As green development becomes a global landscape, regional green pathway development and sustainability transition are of increasing interest to economic geographers. Exploring the development of green paths in latecomer regions can not only enrich the understanding of the structure-agency relationship in existing economic geography studies, but also provide useful policy insights for latecomer regions to break through the "regional innovation paradox" and realise green transformation. Mainstream economic geography studies have mainly approached new path development from the structural perspective of regional development foundations, with a pessimistic narrative that peripheral/latecomer regions are "unable to innovate". Recent economic geography studies have begun to incorporate broader perspectives of sustainability transitions, innovation systems, industrial catch-up and global production networks, attempting to understand new regional path development through the lens of exogenous forces and human agency. Nonetheless, existing research lacks sufficient understanding of the full features and advantages of latecomer regions, and fails to pay attention to the specificity of green industries and the role of local collective agency in the green path development of latecomer regions. Green windows of opportunity (GWO) bring enormous opportunities for green path development in latecomer regions, but whether they can be utilised depends on the interaction of regional development foundations, industry-specific resources and local collective agency. Based on a review of the research progress in regional new path development, this paper analyses the characteristics and advantages of latecomer regions in green new path development, puts forward a heuristic framework from the perspective of structure-opportunity-agency to deductively depict the main influencing factors and their interactions in the development of green paths in the latecomer regions. In the dimension of structure, the regional foundation has a strong influence on the direction and capacity of green path development in latecomer regions. In the dimension of opportunity, GWOs can create a demand for reinterpreting the region's existing foundations, changing local incentives, and providing industry-specific resources. Structures and opportunities can only define the direction of new pathways and the possibilities for pathway development in latecomer regions, while local collective agency is decisive for whether and how green pathways can be realised in these regions. Finally, this paper suggests an agenda for future research.

Under the background of the new mobility paradigm, transcending boundary activities continue to emerge, and "urban-rural" population mobility is particularly prominent. This article takes the new urban-rural amphibious group as the research object and adopts a qualitative research method to explore the process and mechanism of this group's daily life practice from the perspective of mobility. The study was informed by semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and secondary data collection with 20 individuals between April and July 2022. The finding are as follows: (1) The everyday life practice of the new urban and rural amphibious group in the countryside has experienced the contradictions between urban and rural areas, mobility and residence, livelihoods and lives, inner self and outer self, and rooting and leaving, and at the same time adopted the tactics of waiting for the opportunity, alternative production of consumption, avoiding but not fleeing, impression management and construction, and always on the road. The first four tactics are the core ideas of Desetu's theory of everyday life practice, and "always on the road" is a theoretical innovation based on the particularity of the new urban-rural amphibious group. (2) The contradictions of the new urban-rural amphibious groups in five dimensions together constitute a "swirling flow", which is not only at the material and relational levels, but also at the meaning level. "Swirling flow" is a process of continuous generation, which embodies the process of new urban and rural amphibious groups' understanding of the meaning of their lives from chaos to clarity. It is a continuous exploration, approach, and focus on themselves. (3) Unlike the "pendulum flow" proposed by previous scholars, the daily life practices of new urban-rural amphibious groups in the perspective of mobility are constructed through the process of linking urban-rural amphibiousness with urban-rural complexity, and dynamics, and the external structural dynamics, intersubjective interactions, and group forces and group forces together constitute the generation of "swirling flows". This study opens the black box of new urban-rural amphibious group mobility by proposing the "swirling flows", which enriches the theory of everyday life practice and is conducive to re-examining and rethinking the urban-rural relationship, and provides a reference for the construction of a trans-local urban-rural governance system.

Entrepreneurial affect (EA) is an individual′s subjective experience and sense of entrepreneurship, which reflects social acceptance of entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial activities. Based on over 368.2 thousand textual data of "entrepreneurship" on Sina Weibo from 2014 to 2018, this paper employs natural language processing (NLP) techniques, textual data analysis, and spatial analysis to quantitatively measure EA in 192 Chinese cities and analyze the overall characteristics and spatio-temporal distribution differences of positive and negative EA. The panel fixed effect model is used to investigate the effect of EA on regional entrepreneurship at the prefecture level. The results show that: (1) Individual′s EA is affected by entrepreneurial social network, entrepreneurial experience, entrepreneurial motivation, entrepreneurial environment, entrepreneurial mode, and so on, among which the word "friend" has the highest word frequency, indicating that non-kinship acquaintance is the most important factor. According to the semantic network analysis, individuals with positive EA are more concerned about investment prospects and the significance of entrepreneurial platforms, whereas those with negative EA may be more concerned about issues related to entrepreneurial costs, such as housing prices and rents. (2) At prefecture level, positive EA presents a spatial pattern of "high in the south, low in the north" and "high in coastal areas, low in inland areas". Chinese urban residents′ overall EA tends to wane over time, giving rise to the phenomenon of geographical polarization. Interestingly, cities such as Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Zhuhai in the Pearl River Delta region, as well as Hangzhou, Nanjing, Suzhou, and Ningbo in the Yangtze River Delta region, have long been "paradise" for entrepreneurs. (3) The model results suggest that positive EA can significantly stimulate regional entrepreneurship, and the larger the share of positive EA in a region, the more favorable to regional entrepreneurship improvement. The government′s entrepreneurial intervention can positively regulate EA and stimulate local entrepreneurship, while the negative EA brought by excessive housing prices will considerably discourage entrepreneurship. Based on the textual data analysis, this study quantitatively demonstrates the impact of EA on regional entrepreneurship, which can provide references for the adjustment of regional entrepreneurial policies, the creation of a favorable entrepreneurial atmosphere in the region, and the adjustment of individual entrepreneurial emotions.

Global production network (GPN) is one of the core issues in the current global economic geography research. The network structure and evolution process have been fully discussed. However, the existing research focuses more on foreign leading enterprises, and relatively ignores the network construction and dynamic mechanism of Chinese local leading enterprises. Under the background of economic anti-globalization and great power game, how to reveal its network characteristics and influencing factors based on typical cases still needs to be explored. This paper selects the 2020 Huawei mobile phone bill of materials and supplier data, and tries to scientifically identify the types of Huawei mobile phone production networks based on the corporate actor role function and value chain theory under the GPN2.0 framework, so as to explore the organizational structure of different categories of Huawei mobile phone production networks and the dynamic mechanism of globalized production network development. The results show that: (1) Although overall technological cooperation and component manufacturing exhibit typical global linkage characteristics, what is more noteworthy is that the production networks constructed by enterprise actors with different roles and functions, as well as the different value chain positions of their products, exhibit significant spatial differences. (2) Although factors such as cost capability ratio, market drivers, financial constraints, and risk environment of enterprises under the GPN2.0 framework have played an important role in the construction of Huawei's mobile phone production network space organization, they cannot fully explain its highly complex network hierarchical structure and cross domain characteristics in the real economy. They should be supplemented and integrated with the role of national actors, financial environment, labor conditions, etc. Only then can we more systematically explain the influencing factors of Huawei′s mobile phone production network spatial organization construction. (3) For latecomer countries and regions, the integration of local enterprises into global production networks to achieve strategic coupling and regional development requires more coherent theoretical guidance. This study achieved consistency with GPN′s emphasis on analyzing the organizational and geographical structural characteristics of enterprises through "product value enterprise location urban carrier", promoting the transformation of urban relationships from field space to value space, and providing scientific practical support for the localization of GPN theory in China.

Since air transportation is influenced by national policies and different aviation laws formulated within geopolitical regions, the development of aviation in different countries and regions has obvious differences. Comparing and researching aviation development with other countries can provide references and guidance for the construction and development of aviation in China. Therefore, based on air passenger flow data in 1999, 2009, and 2019, this paper presents a comparative analysis of airline networks in Europe, America (the United States), and China in four aspects: network topology, network connectivity, spatial structure and organizational patterns. The results show that: First, the scale of the airline network is expanding, showing the characteristics of a "small world network" and double power law distribution, and the scale-free characteristics are not obvious. In addition, the air transport distance exhibits a decreasing trend from the United States, Europe, to China, and shows non-continuous fluctuations with a downward pattern, following a certain distance decay law. Second, in contrast to China, where the distribution of airline network connectivity is relatively concentrated, Europe and America have a more evenly distributed spatial distribution of airline network connectivity. The development of airline hubs is influenced by multiple factors such as geographical location, administrative hierarchy, socio-economic conditions, tourism, airline headquarters layout and policies. Third, there is a characteristic "pyramidal" hierarchical structure to the airline connections at various levels, and air traffic tends to concentrate on a small number of city pairings. The merger and consolidation of airlines, as well as the implementation of significant policies, play a crucial role in shaping the structure of aviation networks. In Europe and the United States, the trend towards a multi-center network structure in the aviation industry is becoming increasingly prominent. In China, the aviation network has evolved from a triangular structure to a diamond-shaped structure. Fourth, the hub-and-spoke organizational model is demonstrated by China, America and Europe. However, the hub-and-spoke airline network system in America and Europe is more refined, exhibiting the traits of a multi-hub, multi-spoke network system. While China is transitioning from a dual-hub to a multi-hub model. Finally, this article puts forward some policy recommendations aimed at providing scientific reference for the future development of civil aviation passenger transportation in China.

