of urban investment linkage at all scales. The higher- and lower-level cities have positive and negative spatial spillover effects on the surrounding cities, respectively. (5) Industrial base, labor cost and urban administrative level all have a significant impact on the urban investment linkage level at all scales, while innovation capacity has no significant impact on it. Time distance from Shanghai has a significant impact on the urban investment linkage level at global and national scales. Economic globalization only affects urban investment linkage level at global scale.

The rapid development of population urbanization and the lag of ecological urbanization are major problems in the process of China's rapid urbanization. This paper, taking the urban population and green space area in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) as the research object, constructs an urban population and green space area allometric growth model to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of the relationship between the two from 2000 to 2018, and uses the geographic detector model to reveal the driving mechanism of the allometric growth. The results show that: (1) The urban population in the study area is increasing rapidly, while the green space construction land is growing slowly. The allometric relationship between urban population and green space area in the region has gradually changed from the coordination of human and land to population expansion. Most cities are characterised by green space expansion from 2000 to 2008, but by population expansion from 2009 to 2018. (2) Education input, population concentration, facility supply, land development, and external development degree are the main factors affecting the allometric growth of urban population and green space area in the YRD. The interactive explanatory power of the two factors is higher than that of the single factor, and the influence among the factors is characterized by synergistic enhancement. (3) The allometric growth of urban population and green space area in the YRD is the result of the joint drive of administrative force, market force and foreign capital. The three driving forces are interrelated and synergistic, and the leading driving force is gradually transformed from administrative force to market force.

As an epoch-making reform in the history of China's transportation, high-speed railway (HSR) has had a significant impact on the economic development and regional spatial pattern of the cities along the line. Accurate measurement of the spatial spillover effect of HSR stations, as well as its spatial heterogeneities and influencing factors, is of great significance for the layout of HSR stations, the construction of new HSR cities and the coordinated development of regions. This study interprets the night-time light intensity of 527 HSR stations in 180 cities from 2004 to 2017, and estimates the spillover effect of each HSR station by using the difference-in-differences approach. It is found that the opening of China's HSR stations has increased the intensity of regional economic activity by about 4.7%. This spatial spillover effect is affected by many factors and has great spatial heterogeneity. (1) The increasing number of HSR stations in the same city will weaken the spillover effect of the stations. And there is a significant competitive relationship between airports and HSR stations, which will weaken the agglomeration effect of HSR on economic activities. (2) Compared with the central, western, and northeast regions, the spillover effect of HSR stations in the eastern region is more significant, indicating that the eastern cities get more dividends in the construction of HSR. (3) The spillover effect of high-speed rail stations will be enhanced by the growth of urban scale, but there is no linear relationship between them, and the spillover effect of high-speed rail stations in mega-cities is the most significant. In addition, the distance to Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou is also an important factor affecting the effect. With the increase of distance, the spillover effect of high-speed rail stations becomes insignificant or even negative. The above conclusions show that the construction of new-HSR towns should take into account many factors such as local industrial economy, city size and location, number of airports or HSR stations in the same city.

With the vigorous construction of rail transit, subway houses have become an interesting theme all over the world. Exploring its spatio-temporal effects will help to predict the impact of new rail transit in the future and help the government to formulate reasonable housing price regulation and urban land use policy. Taking Fuzhou Metro Line 1 as an example, this paper discusses the spatio-temporal effects of urban rail transit on housing price within a 2-km distance from stations in the construction stage and operation stage, and uses hedonic price model, quantile regression and GIS spatial analysis techniques based on the ten-year long housing transaction data. In addition, macro factors are included in the time effect measurement of rail transit. The empirical results show that: (1) The housing price along the urban rail transit line is affected by various factors, such as location, neighborhood, architecture, etc. The urban rail transit imposes a statistically significant and positive effect on housing price along the line, and the medium and high price housing market is obviously affected by the urban rail transit. (2) In the spatial dimension, the housing price decreases with the increase of distance from the rail transit station. Usually, 1 km increase in the distance to the rail transit station will lead to a 5.1% increase in housing price. The impact of rail transit on housing price has significant submarket effect. The impact radius of the central urban area market is larger than that of the non-central urban area market, and the average spatial impact range is about 1.5 km. However, the impact intensity of the non-central urban area market is much higher than that of the central urban area market, and the housing price is most affected by rail transit within 400 m. (3) In terms of time dimension, the urban rail transit has a positive effect on the housing price along the line in different stages, and the housing prices in operation stage increases by 19.63% in average, significantly higher than that of the construction stage. Meanwhile, the effect of rail transit on housing price is far greater than that of regulatory policy and macroeconomic background.

