There have come out a large number of problems on regional devel opment in China since 1970s, of which some problems, having important contents or significance within the scope of economic geography in both practices and theories, should be contained.1. Laying down strategy and orientation for regional economic development;2. Setting up the territorial production complexes and putting out the criterions of rational agglomeration;3. The problem of central cities and regional development;4. Choosing of the regions priorly exploited and the access to the others for developing;5. Economic development and urbanization in the rural area;6. Prediction and modeling of regional development.Focusing upon the studies of regional comprehensive deicsionmaking and spatial structure as the major contents, the cooperation among all branches of economic geography should be strengthened so that new methodologies of regional analysis ane the regional developing models based on the traditional analysis could be borne and put into practice in order to tackle these problems mentioned above.

The first half of this century was a Period in which the Chinese geographical science developed from the ancient traditional geography to modern geography.With modern sdstem the higher teaching of geography set up and developed.This paper gives a brief account of the teaching of geography in Chinese universities during this period.It also attempts to analyze the background to this period.The topic will be discussed in three historical stages. At the first stage, which ran from the very beginning of the century to the May 4th Movement of 1919, the Imperial Examination System (科举制度) was abrogated anb public schools were established. Geography was, for the first time, set upas an independent subject of study in China's institutions of higher learning, such as the to Great Capital School (京师大学堂).The geography lessons taught students at this stage were almost entirely description of different regions. At the second stage, from which spanned the time from the May 4th Movement of 1919 to the beginning of the War of Resistance Against Japan in 1937, modern geography was built up in China. This paper gives emphasis to the development and the characteristics of geography teaching in the geography departments of the Central University,Bei-jing Normal University,Zhong-shan University, Zhe-jiang University and schools of higher learning.The third, running from the end of the War of Resistance Against Japan in 1945 to the founding of the Peoples'Republic of China in 1949,saw workers and teachers of geography trying their best in keeping up the geography teaching.The modernized higher teaching of geography in this half century made a notable advance in its theory, teaching material and methodology.Despite many difficuties and obstacles which hindered the progress of Chinese geography teaching, many Chinese geographic workers and teachers did make important achievements which are worth mentioning and should not be forgotten. And, besides, the present older generation of Chinese geographers were really trained and matured during the period.

The source of the Qiantang River, the greatest river in Zhejiang Province, has long since been a much debated guestion and opinions vary with each other, unable to reach an anthoritative conclusion.The identification of the source of a river is of great significance in scientific ralue and economic construction. The length, flow, and catchment area of a river, the pattern of the Tributaries, the historical tradition, the geological structure and morphology of the valleys, and the terrain of the sourcethese are elements usually tallen as foundations to identify the source of a river, though no unified criteria have been established ai. present, either domestically or internationally. The author holds that, in applying these criteria, synthetic analysis should be made so as to abstract from among all elements the major ones, of which length and flow should be taken as important criteria, the former being the primary.The Qiantang River has in its.upper reaches two major sources, the Sing'an River to the North and the Lan River to the South.The Exploratory Team of the Source and Estuary of the Qiantang River, organized by the Scientific and Technical Association of Zhejiang Province, through on.the spot investigation, accurate survey and computation, and scientific analysis and comparison, has identified, as the genuine source of the Qiantang the Sing'an River, which rises from Lugujian, Xiu ming County, Anhui province, and as its stuary the line linkuig Ganpu, Haiyan County, and Xisanzha on the border of Yiiyao and Cixi Counties the opposite shore.The reidentification of the source and estuary of the Qiantang results in an prolongation of the length of the river from 405 to 695km, and an extension of the area of its basin from 11,90 to 43, 887 square km. The cao'e River being identified as a fribatary included in the Qiantang drainage system, the old statement of the eight drainage systems of Zhejiang should be revised as seven.