Building a directed network of urban technological cooperation and identifying the unequal potential and competing relationship of urban innovation network are key indicators to understand the urban innovation hub and the remodeling of innovation network. This paper constructs a weighted urban technical cooperation network based on the directional characteristics of technical cooperation. Taking the field of biomedicine as an example, it depicts the spatial pattern of the urban technical cooperation network in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and analyzes the multi-dimensional power mechanism of the network evolution using the dynamic exponential random graph model. The results showed that: (1) The biomedical technology cooperation network of the YRD presented a "1+3+N" evolution model, formed a core-periphery structure under the leadership of Shanghai and the three provincial capitals (Nanjing, Hangzhou and Hefei), and presented significant provincial differences and weak inter-provincial coordination. (2) The evolution process of the biomedical technology cooperation network in the YRD has typical structure and time dependence characteristics, which is reflected in the development of the binary reciprocity relationship and the closure of the ternary structure hole, and presents the structure dependence characteristics in time sequence. (3) The level of economic development, administrative level and innovation capacity promote the expansion of cities’ network connections. The geographical proximity, organizational proximity and technological proximity between cities promote the formation of inter-city technical cooperation relations. (4) Reciprocity, transitive closure, incoming closure and relationship expansion of non-core nodes of the network are the structural dynamics of the evolution of the biomedical technology cooperation network in the YRD. The evolution of the network has significant auto-regression, that is, the node connection is stable in time sequence. This paper defines the construction method of the directed weighted network of urban technical cooperation, and systematically reveals the structural dynamics of the evolution of urban technical cooperation network by using the dynamic exponential random graph model. This article systematically improves the understanding of the structural mechanism of the evolution of inter-city technology cooperation networks, and can provide empirical and theoretical support for accelerating the construction of regional collaborative innovation systems, and thus provides some relevant policy recommendations.

In the new stage of development, stimulating regional endogenous development momentum and enhancing entrepreneurial vitality are the key paths to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. Based on the data of China's e-commerce demonstration county pilots and newly registered enterprises from 2014 to 2020, this paper uses standard deviation ellipse, kernel density analysis and Markov chain to delineate the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of e-commerce demonstration county pilots and its entrepreneurial vitality. On this basis, taking Yunnan province as an example, the multi-period difference-in-differences model is used to empirically test the impact of e-commerce demonstration counties on local entrepreneurial vitality and its internal mechanism. The results show that: (1) The pilot distribution of e-commerce demonstration counties continues to expand, and the spatiotemporal evolution shows a shift from scattered distribution to a continuous agglomeration distribution relying on multiple cores, with the northwest and southwest regions gradually becoming the focus of policy coverage. Besides, the entrepreneurial vitality of the pilot areas shows an upward trend during the study period. The Matthew chain results show that there is a possibility of the level of entrepreneurial vitality of the pilot transferring to higher-level types, and has a significant Matthew effect. (2) The e-commerce demonstration county pilots significantly improve the local entrepreneurial vitality, and this conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests. The pilot policies reduce the restrictions of geographical factors and population size on entrepreneurial vitality, and have a more significant promoting effect on agricultural and finance industry, but their impact on manufacturing industry and technology service industry are not significant. (3) Mechanism analysis shows that the pilot policy improves the development level of traditional and digital finance, promotes agricultural modernization and accelerates infrastructure construction, thereby enhancing local entrepreneurial vitality. (4) Further from the perspective of common prosperity, the e-commerce demonstration county pilots are conducive to increasing farmers' income and narrowing the urban-rural income gap. The above conclusions provide theoretical reference for the strategic decision-making of rural revitalization in the new era, and also provide a feasible path for stimulating regional entrepreneurial vitality from e-commerce demonstration projects.

Expressway is an important part of the comprehensive transportation system and the basic support for the convenient flow of regional resource elements. Based on the expressway and economic data of Fujian province, this study analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of expressway density and economic development level of counties in Fujian from 2010 to 2020 and reveals the spatial effect and spatial heterogeneity of expressways on economic development of counties by using spatial panel model and spatial and temporal geographically weighted regression. The findings of the research are as follows: (1) The density of expressways in all counties in Fujian increased significantly from 2010 to 2020, and the trend of spatial agglomeration is obvious. Counties with high expressway density are concentrated in the eastern coastal areas of the province, and those with low expressway density are mainly distributed in the central, western, and northern parts. (2) The level of economic development in Fujian's counties from 2010 to 2020 increased significantly. At the same time, the spatial differences in the level of economic development in counties tended to narrow. The spatial agglomeration range of counties with low-level economic development in the central and western parts of the province narrowed, while the spatial agglomeration range of counties with high-level economic development in the eastern coastal areas expanded. The level of economic development of counties is highly consistent with the spatial distribution of expressway density. (3) Expressway plays a significant positive role in promoting the economic development of counties in Fujian. Moreover, the spatial spillover effect of expressways on the level of economic development of counties in the province is more prominent than the direct effect. However, compared with ordinary highways, the direct and indirect promotion effects of Fujian's expressway on the development of the county economy are weaker. (4) The promotional effect of Fujian's expressway on county economic development has spatial heterogeneity. The province's expressway plays a weaker role in the economic development of western and southern counties, but a stronger role in advancing the economic development of eastern and northern counties.

Urbanising village is a typical type of living spaces in large cities in China. As demoliton-rebuilt model of urban regeneration being increasingly criticized, comprehensive improvement is gaining more attention. Under the policy direction of the central government to actively develop rental housing market and increasing rental housing supply, with Shenzhen city as a typical example, micro-regeneration has become the main mode of comprehensive improvement of urbanising villages. In Shenzhen, the micro-regeneration of urbanising villages refers to the comprehensive improvement of urbanising villages, led by specialized housing institutions, to transform villagers′ private rental houses into long-term rental apartments, and then centralize these houses to let. Against this context, a rental market pattern in urbanising villages where private rental houses and long-term apartments coexist and interact with each other gradually formed. However, the effects of comprehensive improvement have not been examined yet. Taking Shenzhen as a case study, this paper explores spatial interactions between rents of private rental housing and site selection of micro-regeneration through spatial simultaneous equations. Results show that: (1) Villages that have undergone micro-regeneration, will raise rents up of private rental houses in the same village and therefore produce a certain degree of gentrification effect. Positive externalities caused by improvements of the living environment, or decreased numbers of private rental houses in the local rental housing market which leads to an increase in private rental housing in urbanising villages. (2) When other conditions are controled, micro-regeneration usually occurs in villages with higher average rents, because vigorous demands of rental housing exist in these villages and enterprises could obtain more rent premiums. What′s more, increased rent accounts for a lower proportion of the original rent, making it easier for tenants to accept rent increase. (3) The micro-regeneration has a spatial spillover effect, which drives itself to occur in neighboring villages through rent dynamics, and promotes spread of gentrification effect in neighboring villages. Therefore, in large cities where there is a shortage of healthy affordable housing, it is recommended that local governments scientifically plan the site selection of micro-regeneration in urbanising villages, guide them to transform into rental housing of different types and price gradients, establish rental supervision mechanisms, actively intervene in the current market-oriented behavior, and more steadily promote the micro-regeneration of urban villages.

Taxi is one of the important components of urban public transportation system, but many cities still have a large number of taxis driving in idle state on urban roads. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the factors that affect taxi empty-loading ratio and further improve its operational efficiency. Based on taxi GPS trajectory data, POI data, and census data in Shanghai, this paper first describes and statistically analyzes the taxi empty-loading ratio and its influencing factors within a scale of census area. Then, the variance inflation factor (VIF) and Moran's I test were used to explore the collinear relationship and spatial autocorrelation between taxi empty-loading ratio and its influencing factors, respectively. Finally, the geographically weighted regression (GWR) was used to analyze the spatiotemporal relationship between taxi driver behavior factors, external environmental factors and taxi empty-loading ratio. The result shows that the average taxi empty-loading ratios in Shanghai on workday and weekend are 55.6% and 59.0%, respectively. And its empty-loading ratio exhibits similar spatial distribution characteristics on workday and weekend, and overall shows a clustering towards the city center. The model analysis result indicates that compared with the GLM model, the R² of GWR model for workday and weekend increased by 32.0% and 46.5%, respectively. The expected price, delivery speed, waiting strategy, cruise strategy, scenic spots density, and residential density have a significant impact on the taxi empty-loading ratio. There is a significant spatiotemporal difference in the impact of taxi driver behavior factors on taxi empty-loading ratio. Specifically, the expected price is mainly positively correlated with taxi empty-loading ratio on workday, and mainly negatively correlated on weekend. Besides, the waiting strategy and cruising strategy have an opposite spatial impact relationship with taxi empty-loading ratio. External environmental factors can significantly reduce the idle time of taxi in most areas. The research results are of great significance in reducing taxi empty-loading ratio, increasing the income of taxi drivers and improving the imbalance between taxis and passengers in terms of time and space. In the future, we can further explore the factors that affect the taxi empty-loading ratio in different cities and more detailed time scales, as well as the impact of weather and road properties on the taxi empty-loading ratio.