Commuting is an issue facing urban employees in their daily work. Compared to the macro-level urban built environment, the macro-level neighborhood environmental perception and individual health are more closely related to commuting mode choice. This paper takes eight typical communities with different traffic environments, leisure environments and socioeconomic statuses in the main urban area of Nanjing city as the research area, and uses the structural equation model to investigate the influence of neighborhood environmental perception and individual health on urban employees' commuting mode choice. Firstly, based on questionnaire survey data, according to the amount of physical activity consumed by the employees when they choose commuting modes during the commuting process, the commuting modes are divided into four categories: active commuting, public transportation commuting, electric vehicle/motorcycle commuting and car commuting. Secondly, the latent variables of neighborhood environmental perception are identified using factor analysis, and individual health is divided into three latent variables: physical health, mental health and health behavior. Finally, the theoretical framework of the structural equation model is constructed and an empirical analysis is conducted using the structural equation model. The results show that: (1) The perception of service facilities and environmental quality have significant direct effects on commuting mode choice, while traffic safety perception has significant indirect effect. (2) Mental health and health behavior in the individual health variables have significant direct effects on commuting mode choice. (3) Commuting distance and socioeconomic attributes have significant direct effects on commuting mode choice, while socioeconomic attributes have significant indirect effects, which come from the impact of socioeconomic attributes on commuting distance, neighborhood environmental perception and individual health. Based on the results of the study, it is proposed to effectively enhance the subjective perception of the neighborhood environment, and increase the willingness to participate in healthy behaviors and health awareness of the urban employees so as to choose a more healthy and environmentally friendly commuting mode.

In this paper, a population potential model under the influence of environmental factors is constructed, and four sets of the crop model and water model driven by climate system models are combined to simulate the spatiotemporal evolution trend of China's population in the near (2030) and medium (2050) periods under SSPs-RCPs scenario matrix. It is found that under the SSPs scenario, the gap between population proportions on the east and west sides of Hu Huanyong Line (also known as Hu Line) in China will be further enlarged in the future, while under the scenario of SSP-RCPS, the population proportion gap on both sides of the Hu Line will be somewhat narrowed compared with the SSP scenario alone. The reason for the former is that the urbanization development on the east side of the Hu Line is much higher than that on the west side. Under the background of population urbanization in China, the population on the east side of the Hu Line increases. The latter is due to the favorable change of hydrothermal conditions on the west side of the Hu Line under the influence of climate change, which further improves the environmental carrying capacity of the population. The impact of social and economic development on change of population proportion on both sides of the Hu Line is far greater than the impact of climate change. This paper aims to explore the possibility of the breakthrough of the Hu Line from north, middle and south sections. We believe that the middle section will act as the breakthrough point because the region where Yellow River and other rivers flow through have rich water resources, which is favorable to the development of urbanization.