In terms of peat-growing period there are different peat types to be found in China, such as the paleo-peat forming in the late Tertiary and other peat types forming in the Pleistocene and the Holocene. The last ten thousand years is the most active period of the formation of peat, especially in the late period of the Mid-Holocene and the early period of the late Holocene.Four peat-growing periods seem to be odvious since the Neozoic era, i.e. the paleopeat-growing period before the pleistocene and the other three peat-growing periods in the early pleistocene, late pleistocene and Holocene. There have deen differentiation in peat-forming process and growing models since the Holocene. In the stratum of the Mid-Plei-stocene, peat has not been found, which needs to study further.The peak period of peat formation in the Holocene occurred earlier in the southern China than in the northern, China. Accor ding to the carbon-dating, the peak period of peat formation occurred in 7,000-4,000 years B.P.in the tropic and subtopic zones. 5,000-1,500 years B.P.in the warm temperate zone, and 4,000-3,000 years B.P. in the frigid and middle temperate zones and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.The peatlands which have been forming and developing are mainly distributed at the alpine region and plateaus in China, e.g. the regions of the Xinganling Mountains, the Changbai Moun tain, the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.

During the Southern-Song Dynasty, the Taihu basin was the political, economical and cultural center of China, therefore there are many historical events about climate. In this paper, on the basis of these accumulated data, the flood and drought order sequence of Taihu basin during the last 863 years (1121-1983 A.D.) has been built. It consists of nine orders. In addition, the heavy flood and drought that have happened since the southern song Dynasty was studied by the sequence analysis method. Furthermore, according to the statistical theory of extreme values, the possibility of their recurrence in the near future was estimated.The main conclusions are as follows;1. From Nan-Song dynasty, the flood years were a little more than drought years and normal years. Their proportion was 4:3:3. In flood and drought years, the gentleness was most, the gentleness and the normal years account for over 60% of the total, the very heavy account for about 3%.2. The flood years were relatively concentrated in the 14th and 15th century; the drought years were relatively concentrated in the 13th and 16th century and after the 18th century the proportion of very heavy flood and drought years has been increased obviously, among the flood and drought years.3. Most of heavy flood and drought in history occurred in summer and autumn. Numerous successive years of flood and drought was one of the remarkable characteristics of heavy flood and drought. The successive years of flood and drought were resulted in the extreme cases of flood and drought in history 4. By 1994, it will be probable that one very heavy flood (similar to that of 1954), one or two heavy flood (similar to that of 1980) and one heavy drought (similar to that of 1968) will occur, but there is little possibi lity of occurring of very heavy drought, in general.

This Paper deals with several gravels by studying their sedimentary characters in field and physioal-chemical targets in laboratory.Based on area contrast, these gravels belong to Early pleistocene, Middle pleistocene. Late pleistocene and Holocene sediments respec tively. We consider the origins of these gravels are the diluvium from the north slope.of TaiBai Mountain and the branch sediments of the south side of River wei, and not glacial or fluio-glacial deposits as uggested by some geologists. Being similar to the modern soil targets in the valley of River Wei, the physical-chemical targets of sediments show that these gravels are the outcomes of the warm and semi-humid climate environment.The ancient glacier never arrived at the foot area of Tai Bai Mountain during the Quaternary epach.

Professor Fu Baopu analysed many data of precipitation about mountains in China and foreign countries, and suggested a famous experimental formula to express the relation between the precipitation P_z and the altitude z. It is usually as follows: where P_h-the precipitation at the foot of the hill, h-the height at thefoot of the hill, a and H (the height with the maximum precipitation of the mountain) are two parameters decided by regions and seasons. The original method to calculate these two parameters from observatioa data of mountains is a gradual approach method which searches the better solution, step by step and by eyes only.

According to the observed data of the relation evaporation tank (20m²) and the characteristics of mateorological elements, We obtained a model of evaporation from water surface on the basis of Dalton's Law. E₀=0.144(1+0.75U_1.5)[D+d(T_1.5)(a-1)T_1.5](mm/day) According to this model, we estimated annual and monthly evaporation fo 60 meteorological observation stations in the areas and drew an annual and seasonal evaporation map (year, typical months) The examination of the presented formula shows that the monthly maximum relation error of estimation is baout 6%, yearly relation error is about 0.4%.