With the advancement of the rural land system reform, the influence of the hometown land tenures and their related benefits on the behavioral decision and decision-making in urban society of the rural migrant population is becoming increasingly common. As an essential choice for the rural migrant population to work in the city, entrepreneurship is a behavioral decision concerning survival. Whether rural migrants′ entrepreneurship in urban China is affected by hometown land tenures and their related benefits is a topic that needs to be studied. However, the previous literature has not identified the causality between rural lands and their related benefits and their entrepreneurial behavior in urban society. To bridge these research gaps, this paper first develops an analytic framework to understand how hometown landholdings may affect rural migrants′ entrepreneurship in the destination city. Further, based on a large national micro-level dataset extracted from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), we empirically test the relationship between hometown landholdings and rural migrants′ entrepreneurship in urban China by using multiple logistic regression model, Propensity value matching method, and intermediate effect model. The findings show that: (1) The hometown land tenures and their benefits have become a pre-existing resource that cannot be ignored to a certain extent and have complex and diverse impacts on the entrepreneurial behavior of rural migrants in urban society. Owning rural farmlands inhibits the employer-based entrepreneurship of the rural migrant population, but owning a homestead significantly increases two types of urban entrepreneurship of the rural migrant population, while owning a collective dividend from the village has no substantial impact. The increment of lower cultivated land income, land circulation, and village collective dividend promoted self-employment entrepreneurship, while the increment of higher cultivated land income, homestead, and village collective dividend stimulated employer-oriented entrepreneurship in urban society. (2) The mechanism test finds that land resources and their benefits affect the urban entrepreneurship of the rural migrant population by alleviating economic hardship in the countryside and helping to build confidence in coping with urban discrimination, thus prompting them to be self-employed or start their own business. The above findings explore a new channel to promote the rural migrant population to start a business in the city and also have a reference significance for protecting the land rights and interests of the rural migrant population and improving the quality of citizenization of the rural migrant population.

This paper focuses on exploring the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of recessive farmland use morphology in the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Aiming at the recessive farmland use morphology, we innovate the theoretical perspective and analytical framework from "input morphology, output morphology and scale potential morphology", propose theoretical hypothesis and conjecture, and try to quantify the recessive morphology. We take typical large-plain agricultural area (Huang-Huai-Hai Region) as the study area, and then carry out quantitative measurement, spatio-temporal analysis and regional types classification of recessive farmland use morphology, and confirm the theoretical hypothesis. The conclusions are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the comprehensive level of recessive farmland use morphology in the study area was continuously optimized, showing a spatial differentiation pattern of "higher in the south and lower in the north", and the North-South differentiation was constantly widening. (2) The input morphology and scale potential morphology of each unit in the study area differentiated slowly, the output morphology differentiated rapidly, and finally the three-dimensional recessive morphology showed a significant differentiation trend. (3) Theoretical hypothesis was generally confirmed: the overall input morphology in the study area was optimized first and then encountered negetive factors, which was attributed to the off-farm transfer of a large quantity of agricultural labor, slow agricultural mechanization and controlled application of chemical fertilizer. The output morphology was steadily and significantly optimized, and the scale potential morphology was accelerated for optimization. (4) There were 8 types of recessive farmland use morphology in the study area, which have formed obvious spatial differentiation by 2020. The input-significant type, output-significant type and input-output-significant type were mainly concentrated in the southern part of the study area (Jiangsu, Anhui and Henan). The scale-significant type mainly clustered in coastal plain of the Bohai Sea in the north. The comprehensive weak type was confined to marginal zones, while the general development type filled the remaining large number of areas. (5) The study area should strengthen agricultural mechanization, and modernization in the future, and cope with the input vacancy of agricultural labor timely; be vigilant against the dependence and ecological risk of chemical fertilizer; focus on the weakening of social security function by "non-grain" of farmland; promote new urbanization and create opportunities for moderate-scale operation of farmland; guide the spatial coupling of three-dimensional recessive morphology, so as to release the benefits and potential of farmland at a high level.

In theory, land fragmentation exacerbates the issue of farmers' abandonment of farmland, and poses a threat to sustainable agricultural development and national food security. However, there is limited research that utilizes large-scale panel data to verify the relationship between land fragmentation and farmers' abandonment of farmland at a national level. The main purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the impact, mechanisms, and heterogeneous effects of land fragmentation on farmland abandonment using survey data from 14454 farmer households across 29 provincial-level regions in rural China from 2017 to 2019, obtained from the Chinese Family Database. The present study employs various models, including a panel multi-dimensional fixed-effects model, a mediating effect model, and a moderating effect model. The empirical results indicate the following: (1) Land fragmentation has an adverse effect on farmers' abandonment of farmland. Each additional plot of land gives rise to an approximately 0.2% increase in the abandonment rate. (2) Land fragmentation leads to an increase in agricultural production costs by approximately 6%, indirectly contributing to farmers' abandonment of farmland. In addition, the off-farm employment of farmers' households reinforces the negative impact of land fragmentation on farmers' abandonment of farmland. Family members engaged in off-farm employment exhibit a 0.2% higher abandonment rate compared to those without such employment. (3) The adverse effects of land fragmentation on farmers' abandonment of farmland vary across different household characteristics. The impact is more significant in farmer households that have experienced land adjustment or have not transferred land. (4) Regional disparities are observed, with a progressively negative effect from the eastern to western regions of China. However, no significant effect is detected in the northeast region. In order to address the issue of farmers' abandonment of farmland, it is crucial to implement effective measures tailored to local conditions. Such measures may include the construction of high-standard farmland, the reduction of agricultural production costs, the development of agricultural social services, the prohibition of land adjustment, and the promotion of land transfer. Implementing these measures effectively and taking into account regional variations will play a vital role in managing land fragmentation and curbing farmers' abandonment of farmland.

As the main waterway of military, grain tribute and commerce, ancient waterway has bred settlement names along the route. The names are an important entry point for interpreting the basin culture. It is of great significance to re-examine the culture of basins and the cultural heritage of place names. By using the methods of name layer analysis, ArcGIS, Geographic Detectors and Stepwise Regression, this paper divides the name layer according to the generation, evolution and existence of 233 settlement names in Yuanshui River Basin (hereafter Yuanshui Basin) of Hunan, and discusses its spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors. The results reveal that: (1) The names of 233 settlements in Yuanshui Basin are mainly of natural landscape type, with a "beaded strip" distribution along the channel and and characterized by "named hydrology". Cultural landscape type, as the minor part, has a "dense in the west and sparse in the east " distribution pattern along the waterways and ancient roads. (2) Taking generation time as the axis, its evolution process of settlement names reveals the development process of the Yuanshui Basin. The evolution of names generally shows a north-south and east-west changing path. (3) The landscape types of Yuanshui settlement names have been changing in four modes. The settlement names show historical and functional nature. The names along the waterway and post road have strong vitality. (4) The distribution and evolution of the cultural landscape of Yuanshui settlement names is the result of the joint influence of three factors : natural environment, waterway radiation and social development. The settlement names are stable in the area with a distance of 0-13000 m from the wharf, an altitude of 100-400 m, temperature of 18-19°C, precipitation of 1400-1600 mm, population agglomeration, relatively developed economy, and dense navigation channel. The waterway radiation factors have a profound impact on the generation, evolution and existence of settlement names. Based on the natural attributes and cultural trajectories of the Yuanshui waterway, this paper systematically carries out multi-level spatiotemporal sequence and influencing factors research, in order to deepen and enhance the results of place name census, and provide theoretical basis for the systematic protection of cross-regional settlement name cultural heritage in the future.

To effectively conduct coastal spatial planning, it is imperative to scientifically and rationally determine the spatial extent of coastal zones. The precision in demarcating these boundaries is not just a procedural formality but a fundamental necessity that directly impacts the scientific rigor and operational effectiveness of coastal spatial planning efforts. The unique character of coastal zones is intrinsically tied to the cross-system interactions between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Traditional approaches to delineate these zones have often fallen short in scientific validity and practical rationality, primarily due to their limited acknowledgment of these critical cross-system dynamics. Consequently, the advancement of ecosystem-based integrated land-sea research has been notably slow. Recognizing this deficiency, this study embarks on a comparative analysis of various methods employed to define coastal spatial boundaries, weighing their strengths and weaknesses against the backdrop of land-sea cross-system influences. The analysis delves into the types, processes, and scope of these influences, thereby laying the groundwork for a more comprehensive method of demarcation. The proposed methodology integrates diverse approaches, incorporating administrative boundaries, natural geographic landmarks, and spatial distances. This multifaceted approach aims to encapsulate the complexity of coastal zones more accurately, aligning administrative convenience with ecological realities. The city of Ningde in Fujian province serves as an illustrative case study to showcase the application of the proposed method. The spatial boundaries delineated using our proposed method successfully encompass the coastal ecosystems, capturing the nuances of cross-system interactions. This alignment of ecological and administrative boundaries is crucial for effective coastal management and spatial planning. By accurately reflecting the interplay of terrestrial and marine ecosystems, the delineated boundaries provide a more realistic portrayal of coastal dynamics, which is vital for crafting sustainable and effective coastal management strategies. Furthermore, the study's findings contribute significantly to the theory and practice of integrated land and sea planning. By centering on cross-system impacts, the proposed method offers not just a theoretical framework but also practical guidance for coastal spatial planning. This approach is poised to facilitate more informed decision-making, ensuring that management strategies and planning initiatives are grounded in a comprehensive understanding of the complex, intertwined nature of coastal ecosystems.