Return migration has become a critical socio-economic phenomenon in China. As an important force to promote the new urbanization and rural revitalization, return migrants and their entrepreneurial activities have attracted wide attention. It is of great significance to study the spatial pattern and the process of returnee entrepreneurship, and the influencing mechanism of start-up and growth of returnee's enterprises to meet the major needs of the country and to develop the entrepreneurship research theory of geography. Based on a systematic review of research in related fields such as return migration, entrepreneurial decision-making and its driving mechanisms, the present paper found that existing research focuses on the role of individual differences in returnee entrepreneurship and the role of individual capital accumulation, such as savings and human capital, with less attention to spatial differences of entrepreneurship of return migrants, but the internal relationship between the spatial environment and returnee entrepreneurship has not been fully studied, and the research on the impact of the interaction between the spatial environment of different scales and return migrant individuals on entrepreneurship is relatively weak. Focusing on the spatial multiplicity of socio-economic relations and capital accumulation of return migrants, on the basis of the embeddedness theory, using the “multiscaled spatial embeddedness” analysis tool of geography, we established the research framework of the returnee entrepreneurship. Correspondingly, the future research can be conducted according to the research route of “pattern-process-mechanism-pattern”, aiming to examine the coupling relationship between the spatial pattern of returnee entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial process, reveal the birth and growth mechanism of enterprises established by return migrants, explore the general characteristics and laws of returnee entrepreneurship in different scales and different types of space, so as to provide theoretical reference for entrepreneurship study and return migration study in geography under the new background of migration, and to provide scientific support for the construction of regional entrepreneurial support system.

The entrepreneurship of returned migrant workers is becoming an important force for rural revitalization. The choice of entrepreneurial location reflects the entrepreneurial spatial decision-making ability, which has an effect on entrepreneurial performance. The statistical and multinomial logistic analysis methods were used to explore the characteristics and influencing factors of returned migrant workers' entrepreneurship in terms of data from 14 villages of Henan province. The results show that: (1) the entrepreneurial location of returned migrant workers presents a village-centered and close-range distribution. Most entrepreneurs are situated within a distance of 50 km of the village-centered area. About half of returned migrant workers set up their business at the doorstep, mainly concentrated in 0.5 h to 1 h working circle. The entrepreneurial location is mainly selected in village or county, followed by town or nearby city. Entrepreneurial activity space of returned migrant workers has the law of distance attenuation. The mode of transportation and time determine the spatial scope of entrepreneurial activity to a certain extent. The study verifies the applicability of the activity space theory in the choice of entrepreneurial location of floating population in behavioral geography and traditional geography of the law of distance decay, and reveals the spatial law of return migrant workers' entrepreneurial behavior. (2) In addition to a small number of large-scale startups, most of them are micro enterprises and individual business. The output value of entrepreneurial enterprises is positively associated with the distance. Except for more agricultural projects in village locations, the industry differences among other types of entrepreneurial locations are not clear. (3) The choice of entrepreneurial location is based on the premise of obtaining economic profits, taking into account personal factors, employment factors, community factors and entrepreneurial factors. Among them, the academic qualifications, the village return ratio, and type of entrepreneurship projects in the secondary industry have a positive impact on the choice of non-village locations, while the migrant workers' age, the number of working places, skills of labor forces, plains and hills, types of entrepreneurial projects in the primary industry have a negative impact.

The research on the efficiency of marine environmental regulation has important reference value for China's marine environmental governance. Based on the unexpected output SBM model to measure the efficiency of China's marine environmental regulation, the current study examines the spatio-temporal evolution of China's marine environmental regulation efficiency and its corresponding influencing factors from 2007 to 2017, combined with nuclear density, standard deviational ellipse model and generalized method of moments model. The findings show that: (1) The average value of China's marine environmental regulation efficiency during the study period showed a fluctuating downward trend, from relatively effective to relatively inefficient, and the efficiency difference between coastal provinces gradually expanded. (2) The position of the center of gravity of marine environmental regulation efficiency changes significantly in stages, moving to the southwest, and the marine environmental regulation efficiency of various coastal provinces have significant differences, which are divided into improving, stable and declining types. (3) In terms of influencing factors, industrial structure, opening-up, science and technology investment are positively correlated with the efficiency of China's marine environmental regulation, while economic development, market environment and China's marine environmental regulation efficiency are negatively correlated.