This paper briefly describes the history of researches, the achievements and the Problems in the field of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau.Before 1949, study of soil erosion on the Plateau began. It is only after 1950 that great progress has been made and achievements gained as fellows.1. Compilation of the maps of soil erosion division and presenation of a scientifically and systematicly classified erosive pattern.2 Estimatation of the delivery ratio of sediments on Loess plateau about 1.91% of 1.6×10⁸ tons sediments transported to the lower reaches of the Yellow River from the Loess plateau, and 74% of the total sediments from the area of about 1.14×10⁵km², including North Shaanxi, East Gansu and West Shanxi, Furthermore, the sediments with the diameters larger than 0.05mm on the bed of the lower reaches of the Yellow River are also transpoted from the regions.59-93% of the amount of sediments in the small basins are provided by gully banks.3. The rainfall causing soil erosion is the stormrain with a period of 1 to 4 hours, medium precitation (20 to 50mm) and high intensity (5 to 20mm/h.). The erosion is commonly produced 15 to 20 minutes after the surface flow appaers,snd it is exponentially related to slopes, but it will reduce as slope over 25° to 28°.The soil crust may make the runoff and erosion 5-10 times higher than that in the case without the crust4. The special geological and geomorphological conditions of the Loess Plateau staimulale natural erosion in this area.The Loess Plateau in the early period of development was covered by fairly with vegetations. Modern strong soil erosion is resulted from the natural factors and human destroy.Since the founding of new China, large-scale soil and water conservation work has been carried out, so the soil erosion in some areas has been con trolled.But in other places, erosion is increased for various factors.The basic problems in the study of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau are:1. The wind erosion and mass movement have not been quantitatively studied yet.Mechanics of splushwash and rainwash is still unclear.2. Management of scientific research is confused.Some research work is repeatly cycled at the low level.3. Research technique is not advanced, and the observation data are lack of systematization.

In recent years nearly all of organizations concerned in United States and Europe have paid much attention to the application of new techniques and methods to study of soil erosion. American scientists are making effort to develop new general soil loss equation, in which the role of gromorphologist will be more stressed. Many researchers attempt to substitute soil shearing resistance for K factor in USLE. Since the calculated rainfall intensity and kinetic energy of rainfall obtained by existing methods tend to be lower than those of natural rainfall, some researchers try to design more efficient equipment which can be used to make direct measurement of kinetic energy of natural rainfall. Some progress has also been made in studying the relationship between kinetic energy and shape of rainfall drop.Thorough study on the relation of soil crust to soil erosion has become a key link to the forecast of soil erosion. Whether rills are developed or not is another key to estimating the amount of soil erosion on slopes.Establishment of mathematic model for soil erosion has attracted much attention of researchers since 1970's, but unfortunately no important breakthrough has been made upto now.

¹⁴C geochronology, sedimentology, geomorphology, historical geography and modern dynamic process methods were applied to prove the positions and evolution trend in 6000 ys.B.p.,5000ys.B.P., 4000-2500y s. B. P., Han Dynasty, Tang Dyansty, Late Song Dynasty and Qing Dyansly.The development model of the Hanjiang River Delta was suggested as follows. 1. the delta had two development stages, the river had two-class distributaries, 2, the shoals and sand bars linked up river banks and the plain extended, 3. flood and wind carried deposit and built up land 4 the west distributary shrank, the east distributary developed, and the main river moved north-eastward.