Blowouts, developed over the dunefield, as a type of coastal aeolian landforms, have been the focus of aeolian geomorphology research. Meanwhile, the core issue of studying blowout is the model of development and evolution of blowout and feedback mechanism between blowout aerodynamic and morphodynamics. Choosing the typical area of blowouts developing in Haitan Island, we investigated the morphodynamics and aerodynamics of the saucer, half-bowl and trough blowouts by conducting field monitoring. Real Time Kinematic GPS was used to topography survey and 2D ultrasound anemometers were to explore wind flow dynamics. "Space for time substitution" has been used to explore the evolution models of blowouts and feedback mechanism between aeolian process and blowouts morphological development. The results show that: (1) The trailing edge of saucer blowout enlarges and erosional basin gets steeper till a scarp occurs along prevailing wind direction. The entrance tends to recede as wind flow approaching. Half-bowl blowout expands and is deepened and the erosional wall is broken into the outlet. The erosional basin of trough blowout enlarges into deflation zone, the east-hand erosional wall is broken and extends the trailing edge. (2) The airflow distribution pattern within the blowout is influenced by wind direction and blowout topography, and the flow velocity fluctuation within blowout determine the erosion and deposition at different spots. (3) The evolution model for blowout can be concluded that erosion notches are initiated, and developed into a saucer blowout, till enlarged into the half-bowl shape blowout, turn into the trough blowout and die out. The vegetation cover plays an important role in the entire evolution cycles, especially the half-bowl shape blowout transfers into trough blowout, and trough blowout enlarges until it dies out, as a result of topography influence and depth limits. Therefore, by analyzing and exploring the morphological changes, morphology and dynamics mechanisms, and evolution patterns of blowouts in the degenerated area of Haitan Island, this study will provide an in-depth understanding of the morphology-dynamics feedback mechanisms, and evolution patterns in the degradation process of coastal blowouts, and will be conducive to providing better scientific guidance for the prevention and treatment of coastal blowouts, so as to better cope with global climate change in terms of the destruction of coastal littoral habitats, erosion of foredunes and shoreline retreat, and the human properties lost, which is of great scientific significance and application value.

Smart city development and transition have become an important topic of greatest concern to academics and city managers in the new era. However, the current research in this field still follows technological determinism or adopts a knowledge (social) determinism perspective, lacking a discussion of the process and mechanism of urban smart transformation from the lens of technological-social interactions. In view of this, the study draws from the mutual construction theory of society and technology and the thought of the social-technological system to examine the symbiosis of technological innovation and social transformation. The aim is to reveal how the smart city, as a socio-technical system, undergoes gradual transformation under the simultaneous evolution of the social organization and governance mechanisms and technological innovation. The study draws on the multi-lever perspective approach (MLP) of the social-technical system. It builds a “social-technical synergy” framework and points out the analysis ideas at the three levels of micro-niche, meso-system, and macro-landscape. The ultimate goal is to provide theoretical and methodological references for smart city transformation studies in the future. The study suggests that future research on the sustainable transformation of China's smart cities should consider the country's unique socio-economic context, institutional and governance mechanisms, and urban development realities. In the niche-level analysis, it is crucial to focus on the dynamic nature of multilevel government involvement. The study should delve into government-led urban development, technological innovation and governance strategies concerning local leadership, institutional motivation, entrepreneurial initiatives, and more. Besides, examining the collaborative approaches and interactions among various stakeholders and their contextual embeddedness is essential for a comprehensive understanding as well. In the regime level analysis, it is important to consider the distinctiveness of China's socio-institutional context. The emphasis should be on understanding how China's specific state-market dynamics, central-local relations, and market mechanisms either enable or hinder the process of digital infrastructure development, technological innovation, and governance practices. When examining the landscape level, attention should be directed towards exploring the interplay among global, national and local contexts, as well as factors that drive smart city transformation within these different scales. Drawing on sustainable transition geography and MLP approach, and honing in on the unique characteristics of China's social-institutional system can offer valuable insights into the driving forces behind China's smart city development. This approach not only offers theoretical direction but also provide policy rationale for enhancing the resilience of smart cities and promoting sustainability within urban socio-technical systems in the future.

Land is an important carrier of resource elements, and improving urban land green use efficiency (ULGUE) is the key to realize "smart growth". On the basis of phenomenon observation and theoretical construction, this study takes 268 cities in China from 2008 to 2019 as research units, integrates multi-source data, and combines ArcGIS analysis, EBM-DEA model and spatial econometrics model to reveal the spatial effects of high-speed rail network and urban expansion on ULGUE. The results show that: (1) Chinese LGUE has certain gradient distribution and spatial dependence characteristics; its core density curve has shifted to the right as a whole, the peak value has continued to decline, and the efficiency of land resource use has improved. (2) There is a significant nonlinear relationship between urban expansion and ULGUE, and maintaining a reasonable urban expansion can significantly enhance ULGUE. High-speed rail network accelerates the optimal allocation of resources and has a strong positive spatial effect on ULGUE. (3) From the perspective of spillover effect, urban expansion has significantly improved the local ULGUE, but it is the opposite for neighboring cities; The high-speed rail network has strong positive externalities for local city ULGUE, but we must be wary of its “siphon effect” that has a negative impact on neighboring cities. (4) In terms of regional heterogeneity, capital cities are able to alleviate the pressure of urban operations through urban sprawl and enhance ULGUE. However, non-provincial capital cities and central and western regions should rationalize their spatial development boundaries to achieve “smart growth”. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate differentiated spatial expansion strategies according to local conditions and form a new development pattern in which land development and utilization are compatible with the economy, industry, and ecological environment. In terms of mediating effects, economic agglomeration acts as a mediator between urban expansion and ULGUE, while the high-speed rail network enhances ULGUE by promoting the upgrading of industrial structure. Currently, China is in a rapid stage of urbanization and high-speed rail development, and it is expected that this study will provide support for enhancing the comprehensive effectiveness of green land use and promoting high-quality sustainable regional development.

Health cooperation is an important part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and the prerequisite for cooperation is to have an in-depth understanding of the health conditions of people in countries along the routes and the factors that affect them. Existing studies on the BRI mainly focus on policy, trade, and economy, but there are few studies on the health status of countries along the routes, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of health status, and the natural and socio-economic influencing factors. This study first constructed a health indicator system to objectively and comprehensively quantify the health status of countries along the routes from 2013 to 2019. Then, the spatial analysis methods such as exploratory spatial analysis, and Moran's I analysis were used to analyze the spatiotemporal differentiation of health status in countries along the routes. Finally, based on the health factors such as natural environment, social development level, economic data, and personal living habits, this paper comprehensively uses spatial analysis methods such as geographic detector and spatial Durbin model to analyze the health factors of countries along the routes. The results show that: (1) In general, the health status of countries along the Belt and Road (B&R) is better than the world average, but the differences between countries are significant and have spatial correlation. Europe and its surrounding regions have higher life expectancy and lower mortality rates, while Africa and parts of Latin America have lower life expectancy and higher mortality rates. China's health status is on the medium side. (2) From 2013 to 2019, the health status of B&R countries continued to improve, which is reflected in the continuous rise of life expectancy, and the continuous decline of fertility and mortality, and the improvement rate is significantly greater than that of non-B&R countries. (3) A variety of factors affect the health status of countries along the routes at the national scale, which reflects the social and economic development status, the degree of universal health coverage, which reflects the accessibility of health services, and alcohol consumption and smoking rate, which reflect personal health habits, have the most significant impact. As the initiator of the BRI, China's health status has improved significantly in recent years compared with other countries along the routes. In the future, it is necessary to continue to deepen health cooperation with countries along the B&R, continue to improve people's health and promote economic and social development.