Urban agglomeration is the main carrier of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. Therefore, the analysis of the spatial relationship between industrial agglomeration and pollution agglomeration of the urban agglomeration has a practical significance to the coordinated development of industry and joint prevention and control of pollution. Based on the spatial statistical methods and spatial simultaneous equation model, this paper analyzes the interaction between industrial agglomeration and pollution agglomeration by using the data of 41 counties in the Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2017. The results show that the spatial patterns of industrial agglomeration and pollution agglomeration are unbalanced and "path-dependent". Industrial agglomeration and pollution agglomeration between counties are characterized by "shared weal and woe". Industrial agglomeration can accelerate pollution agglomeration, and pollution agglomeration in turn can intensify industrial agglomeration. Both industrial agglomeration and pollution agglomeration have spatial dependence. There is spatial interaction between industrial agglomeration and pollution agglomeration between adjacent counties. Population density and economy accelerate not only industrial agglomeration, but also pollution agglomeration; environmental regulation inhibits both industrial agglomeration and pollution agglomeration; government intervention, marketization rate and investment level accelerate industrial agglomeration; technological level inhibits pollution agglomeration, but industrial structure accelerates pollution agglomeration. It is concluded that the coordinated industrial development is the fundamental basis of joint prevention of pollution. It is an inevitable choice to construct a spatial synergy of industrial co-construction and pollution co-governance for the ecological protection and high-quality development of urban agglomeration in the Yellow River Basin.

The research on residents' green consumption willingness provides a new perspective for urban sustainable development and lifestyle change. We need to further study the impact of built environment on green consumption willingness. If we ignore the interaction of built-up environment, we will underestimate the impact of urban planning and spatial regulation. Therefore, after obtaining the large-scale field survey data of Zhengzhou, we use EIO-LCA method, Delphi method and Likert scale method to measure residents' green consumption willingness. Then, we take the factors into account in the order of the socioeconomic attribute, attitude preferences, built environment and order logistic regression model to explore the impact of built environment. The results of the study are as follows. We found that the impact of built environment is different. The living infrastructure (population density, road network density and distance to the bus stop) have a positive impact on green consumption willingness, while leisure infrastructure (POI density, land use mixing degree and shopping accessibility) have a negative impact on it. After the interaction of built environment with socioeconomic attributes and attitude preferences, we find that the impact of leisure infrastructure and socio-economic attributes on green consumption willingness will be enhanced, while the impact of living infrastructure and attitude preferences on green consumption willingness will be stable. We find that the impact of built environment on green consumption willingness is “goal oriented” and “from far to near, and from outside to inside”. That is to say, on the one hand, the impact of the built environment on green consumption willingness will change with the purpose of consumption; on the other hand, residents will choose consumption patterns according to external infrastructure conditions. The above research results provide a scientific basis for the construction of low-carbon cities and the transformation of behavior patterns.

Urban environmental legislation is an important guarantee to promote the construction of ecological civilization, and it will also have a profound impact on the trade behavior of enterprises due to strengthened environmental regulations. Based on Chinese industrial enterprise database and customs database from 2000 to 2013, this paper takes urban environmental legislation as the natural experiment, and uses the difference-in-differences method to investigate the impact of environmental regulations on the enterprises export domestic value added ratio. The results show that: (1) Although urban environmental legislation in the sample period is not conducive to the improvement of enterprises export domestic value added ratio, but with the accumulation of legislative time effect, the “Porter effect” will gradually strengthen, and the negative impact of urban environmental legislation will continuously weaken. (2) The heterogeneity analysis shows that urban environmental legislation has a more significant negative impact on the domestic value added ratio with low innovation, low financing constraint, processing trade enterprises and “two control zone” enterprises. (3) The mechanism research shows that the “intermediate substitution effect” caused by urban environmental legislation can reduce the export domestic value added ratio, that is, urban environmental legislation increases the domestic production cost of enterprises to some extent, which leads to the decline of the types and quantity of domestic intermediate goods, and then the decline of the export domestic value added ratio. In addition, urban environmental legislation will improve the export domestic value added ratio through the “cost plus effect”, that is, urban environmental legislation will force enterprises to innovate and then increase the cost plus rate of enterprises, so that the export domestic value added ratio can be improved. However, the negative “intermediate substitution effect” is greater than the positive “cost plus effect”, so that the urban environmental legislation is not conducive to the improvement of export domestic value added ratio. Improving local environmental laws and regulations, improving the environmental governance capacity of local governments, and promoting technological innovation and green production of enterprises are effective ways to achieve high-quality economic development.