The quality of Landsats image can be improved considerably by digitel enhancement and image processing in printing for the thematic cartography. The result image is exquisite and abundant and this mav be useful for many applications.In recent years, we have made experiments by using computer image processing combined with colour printing in an attempt to produce a 1:250,000 scale printed image with high quality and low cost, which would have a wider applicability, The procedure used consists of three stages, digitalimage precessing, colour scanning processing and colour printing.The equipments used for the experiments are image processing system 101, film writer C-4300, colour scanners SD-1000 and SD-701.1)Digital image enhancement. A. number of digital image enhancement methods, including frequency domain and spatial domain have been tested, among them we choose histogram transformaton methods. To study the effect of these methods, we select a typical area of Tianjin frame. The original and enhanced ima ges and it s histograms are shown in Fig.1. For example:logarithmic enhancement, transformation of grey level adjustment, histogram equaliztion, local enhancement, trackball linear mapping and piecewise linear enhancement etc. 2)Analysis and comparison of enhancement effect.It is noted that the enhancement methods mentioned above have improved the image in varying degrees, For a full frame enhancement,the linear enhancement is a simple and effective method.3}Imege processing in printing for cartography: Continuous Lone scanning, the density of digital enhanced film of Tianjin is within the range of 0.31-1.44 and after scanning this range is expanded to 0.2-1.9, the intersection point of the two curves is determined by studying the features of the image.It is about 0.6 for Tianjin.Halt tone scanning. It is important to adjust the tone of each band for producing an image of good colour effect.The last is plate making and clour printing, and this is a standard process.A high quality Landsat image is necessary for human visual iuterpretion and thematic cartography. For this purpose, en experiment of digital image processing combining with colour printing to produce a 1:250 000 scale image has been made. Several landsat frams. including the areas of Beijing, Tiaji, Tangshan are processed by this procedure, and the quality of these images is improved considerably.

A long history has been experienced to research into the geographical aridity and humidity by use of various indices, This paper briefly reviewed some typical indices in the climatic classifications such as Koppen's, Thorn th-waite's and Budyko's types. Summing up, the indices were gradually developed from empirical, semi-empirical description to physics-based method.it is an opportunity to derive new index as the achievements of earth sciences such as energy balance, water balance and related technique, have been made in the last decades.

Geomoronology is a science dealing with the morphology of earth surface. Since the morphology of the earth surface is moulded by combined action of endogenic and exdogenic agencies, attention should be focused on the genesis of morphology in classifying morphological types. By using fuzzy mathematics, this paper gives some ma thematic definitions of mountain, hill, plat-form and plain, and further more, establishes indices for the classification of fundamental morphological types based on the maximum membership princi-ple.Two schemes of more detailed classification of fundamental morphological types have been designed that pay more attention to residual steplike geo-morphological structures and, especially, to the developing ones. Also a brief remark on their merits and demerits has been made

The hydro logical elements——precipi tation, runoff,and evapotranspirationwith different elevation give different distributional regularity. For middle or small region scale (such as a middle or small watershed, a high hill) the amount of precipitation or runoff increases with elevation and the amount of evapotranspiration decreases with elevation, Forlarge region scale (such as a large watershed or a large mountain range) the amount of each hydrological element decreases with elevation. Using this principle of spatial hydrology, the problems on scarce gauging station in moutain areas and distribution of hydrological elements with orographic influences can he solved.In the paper there are four parts to be researched:1. Relationship between annual rainfall and elevation, 2. Relationship between annual evapotrans-piration and elevation. 3. Relationship between annual runoff and elevation; and 4 The application on the conception of spatial hydrology.The results of these studies have been applied in streamflow assessment in the western part of China, where hydrologic data are incomplete or lacking. In the southern part of Tibet, after assessing, streamflow increased about 900 million cubic meters as compared with the primary result of that region.