Cropland resources, as public goods, have long faced the dilemma of over occupation and limited protection. To comprehend the local government's behavior in protecting cropland under the backdrop of China's decentralized system, this paper, based on the county-level practice, explores how the incentive-constraint environment shaped by sequence of decentralization influences the local government's protection of cropland based on fiscal revenue and expenditure. The sequence of decentralization refers to the sequence in which different types of powers are devolved during the decentralization reform in each province. The study reveals that: (1) Implementing decentralization in the fiscal field first and then in the administrative field leads to better cropland protection, while implementing decentralization in the administrative field first and then in the fiscal field hinders it. Simultaneous fiscal and administrative decentralization does not significantly impact cultivated land protection. (2) Mechanism analysis shows that the sequence of decentralization affects the local government's protection of cropland by influencing fiscal revenue and expenditure through increasing income and reducing expenses. Specifically, fiscal decentralization, when prioritized, reduces cropland occupation by suppressing local government income (reducing the collection of land occupation taxes and lowering the proportion and area of cropland used for land transfers) and reduces cropland abandonment by curbing expenditure (increasing the amount and proportion of agricultural expenditure). Administrative decentralization, when prioritized, exacerbates cropland occupation by enhancing local government income (strengthening the collection of land occupation taxes and increasing the proportion and area of cropland used for land transfers) and exacerbates cropland abandonment by promoting expenditure reduction (decreasing the amount and proportion of agricultural expenditure), ultimately producing a negative effect on cropland protection. (3) Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the impact of the sequence of decentralization on cropland protection varies depending on the arrangement of government responsibilities and the specific items of decentralization at various levels. In regions where fiscal decentralization is prioritized, positive effects on cropland protection are reinforced if the decentralization system clearly defines the fiscal responsibilities of local governments at all levels. In regions where administrative decentralization is prioritized, negative effects on cropland protection are reinforced if the devolved powers include those directly related to land approval. This paper provides insights for the rational allocation of fiscal and administrative powers to achieve cropland protection.

Previous studies have focused on the degree of foreign monopoly in the upstream of the supply chain to carry out empirical econometric studies from the macro perspective, but have not paid attention to the typical factual characteristics of its spatio-temporal evolution under the perspective of economic geography and its impact on micro enterprise innovation. In this paper, with the data of A-share listed manufacturing enterprises from 2007 to 2022, we interpret the spatio-temporal dynamic differentiation characteristics of the degree of foreign monopoly in the upstream of the supply chain, and examine the relationship between it and enterprise innovation. The study finds that: (1) In the temporal dimension, the degree of foreign monopoly in the upstream of the supply chain of Chinese manufacturing enterprises shows an overall fluctuating downward trend. In terms of sub-industry, there are obvious differences in the degree of monopoly in various industries in China, and the lack of resources and technology gap have become major influencing factors for the higher degree of monopoly in specific industries, reflecting the fact that resource and technology endowment is an important factor affecting the development of Chinese manufacturing industry. (2) In the spatial dimension, the degree of monopoly in the eastern region is higher than that in the central and western regions, but the degree of monopoly in the central and western regions is gradually increasing, and the centre of gravity of monopoly shows the geographical migration characteristic of “southeast→northeast→southwest”. (3) The influence of the degree of foreign monopoly in the upstream of the supply chain on enterprise innovation shows an asymmetric U-curve, and the influence of the degree of foreign monopoly in the upstream of the supply chain on the innovation of enterprises in the non-state-owned sector, the eastern region, and the poor financial background is more sensitive.

The Beijing-Guangzhou Corridor is an important project in China's 13th Five-Year Civil Aviation Plan (2016-2020), which aims to adjust the airspace structure and release the airspace carrying capacity on a macro scale, and it is expected to improve the resilience of air traffic flow. In this paper, a combined evaluation framework of air traffic flow resilience is constructed to analyze the changes of air traffic resilience before and after the opening of the Beijing-Guangzhou Corridor by using delay data of track, and then reveal its internal mechanism. Comparing the original network with the optimized network, we found that the vulnerable nodes and segments were transferred from the central airport and its associated segments along the route to the peripheral participating airports and associated segments. In the optimized network, the number and scope of delay propagation dependent paths were reduced and the delay propagation dependent chain was loosened. The spatial structure of delay dependence risk tended to be multi-source network mode, which reduced the polarization state of aviation flow network and enhanced the balance. The original “axial belt” model of the delay risk of the central airport along the route is improved. The flow resilience of the optimized Beijing-Guangzhou Corridor has been significantly improved. It is also found that compared with connecting new airports and adding new routes, the gain effect of releasing idle airspace resources and blocking delay propagation is more significant when new routes are created. Giving priority to developing new paths to improve the flow capacity of vulnerable nodes and segments will help the air flow network to further have the ability of delay absorption and recovery, which will significantly release airspace resources and improve the resilience level of air flow. While building the air route cluster system, the Beijing-Guangzhou Corridor realizes the function transformation of airspace system and the full development and utilization of airspace resources. The study of air flow resilience will provide theoretical reference for the optimal allocation of airspace resources. In the future, the flow resilience research should be carried out in parallel with China's corridors, aiming at the path combination with high delay risk, so as to cope with the interaction impact of flow resilience brought by the coupling of national air flow network.

With the dynamic of geopolitics and international relations, trade protection increasingly influences the upgrading of exports. Previous research primarily addressed this topic within the contexts of industries and firms without taking full consideration of geographical characteristics. This study incorporates trade protection into the research framework of regional export upgrading, with a focus on Guangdong. By analyzing China Customs trade data and Global Trade Alert data spanning 2009 to 2016, this paper delineates the spatial patterns of trade protection and the sophistication of urban exports. Through econometric analysis, the impact of trade protection on urban export sophistication is examined, alongside mediation effects, moderating effects, and spatial heterogeneity. Findings reveal that 58.5% of trade protection incidents in Guangdong originate from developed countries, predominantly targeting cities within the Pearl River Delta. Generally, cities further from the Pearl River Delta exhibit lower export sophistication. Trade protection drives urban export upgrades. Empirical evidence indicates that trade protection enhances urban innovation and reduces the diversification of exports, thus elevating export sophistication. Compared to regions in non-Pearl River Delta region, trade protection more significantly promotes export upgrading within Pearl River Delta cities, thereby widening regional disparities. Industrial agglomeration intensifies the positive effects of trade protection, aiding export upgrading in non-Pearl River Delta region at the regional level, and toward developed countries at the destination country level. This research underscores the importance of leveraging industrial agglomeration to bolster targeted innovation and to refine the structure of export products and markets as pivotal measures for fostering export upgrading under trade protection.

Co-located clusters and inter-cluster relationships from the perspective of ‘multi-cluster’ are emerging as frontier topics in economic geography. The co-location of two or more clusters in urbanized areas is quite common. As urbanization processes accelerate in developing countries, co-location clusters have become more prominent in China and other developing economies with strong government intervention. Industrial clusters are likely located in the same area in such countries because clusters often develop or are incubated in industrial parks and science parks that are planned by the countrywide, provincial and urban cluster development policies. Research on multiple co-located clusters within the same industry is still in its early stage, and numerous questions regarding the nature and development of co-located clusters remain unanswered. On the basis of related literature, this study proposes the mechanism of co-located cluster networks evolution and illustrates it through a case analysis of clusters dominated by the home appliance industry in Shunde-Zhongshan region. The case cluster is a typical co-located cluster not only because two clusters within the co-located cluster are geographically proximate but also the connections between clusters in two cities are diverse and frequent. This study analyzes the spatial pattern evolution of the co-located cluster by quantitative methods such as kernel density spatial analysis and reveals the evolutionary paths of organizational networks in co-located cluster by semi-structured interviews with key industry stakeholders including manufacturers, local governments, and industry associations. It is found that the co-located cluster is more likely to build multi-scale nested connection networks including enterprises, intermediary organizations, individual social relations, talents flow, industry associations, and governments because of multi-dimensional proximity. The networks in the co-located cluster vary across different development stages. Clusters within the co-located cluster in Shunde-Zhongshan region evolve from co-located independence and coexisting competition to cooperation and collaboration, even merge eventually. The evolution of cluster organizational networks enhances the spatial agglomeration of co-located cluster, accompanied by the geographical centres of two clusters getting closer. This study enriches geographical understanding in the field of co-located clusters. Our findings provide practical insights for constructing co-located clusters and managing the flow of production factors among clusters within the framework of a nationally unified market.

Based on the mobility theory, this paper adopts case analysis and inductive reasoning to study the evolution process and formation mechanism of tourism spatial structure in metropolitan areas from the perspectives of capital flows. On the basis of constructing a theoretical analysis framework, an empirical study is carried out on the Nanjing metropolitan area. The results show that: (1) The capital of urban tourism has significant mobility, and it has shown the flow characteristics of "entering the city center, leaving the city center, going to the countryside, and crossing borders" in different periods. Capital flows have promoted tourism development in the inflow areas, at present, rural and cross-border areas around major cities in China have become the most active areas for tourism capital flow. (2) Capital flows have promoted the construction of key urban tourism projects such as theme parks, star-rated hotels, recreational business districts (RBD), and urban tourism complexes, accelerate the evolution of urban tourism spatial structure, and led to the formation of spatial structure modes. The urban tourist destinations present a spatial structure of "core edges, multi-node and chain, chain and rural patches, chain and tourism enclaves" in different periods, presenting the overall evolution trend of "centralization, multi-centralization, centrifugation, marginalization". (3) Keeping moving is an important means for capital to break through urban spatial limitations and continuously evolve upward. Tourism capital follows the cyclic development path of “movement, solidification, re-movement, re-solidification”, and through the integration with other production factors, to promote the spatial structure evolution of urban tourism destination. Through the above research, this paper verifies that the framework is scientific and feasible, and it also summarizes the new characteristics and trends of the current urban tourism spatial structure evolution, demonstrates the mechanism of capital flows on urban tourism development, and deepens the theoretical understanding of urban tourism spatial structure evolution. Finally, this paper discusses the risks and challenges faced by the evolution of tourism spatial structure in metropolitan areas under the influence of capital flows, and proposes relevant suggestions for the future development and management of urban tourism.