In geographic research, regionalization is an effective measure to understand the regional differentiation of geographical environment and optimize the structure and function of regional man-land system. Based on the existing research, we firstly define the concepts of regional ecological economics, which is a new interdisciplinary subject, as well as the concepts of eco-economic regionalization, and put forward five principles of eco-economic regionalization. Then, it is the first time for us to establish a two-level program to explore the eco-economic regionalization of the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor, one of the most important economic growth corridors in China, Mongolia, and Russia. We use systematic cluster analysis to reveal the spatial distribution pattern of physical geographical factors such as landforms, precipitation, temperature, and human economic factor such as the intensity of human activities, and firstly divide the 48 regions of the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor into six types of eco-economic zones, namely, I. Eastern European Plain eco-economic zone, II. West Siberia Plain eco-economic zone, III. Central Siberia Plateau eco-economic zone, IV. Russian Far East Mountain eco-economic zone, V. Northeast China Plain eco-economic zone, and VI. Mongolian Plateau eco-economic zone. Then, we introduce specific eco-environment factors such as land use type, environmental pollutant emissions, and socio-economic factors such as industrial structure, urbanization rate, GDP per capita, GDP growth rate, and fixed capital investment per capita. We apply entropy to evaluate the eco-environment and socio-economic development of the 48 regions of the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor, and further divide the six eco-economic zones into 19 eco-economic sub-zones according to the spatial distribution of eco-environment and socio-economic development of the 48 regions. We comparatively analyze the characteristics and the regional differentiation of the eco-environment and socio-economic development of these 19 eco-economic sub-zones, and classify them into three development categories, namely, optimized development zone, key development zone, and conservative development zone. Finally, we put forward targeted suggestions for the green development of each category. This study will provide scientific support for the green and high-quality development of the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor.

This study is conducted based on social economic development statistics and multi-source remote sensing image data (high-resolution GF satellites and medium-resolution Landsat satellites, nighttime light), and through decision fusion remote sensing interpretation methods, multiple discrete regression models, barycenter trajectory, fan-shaped analysis methods of urban expansion patterns. It focused on the impervious surface area expansion process of Irkutsk, Novosibirsk and Yekaterinburg in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2018 and explored the coupling effect and driving mechanism of natural environmental changes and socio-economic development of different types of urban expansion. Firstly, there are significant spatiotemporal changes in the expansion of direction, intensity, speed, and mode of different cities. Irkutsk, Novosibirsk and Yekaterinburg show the development trends of “fast growth-growth-slow growth”, “growth-growth-slow growth” and “slow growth-growth-slow growth” respectively, among which Yekaterinburg has the highest intensity. The development mode of urban new impervious surface area is mainly sprawl and jump expansion, and infill expansion accounts for a small proportion; secondly, the main development directions of impervious surface area in typical cities are different, the characteristics of urban expansion in Irkutsk are from radial direction to south-north direction, Novosibirsk develops from west-east direction to west direction, and Yekaterinburg’s urban expansion features from radial direction development to the southwest direction. The urban development direction is related to its natural, geographical and social factors, among which natural and geographical conditions are the leading factors for the expansion of impervious surface area in the three types of typical cities in Russia. Finally, the article describes the development direction and potential of different types of Russian cities as well as provides a scientific basis for cities of the same type. Irkutsk could utilize abundant resources to develop tourism industry. On account of historical problems, Novosibirsk put forward a higher standard plan for the layout of the internal and external transportation networks of the city. As a relatively developed city in Russia, Yekaterinburg can strengthen its connection with surrounding cities and form a city cluster with linkage effect. This has certain enlightening significance to the development planning of similar cities in northeast China, which includes strengthening the development of compact cities, focusing on the construction of transportation facilities, strengthening the linkage of surrounding cities, and developing tourism industry.

This paper studied the spatial economic linkage and its pattern characteristics of the Russian Siberian and Far East Federal Districts during 2010-2018. Firstly, the urban economic grade of capitals was evaluated by the economic grade index. Then based on the economic linkage intensity and the economic membership degree, this paper analyzed the economic interaction between any given Russian capitals, any given Russian federal subjects, Siberian-Far East Federal subjects of Russia and provinces of Northeast China. Finally, the spatial patterns of economic grade and economic linkage intensity were performed by using ArcGIS. The results are as follows. First, the growth speed of the capitals′ economic grade from 2010 to 2015 is higher than that from 2015 to 2018. There has been a "fracture" phenomenon in the economic hierarchy of the capitals in Siberian and Far East Federal Districts. Different development levels of the capitals lead to the polarization. Second, the external economic linkage intensity of the capitals had been increasing from 2010 to 2018. The economic linkage intensity of the capitals in Siberian Federal District is stronger than that of Far East Federal District. Spatially, the urban economic grade and urban external linkage intensity show the "High West, but Low East" spatial patterns. The capitals with high economic grade and economic linkage intensity are concentrated in Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk and Tomsk in the Siberian Federal District. The capitals with high economic grade and economic linkage intensity are concentrated in Khabarovsk and Vladivostok in the Far East Federal District. Third, as the main economic linkage capitals in Siberian and Far East Federal Districts, Novosibirsk's important economic linkage capitals are Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk, and Khabarovsk's important economic linkage capitals are Vladivostok and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. According to the economic linkage intensity, economic subordination degree, highway traffic distance, and the shortest time distance, this paper respectively proposes the close capitals, sub-close capitals, competitive capitals, and marginal capitals of Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk. Finally, the economic linkage between Russian Siberian-Far East Federal subjects and Chinese northeastern provinces had been increasing from 2010 to 2018. Among them, Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory and Amur Region had the strongest economic linkage with Chinese provinces. And their economic linkage with Heilongjiang Province is higher than that with Jilin and Liaoning provinces.

Dusty weather is one of the most common disasters in East Asia. Severe dust storm can not only lead to building collapses, the destruction of vegetation, and human and animal casualties, but also cause fires, air pollution, and other environmental problems, which has a great impact on social and economic activities and the global dust cycle. In recent years, the severe dust storm in the study area has been increasing, which seriously threatens the ecological security and socio-economic development of China and its surrounding areas. In the spring of 2021, the strongest dust event seen in the past decade occurred in northern China, which attracted wide attention from the departments concerned. However, there is relatively little research on dusty weather in East Asia from the perspective of the regional characteristics of long time series. In this paper, using data from 697 meteorological stations that recorded dusty weather in East Asia for the period from 1981 to 2019, we examined the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of dust frequency in East Asian. The results indicate that (1) spatially, East Asian dust is concentrated in the inland arid area, such as Mongolia and Northwest China. The weak dust weather is frequent in three regions— Mongolia Gobi Desert, Taklimakan Desert, and Badan Jaran Desert; while severe dust storms are frequent in two regions—northwest Mongolia and Mongolia Gobi Desert. (2) Temporally, East Asian dusty weather is concentrated in spring (March to May). Dusty weather is most frequent in March in the north of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at lower latitudes, in April in most parts of northern China at middle latitudes, and in May in eastern Kazakhstan and Mongolia at higher latitudes. (3) In the past 40 years, the dusty weather in East Asia showed a decreasing trend, especially since the effective implementation of many ecological projects after 2000, the number of dusty weather events in most parts of northern China has decreased significantly, but in the central and western parts of Inner Mongolia severe dust storm showed an increasing rend in recent years. In areas with fragile ecological environment, such as Mongolia and Taklimakan Desert, both weak and severe dust storms showed an increasing trend. This study is of great significance for understanding characteristics of dust distribution and preventing dust disasters in East Asia.