The phenomenon of suburbanization under the influence of ICT has always been a hotspot in the study of urban space. As a new type of job activity derived from information and communications technology, mobile-office greatly improves the flexibility and mobility of individual's job-house space choices, which provides a new perspective for analyzing the suburbanization phenomenon of urban space, as well as the laws of how urban spatial structure to evolve. Based on the mobile phone big data, we firstly build the job-house spatial migration database of high-frequency mobile-office workers and non-mobile workers in Wuhan between 2019-2021 and 2021-2023, then explore the quantity, space, structural characteristics and evolution trend of their migration by using comparative analysis, spatial analysis, social network analysis. Our research has shown that mobile office has a promoting effect on the suburbanization of job-house space. Detailed conclusions are listed below. (1) The number and proportion of mobile-office workers migrating their job-house space from the central urban area to the suburban new city are higher than those of non-mobile office workers, with a larger number of moving out and relatively few moving back, and the trend of decentralization towards the suburban new city continues to strengthen. (2) Mobile-office workers mainly migrate from the central urban area to suburban new city, while non-mobile office workers mainly migrate within the central urban area. Besides, the mobile-office population has a greater negative net migration within the central urban area, while a greater positive net migration occurs in suburban new city. Our discovery indicates that the decentralization trend of mobile-office workers moving to the suburban new city has been further strengthened. (3) In terms of structural characteristics, the centrality of mobile-office workers in some suburban new city centers shows a potential trend of exceeding central urban area, and their centrality increase is higher than one-third of the central urban center. In addition, compared to suburbanization of job space, the dispersion of home space among mobile-office workers are stronger, with a wider migration district range, gradually spreading from the central urban area to the suburban new city and the far suburban city area. These conclusions indicate that the selection choice of job-house space for mobile-office workers obviously weakens the geographical agglomeration effect. Our study confirms the suburbanization trend of urban space under the influence of ICT, enriching the relevant research on the pattern and process of how ICT influences the suburbanization, as well as providing a theoretical perspective for analyzing the suburbanization of urban space in cities, which is of great importance to further integration of urban and suburban areas, and sustainable development of suburban new cities.

By comprehensively evaluating and classifying the performance of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) within different metro station areas, the metropolis can accurately formulate development strategies that encourage positive interaction between transportation and land use to alleviate urban diseases. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) indicators overlook the typical three-dimensional (3D) characteristics of cities' development, and their density or intensity indicators also ignore the potential functional combinations among POI types. Therefore, this study introduced new indicators such as the 3D form of streets/buildings and POI functional semantics to reconstruct the "Node-Place-Function" framework, measured the TOD performance of 188 station areas in Wuhan and divided them into 6 categories using KMeans, then explored the relationship between TOD performance/typology and the key external efficiency of metro passenger flow. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The TOD performance was decreasing from riverside areas of Jianghan and Wuchang to city periphery, whose high values are distributed as large and small clusters. (2) The TOD types follow a similar layer distribution, which could be named sequentially from city center to outside (Ⅰ-Ⅵ) as: High value Function advantage class, High value Node advantage class, Median value balance class, Median value Place advantage class, Low value Node advantage class and Low value Node disadvantage class. (3) Positive correlations were observed between TOD efficiency and passenger flow boarding and alighting both on weekdays and weekends. A large number of passengers converged from Class Ⅲ-Ⅵ stations to Class Ⅰ & Ⅱ stations during morning peak periods. The expanded quantitative evaluation system in this study can effectively infer potential passenger volume, and the TOD typologies also help planners tailor their policies to local conditions and make targeted decisions.

Geographical indications play an important role in promoting high-quality agricultural development, facilitating rural revitalisation as well as improving the livelihoods and well-being of farmers. Taking the apple growers of Weibei Dryland Plateau in the middle of the Yellow River Basin as an example, we developed an assessment framework to evaluate the livelihood vulnerability and well-being of farmers. The entropy weight method, the TOPSIS model, as well as the natural breakpoint method were employed to conduct the assessment. Using the adoption of geographical indication trademarks as an entry point, the role of geographical indications in reducing livelihood vulnerability and improving farmers' well-being was explored at the micro-scale by applying a propensity score matching model and a mediated effects model, respectively. The results were obtained as follows: (1) The overall livelihood vulnerability and well-being of farmers in the study area were at high and medium levels, respectively. (2) The adoption of geographical indication trademarks by farmers can improve their well-being by reducing livelihood vulnerability. In addition, the net effect of geographical indication trademarks adoption by farmers on reducing their livelihood vulnerability ranged from 15.6% to 18.3%. (3) The adoption of geographical indication trademarks by farmers can incorporate their livelihoods into the realisation of the economic, ecological and cultural added value of geographical indication agricultural products. The realisation of added value of the geographical indication agricultural products can increase the well-being of farmers by reducing the sensitivity of livelihood systems as a key pathway. The in-depth analysis of the relationship and pathways between policy factors, livelihood vulnerability and well-being can, to some extent, compensate for the limitations of current studies that solely analyze farmers' livelihood vulnerability and well-being from a singular perspective. This will also expand the frontiers of sustainable livelihoods research and provide a micro-focus for policy promotion as well as improvements based on farmers. In the practice of high-quality agricultural development and rural revitalisation, attention should be paid to the micro-mechanism of geographical indications as a pathway for realising the value of local agricultural products for the livelihood and well-being of farmers. Consequently, the adoption of geographical indication trademarks by farmers should be promoted and encouraged.

Taobao village is a typical representation of rural e-commerce development, and exploring Taobao villages spatial evolution characteristics is of great significance to clarify the evolution law of rural e-commerce. This study deeply analyzes the spatial evolution characteristics of Taobao villages, grounded in the complex adaptive system theory. It applies Geodetector to examine the influencing factors of Taobao villages spatial distribution. Based on e-commerce platform, and composed of multi-agent, external environment, basic resources and infrastructure systems, the Taobao village system is a dynamic complex system. With the case of Taobao villages spatial evolution in Hebei province studied, some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) In the spatial germination stage (from 2009 to 2013), villagers developed rural e-commerce under self-organization motion and formed Taobao villages. The adaptive behavior and spatial expansion degree of agents were limited. In the spatial diffusion stage (from 2014 to 2019), the strength of government and non-governmental organizations was improved, and the agglomeration of innovation elements and streams was enhanced, which promoted the emergence of Taobao villages and the complexity of the spatial structure. However, some Taobao villages failed to adapt due to the negative interaction of online stores' agents and the disadvantaged infrastructure. In the spatial stable stage (from 2020 to now), the interaction among multiple agents had been enhanced under the update of the e-commerce model, which further promoted the transformation and upgrading and spatial development of Taobao villages. (2) The diffusion types of Taobao villages' main products, such as homogenous diffusion, multiple diffusion and industrial island type, as well as the circulation channels of self-production and marketing and agent sales, strengthened the product identification effect and commodity flow. (3) The formation of Taobao villages spatial structure was derived from the synergy of multiple factors, among which the external environment subsystem had the greatest influence, and the factors of location conditions, e-commerce facilities and logistics facilities were the core driving forces of Taobao villages. The stimulation of sub-system factors and the interaction among agents jointly promoted the evolution of Taobao villages spatial structure. This research provides a theoretical analysis framework as a reference for exploring the spatio-temporal process and mechanism of the e-commerce development in rural areas, and the results have a certain universal indicative effect on the construction of digital villages based on e-commerce.

Spatial commercialization and cultural landscape of traditional villages are important issues that have attracted wide attentions in geography. This manuscript, taking the Tanka fishing village in Hainan province, the only traditional maritime village in “the List of Chinese Traditional Villages”, as a case, identified its cultural landscape genes based on the Landscape Gene Theory, and analyzed its variation process and characteristics of cultural landscape gene from the perspective of spatial commercialization, aiming at providing practical reference for the unique features and cohesion enhancement of traditional cultural and the protection of cultural landscape gene of the Tanka village and other similar traditional villages. The results show that: (1) Spatial commercialization of the Tanka village has experienced such three stages as the initial start, rapid development and transformation development, and takes on the evolutionary trend of multiple industries integration from dominated by fishery to integration of fishery and tourism and then to the integration of fishery, tourism and culture. (2) Spatial commercialization of the Tanka village has gradually driven the diversity transformation of the cultural landscape from the pattern formation of material cultural landscape gene on the sea to the rapid variation of material cultural landscape and then to the interaction of material and intangible cultural landscape gene on the sea and land. On the one hand, the spatial forms and overall layouts of the material cultural landscape genes on the sea and land takes on obvious periodic characteristics and modernization trend. On the other hand, intangible cultural genes represented by traditional skills, festivals, music and language gradually merged with modern civilization and were passed on and carried forward. (3) The dynamic variations of cultural landscape genes of the Tanka village are the results of the combined effect of the natural environment, policy guidance, market promotion and stakeholders' appeal. Among which, the natural environment is the foundation, policies guide the direction of variation, and the stakeholders' appeal and behavior change stimulated by the market is the key force. (4) It is important measures to pay attention to the protection of Tanka cultural landscape genes on the land, strengthen the authenticity excavation of cultural landscape genes, stimulate the endogenous motivation of the villagers, and establish the benign mechanism of interests' linkage and cooperation among the heterogeneous subjects to promote protection and development utilization of traditional cultural landscapes of the Tanka village.

Various social and ecological problems in the evolution of rural tourism seriously hinder the high-quality development of rural tourism destinations and the overall revitalization of rural areas, however, the research on the mechanism of social-ecological evolution of rural tourism destinations still lacks theoretical and empirical innovation. Based on the theories of Social-Ecological System and “Pressure-State-Response”, this paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework for the evolution of social-ecological system in rural tourism areas from aspects of system internal coordination and stress adaptation. By means of diachronic analysis and process-event analysis qualitative analysis, it analyzes the process, characteristics and driving mechanism of high-quality rural tourism development in Xiantan village. The findings are as follows: (1) The high-quality development of social-ecological system in Xiantan village has gone through three stages: capital embeddedness and endogenous growth, outsiders' intervention and exploration, and returnees' return and symbiosis, from the traditional agricultural countryside to the modern residential tourism village, the initial realization of high-quality development of rural tourism. (2) The process of high-quality development of the social-ecological system in Xiantan village is essentially the development of the system from quantitative change to qualitative change, which means that the quality of all elements of the system is improved and its structure is optimized and coordinated, and the most crucial aspect is the comprehensive improvement of the development body and the efficient transformation of ecological value. (3) Elite-driven, market-oriented and policy-driven transformation constitute the core driving force, and the multiple subjects follow the elite logic, market logic and institutional logic to interact with the social and ecological environment and synergize their evolution, and jointly drive the high-quality development of the social-ecological system in Xiantan village. The theoretical framework of this study provides some theoretical reference for the study of high-quality development and evolution of rural tourism destination, the practice of Xiantan village also provides a fresh sample for promoting the high-quality development of rural tourism and the overall revitalization of rural areas.

Assemblage geographies have constructed a shared interpretive strategy based on “heterogeneous generated space” and “post-relational ontology” as its basic features. While providing heuristic theories and methodologies as a cutting-edge branch of human geography, its weaknesses, such as descriptive “emptiness” and lack of precision, are inevitably revealed. More strikingly, it loses its focus on the differential workings of power relations by blurring the relative importance of its internal components and the differentiation of power. Feminist theory has opened up new geographic research spaces over the decades and has focused on the fact that assemblage geographies are severely limited in their practical potential by the missing principle of difference. The vertical power relations and structural connotations of feminist principles are innately connected and complementary to assemblage geographies. Within a complementary feminist perspective, this paper categorizes the theoretical frameworks applied by assemblage geographies into “heterogeneous generated space”, “post-relational ontology”, “dynamic and emergent processes”, and “differential relevance and implications of power”. Based on this, using fieldwork in Uganda as empirical material, this paper reveals how Ugandan women's land empowerment pathways are characterized by the basic features of assemblage that shaped the introduction of land co-ownership as an amendment clause to the land bill, and it was the persistence of differential power relations that led to the deletion of this clause when it was finally enacted. Through a dialog between assemblage geography and feminist theory, this paper critically discusses cutting-edge Western theoretical ideas with a view to empirically informing the application of assemblage thinking and adding new explanatory power and applied value to assemblage geographies.

The evolution of manufacturing power between China and the United States is crucial in transforming the world's economic geography and geo-economic order. Existing research that uses the value-added in exports to assess structural power ignores important dimensions of how power operates, and fails to analyze shifts in power from a relative power perspective. This paper, from a dual perspective of where power originates and how it operates, identifies two fundamental approaches to measuring structural power in the global manufacturing value-added trade networks. The latest Inter-country Input-Ouput (ICIO) tables are used to depict the spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of manufacturing structural power in China and the United States from 2000 to 2020. The findings reveal that: (1) The power shift, characterized by 'China rising and the US declining', mainly manifests in China's import rather than export status in the global manufacturing value-added trade networks. The improved state of China's supply position has not significantly impacted the United States' role as a major exporter. Rather, the change in import status mirrors the comparative shift in domestic market standings between China and the US. (2) Significant disparities exist in the geographical distribution of manufacturing power between China and the United States. China's power landscape is gradually moving towards a state of 'equilibrium' and 'diversification'. In contrast, the US landscape presents the distinctive features of 'network sedimentation' and 'customer stickiness', making power transfer more difficult. (3) The spatial distribution of the key areas of power competition between China and the United States has shifted from a 'global dot dispersion' to a 'European agglomeration distribution'. The dynamics of their manufacturing power have evolved from a fluid restructure to a harmonized rivalry, positioning Europe as a central battleground. (4) The driving factors behind the transfer of manufacturing power have shifted from multiple factors, including geography and culture, to being predominantly driven by market demand. This highlights the importance of further expanding and opening domestic markets in the reorganization of global economic power. This study broadens the scope of structural power theory by introducing a novel measurement approach, providing a new perspective on power shifts and the reshaping of the world's economic geography.

Based on the 2010 and 2020 LandScan high-resolution global population distribution data as well as the sixth and seventh national census data, this article explores the relationship between polycentric structure, city size and economic performance of China's cities at prefecture level and above. Firstly, the ESDA method is used to identify urban centers, and two strategies are used to measure the urban polycentricity index; The promotion effect of polycentric structure on economic performance was systematically analyzed by two-stage least squares using multiple instrumental variables, and the differences in the impact of polycentric structure on economic performance across city sizes were explored; And finally the consistency and differences between the present paper and the previous papers in terms of the economic performance of the polycentric structure are demonstrated and discussed, and the method of adding interaction terms is used for the demonstration. It is found that: (1) China's cities are developing towards a polycentric structure between 2010 and 2020; (2) Both polycentric structure and larger city size can positively promote economic performance, and the conclusions are robust after the tests of replacing explanatory variables, explanatory variables, and shrinking the sample; (3) The impact of polycentric structure on economic performance differs significantly across city sizes, with smaller cities having insignificant impacts, while larger cities can significantly promote economic performance, but the positive promotion effect will be reduced as the size of the city expands; (4) Capital investment, institutional factors, industrial structure, transportation level, and foreign trade and economic level can positively promote economic performance to different degrees; (5) Improvements in the level of internet, communication and transportation all contribute positively to the economic performance of the polycentric structure, which can help to understand the differences between the findings of this paper and those of previous papers. This paper concludes that the formulation of urban spatial strategy should pay more attention to the city's own scale and development stage, based on the current situation of the city, and reasonably implement the multi-center development strategy; Urban spatial development should comprehensively consider the characteristics of the city, and adapt to local conditions and rational planning.

The construction of digital government stands as a cornerstone in the quest for national governance modernization and the holistic advancement of digital progress. This paper, for the first time, quantifies the extent of the digital government development level of 337 Chinese cities, encompassing all prefecture and higher-level administrations, spanning a period from 2017 through 2022. Utilizing comprehensive data extracted from work reports of local governments, this analysis delves into not only the temporal and spatial patterns of such developments but also the various factors that influence these trends. The findings of the study reveal that: (1) China's digital government development level shows a consistent year-on-year increasing trend with an average annual growth rate of 11.54%, with the fastest growth rate in public service capacity, followed by the security capacity, and finally the government transparency level. (2) Geographically, it presents a decreasing regional pattern in the eastern, central and western regions in terms of the digital government development level, and the gap between the western region and the other two regions is gradually widening. (3) It has significant spatial agglomeration characteristics, and the degree of this agglomeration gradually increases over the years. (4) It exhibits a clear "core-periphery" structure, where cities with higher digital government development levels are concentrated in the areas with higher administrative levels and five major urban agglomerations. (5) There is an absence of a trend towards convergence at the national level, but the internal differences within each of the three major regions have demonstrated a narrowing tendency. (6) The empirical analysis reveals that the economic development level emerges as a key factor affecting the digital government development level, and other influencing factors, including the urban population size, industrial structure characteristics, government fiscal capacity and network infrastructure, exhibit heterogeneous impacts on distinct government digital indicators and in different regional contexts. In conclusion, this study provides a new research perspective for measuring the digital government development level within China at the city level, which is of great significance for further understanding the characteristics of China's digital government development level and suggests several important policy implications.