The lack of precipitation can affect vegetation growth, human’s lives and the economic and social development. In arid areas, drought is one of the natural conditions that affect the eco-environment and socio-economy. Based on the correlation between Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the vegetation indexes, the sensitivity of vegetation in different regions and land cover types to drought in Mongolia was studied, and the causes were discussed. The results show that (1) Although there had been three drought events in Mongolia from 2001 to 2019, the overall drought degree showed a slight decreasing trend, and SPEI slightly increased, with an overall growth rate of 0.001%/a. Vegetation growth improved, and vegetation index also showed an upward trend, with an overall growth rate of 0.15%/a. (2) In most parts of Mongolia, the vegetation indexes were significantly positively correlated with SPEI. However, in the regions with abundant precipitation such as the north of the Khangai Mountains and Kent Mountains and the regions with very little precipitation such as the south of the Altay Mountains, the correlation between vegetation indexes and SPEI was small. This means that drought has less impact on vegetation in these areas. (3) The sensitivity of different vegetations to drought is also different. And the sensitivity of grassland was the strongest, while that of forest was the weakest. In terms of season, steppe and desert-steppe transition zone are most sensitive to spring and autumn drought, meadow steppe and mid-latitude forest are most sensitive to summer drought, and high-latitude forest is most sensitive to spring and winter drought. (4) In essence, the sensitivity of vegetation to drought represents the regional water balance. The higher the annual mean temperature or the lower the precipitation, the sensitivity and response of vegetation to drought, and vice versa. Water balance is the key condition that affects the sensitivity of vegetation to drought response. Annual mean temperature has positive effects on on the sensitivity of vegetation to drought response, while precipitation has negative ones. Vegetation types have different sensitivity to drought at different time scales and in different months. The results have an important reference value for desertification control in Mongolia according to local conditions.

The Mongolian Plateau is an important ecological barrier in northern China. Under the background of global climate change, the study of vegetation phenological change characteristics in Mongolia is not only the requirement of healthy development of grassland ecosystem in the country, but also the strategic need of sustainable development of local animal husbandry. In this study, asymmetric Gaussian fitting method was used to suit the MOD13Q1-NDVI data of Mongolia from 2001 to 2019, and obtain relatively smooth NDVI time series data. Based on TIMESAT platform, dynamic threshold method was used to analyze NDVI time series to obtain results of start of growing season (SOS), end of growing season (EOS) and length of growing season (LOS). The study analyzed the spatial distribution of vegetation phenology in Mongolia and the inter-annual variation trend, and the result shows that the SOS was mainly concentrated in 110-150 d, with a weak delay trend, and the EOS was mainly found in 270-310 d, with an advance trend, which leads to a shortening trend of LOS, and the shortening time can be up to more than 2 d. Finally, partial correlation analysis was used to examine the response of vegetation phenology to topography, precipitation, surface temperature and other geographical factors. The results show that the vegetation phenology in Mongolia has obvious spatial heterogeneity and altitude dependence. The SOS of Mongolian vegetation as a whole was mainly advanced with the increase of altitude, while the EOS was firstly delayed, then advanced, and then delayed with the increase of altitude. The correlation between vegetation phenology of different types and land surface temperature (LST) is different in Mongolia. The EOS of Mongolian vegetation is influenced more by nighttime surface temperature (NLST) than by daytime surface temperature (DLST). There was no significant negative correlation between LOS and average ground temperature from March to October, that is, with the increase of temperature, the length of vegetation growing season was shortened. The SOS of Mongolian vegetation is positively correlated with the average precipitation in March and the EOS is positively correlated with the average precipitation in September. Vegetation LOS was negatively correlated with average annual precipitation and average precipitation from March to October. The research shows that the SOS and EOS of desert steppe are sensitive to the changes of precipitation and surface temperature, and the growth season of desert steppe is the longest.