In order to promote cooperation of green development between consumption-based cities and other regions which offer goods, it is significant to clarify the spatial sources of virtual water and embodied carbon in the context of dual circulation. This paper chose Beijing as a case study. Based on a nested multi-region input-output model, the spatial characteristics of Beijing's inflow of virtual water and embodied carbon through domestic and international trade were measured under the dual circulation perspective. In addition, the water-carbon stress of these regions and countries which offer outflow of virtual water and embodied carbon to Beijing was analyzed by the water stress and carbon stress indices. The following results were obtained. (1) Beijing relieved local water-carbon pressures by consuming external water-intensive or carbon-intensive products. Virtual water inflows accounted for 78.08% of the total water consumption from a consumption-based perspective. Similarly, embodied carbon inflows represented 84.96% of the total carbon emissions when viewed from the consumption side. The top five sectors in terms of inflows are those in which virtual water and embodied carbon inflows are concentrated, both within and outside Beijing. (2) Domestic trade was the main source of Beijing's inflow of water-intensive and carbon-intensive products. Domestic inflows of virtual water and embodied carbon accounted for 65.34% and 88.12% of the total inflows of virtual water and embodied carbon, respectively. (3) Beijing had a high concentration of spatial sources from virtual water and embodied carbon inflows through domestic and international trade. It was mainly affected by the spatial distribution of trade flows, trade structure, and water consumption and carbon emissions coefficient. The top ten provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities or countries in terms of virtual water and embodied carbon flows to Beijing accounted for more than 60% of the total domestic and international amount, respectively. (4) Most of the major sources of inflows, whether domestic or international, virtual water or embodied carbon, belong to regions or countries with high water-carbon stress. Based on the above results, this paper puts forward policy recommendations for consumer cities to attach importance to water conservation and carbon reduction governance and strengthen regional cooperation. It further promotes the realization of green and low-carbon development in consumer cities.

Urban emergency shelters are the places and facilities where the life and property of people are protected when and after disasters happen. A reasonable spatial layout of these places and facilities plays a crucial role in protecting the life of residents from major disasters such as earthquakes. With the main urban area of Nanjing as an example, mobile user portrait data are analyzed in this paper to obtain the information on daytime and nighttime distribution of urban populations. Travel time data are collected through path planning, and the accessibility of emergency shelters is calculated through the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method. Also, the information on the number of people taking shelter is used to analyze the supply-demand ratio of emergency shelters. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) There is a clear spatial separation of work from residence as shown by the distribution of population in the main urban area of Nanjing, and the density of population is higher in the core urban area than in the outer urban area. The spatial difference in daytime population density is more significant than in nighttime population density, and the spatial layout of emergency shelters is closely related to population density. The emergency shelters accessible within 30 minutes cover a large number of residents whether during daytime or nighttime, showing a basically high overall efficiency of coverage. (2) The accessibility of emergency shelters in the main urban area of Nanjing is generally low, showing a relatively high level in the outer urban area better than in the core urban area. The fluctuation of accessibility during daytime and nighttime is generally insignificant, with a negative correlation shown between accessibility and population density. There is unevenness in the spatial distribution of accessibility of emergency shelters. (3) The overall supply-demand ratio of emergency shelters in the main urban area of Nanjing is low, showing a higher level in the outer urban area than in the core urban area. In the core urban area and Jiangbei district, it is imperative to strengthen the construction and layout optimization of emergency shelters. Finally, suggestions are made in this paper to solve the problems with the spatial layout of emergency shelters in the main urban area of Nanjing. One is to increase the overall number of shelters and the other is to optimize the layout of the existing ones.

The increasing frequency of extreme high-temperature events due to global climate change, particularly urban heatwaves, has significantly impacted daily urban activities like commuting and leisure, posing serious challenges to the sustainable development of cities. As cities continue to expand and climate-related risks intensify, the precise identification and evaluation of urban heat risks have become crucial for improving urban thermal comfort, ensuring public health, and guiding future urban planning efforts. This study presents a novel framework for urban heat risk assessment, utilizing the "activity-environment" spatiotemporal interaction perspective. Nanjing, a representative high-temperature city in China, serves as the case study. By integrating diverse big data sources—including mobile signaling data, social media data, and street view data—the research assesses heat risks in urban street spaces across three dimensions: heat exposure, heat sensitivity, and heat adaptation. Advanced clustering models are employed to identify and categorize streets with varying degrees of potential heat risks, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of their characteristics. The key findings of the study are as follows: (1) There is considerable spatial heterogeneity in heat exposure and sensitivity within the street spaces of Nanjing's central urban area, with elevated risks particularly concentrated in the city center. However, spatial mismatches between heat exposure and sensitivity patterns are observed in specific districts, such as Xianlin and the Zijin Mountain-Xuanwu Lake area, indicating complex interactions between urban form and thermal risks. (2) Built environment factors exert a significant regulatory and adaptive influence on street heat risks. It was found that objective surface temperatures are more sensitive to variations in the built environment than subjective thermal perceptions, with street morphology and the presence of natural surroundings showing a strong correlation with heat exposure risks. (3) Cluster analysis of Nanjing's central urban street spaces reveals a complex heat risk landscape, which can be categorized into five distinct types. Each category presents different levels of risk across the dimensions of heat exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation, highlighting the importance of tailored urban planning interventions. This research not only provides a refined, street-level assessment of urban heat risks, but also offers valuable insights and practical implications for urban planners and policymakers seeking to enhance the thermal resilience and overall livability of city streets in the face of escalating climate challenges.

Since the reform and opening up in the late 1970s, the spatial structure of Chinese cities has been undergoing continuous and rapid changes. Few existing studies have quantitatively examined the spatial structure evolution pattern and model based on the perspective of urban construction entities. Therefore, focusing on Beijing as a case study, this research creates a database of urban construction entities and their spatial distribution using Construction Permits and enterprises' registration information from 2006 to 2021. Then this research applies a comprehensive spatial analysis method to quantitatively investigate the spatiotemporal differentiation patterns of multiple types of urban construction entities. The research finds that: (1) The government and private enterprises account for more than 85% of all urban construction entities. The spatial distribution of urban construction entities shows agglomeration characteristics. Nonetheless, variations exist in the features of urban construction entities' spatial pattern evolution, including aspects of expansion and contraction, as well as monocentricity and polycentricity. All entities have the characteristic of traffic proximity, and there are differences in their transportation dependence along with the changes in time and type. And those entities promote the change of spatial construction focus in Beijing. (2) Beijing's urban area exhibits three different phases: The first phase is the construction of functional expansion areas from 2006 to 2012. The second phase is the renewal and upgrading of core areas from 2012 to 2017. And the third phase is the centralized development of suburban areas from 2017 to 2021. Significant geographical and temporal heterogeneity is a defining characteristic of various types of urban construction entities. (3) The central zone has evolved from being dominated by the government and its shareholding enterprises to being dominated by both the government and market organizations. The suburban area has evolved from being dominated by a single urban construction entity to the balanced development of multiple urban construction entities. The spatial succession pattern of urban construction entities has clearly demonstrated plural participation and coordinated growth. Comprehending the development of urban spatial structure through the lens of urban construction entity typology facilitates the provision of decision-making assistance for the effective management and ideal arrangement of urban space.

Alcohol-based drinking consumption has increasingly become an important part of residents' daily leisure life. There is a geographical tradition cognition that people from northern China would have higher preference for drinking than those from southern China, but geographers have not provided scientific answers for this question yet. Starting from this gap, this study attempts to verify the existence of such a regional preference and further reveal its general impact factors of spatial distribution. This study uses Baidu keyword search indexes and Amap alcohol POI data to represent the alcohol-based drinking preferences in each city of China, by considering the interferences of the size of population, structure of population, average income of the citizens, and the prosperity of urban economies. In order to better understand the research results, this study frames the leisure preference of alcohol-based drinking consumption as the "Libai Index", which is composed of Libai expected consumption index and Libai actual consumption index. The results show that: (1) The sptial distribution of the Libai Index is inconsistent with the geographical tradition cognition of Chinese drinking behavior. The Libai Index does not show obvious north-south and east-west differentiation or follow the geographical distribution of the famous Hu Huanyong Line. The region with the highest preference is not the most economically developed cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, but the Sichuan-Chongqing region with Chengdu and Chongqing as the core. (2) In terms of natural environment, the lower the temperature is, the higher the Libai expected consumption index will be; the lower the temperature and the shorter the sunshine duration are, the higher is the Libai actual consumption index; however, precipitation, humidity and wind speed do not have significant impact on the two Libai indexes. (3) In terms of socio-economic environment, housing price level and night light are significantly positively correlated with the two Libai indexes. The findings of this study correct the traditional misunderstanding of the geographical distribution of alcohol-based drinking preference. It reveals the influence of natural environmental factors such as temperature and sunshine duration and social economic factors such as housing price and night light index on alcohol consumption. This work resonates with the neo-environmental determinism and affirms that this theory still has good explanatory power. At the same time, this paper is also a pro-active attempt for the utilization of multi-structure geo-data.