The Hengduan Mountain area Lies in Southwest China, including Parts of East Tibet, West Sichuan and Northwest Yunnan, and has a varied topogra-phy.The average altitude of it is over 3,000m a.s.l, The climatic change during Historical Time in this area has not been studied because of the lack of data.By field investigation, the authors have got a large quantity of tree ring specimens in the area. After preliminary dating and necessary dendrochro-nological processing, twelve standardized deadrochronologies have been built Baaed on these chronologies, two curves including the fluctuations of the air temperature and the annual precipitation during the last hundreds of years in the mountain area were drawn,Some significant cold/warm and dry/wet periods could be divided also.A combined analysis between dendrochronologies and historical literature data which have five classes could help us to understand the successive variations of each climatic pattern since 1600 A.D. In addition the amplitude and periodicity of climatic change in the area have been calculated in this paper.It is obvious that the chief characteristies oi the modern climatic change in Kengduan Mountains might be concluded as follows.1)The temperature fluctuation during the last four hundred years in the area is similar to that in Tibetan Plateau, and the coldest period occurred in the first half of the 17th century.2)The long-term oscillation of precipitation is more obvious than that of air temperature.3) The statistical feature in the present century is, on the average, lower temperature and lower precipitation, but the climate pattern with high temperature and low precipitation has been increasing since 1950's,4)The amplitude of climatic variation in the area is smaller than tha t in Tibet or in the plain area located on the east of Tibet Plateau.5)By carrying out analysis on various series, some periodicities have been found, such as "quasi two year pulse", s. 6 years, 35 years and so on.

Zhu's scientific achievements have secured him a prominent place among the pioneers of climatology and geography. But he is worthy of recognition also from has activity as teacher and inspirer. The first department of geosciences was. built up by Zhu in Nanjing, when he was a prolessor in the Southeastern University by 1921. Many of the old generation of Chinese geographers have heen taught and inspired by Zhu, "Which fromed the bases for Zhu Lo be an excellent administrator and coordinater of biosciences and geosuienees later.Zhu's early scientific publications were devoted to the studies of typhoon, climate and climate changes calender, as tronomy, history of sciences and land-forms. 44 articles were published during 1920-1925.

In this paper, we used the satellite pihotos ai both various time and bands provided by the American Land Re-source Satellite in interpret and analyse the alluvial-diluvial aprons at the eastern fool of the Taihang Moun tains and the characteristics of their remotesensing wa ler-bearing images.We made full use of the advantages of remote. sen wing image with wide, sight and high resolution in The process of in terpreting. U nder the prerequisite that regional interpretive marks were established, we delineated the scope of alluvial-diluvial aprons at the eastern foot of the Taihang Moun tains, then deduced the folding stage relation between the aprons and their developed history. Basing on remote-sensing water-bearing images and combining with regional geohydrological informations, we divided the alluvial-diluvial aprons at the eastern foot of the Taihang Mountains depending on whether the gro-uudwaler resourceis rich or not.The work provided the interpreted remote-sensing results Tor investigating an dprospecling reasonably ground water resource in this region.

The research on background values of metals in the river sediments is a basic work for the impact assessment In the aquatic system.Total Cu, Ph., Zn, Cd, Ti, Fe, Ma, Ni, Ca, Cr, Hg were extracted bydigesting 1-2 gram of air-dry sediments in aqua regia-HP-HClO₄, HNO₃-H₂SO₄-HF, HNO₃,H₂SO₄-V₂O₅ and analyzed by the flameless atomic absorption CWFD-1/2) and atomic absorption flame emissio-spectrophotometer (A-A-640B) and cold atomic absorption (CG-1). In this paper, D the numbers of necessary samples of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Gr, Hg in river sediments of the area for a given level of statistical certainty were computed. 2) The distribution types of background values of metals were determined by vestelivs statistic method, the background values of metals in the river sediments were computed.3)The eocrelation coefficients and step-wise regression and factor analysis on the chemical composition data in the sediments were performed by a computer.The correlation between the metals was discussed. 4) Background contents of metals in river sediments were compared with those in rocks and soils in this afea.The results showed the background values of metals in river sediments in the area are in normal rangea.The distribution of backvaluea and correlation and translation of the petals in this area are dominantly effected by regional geology and hydrogenetic geochemistry.

Components of tbe radiation balance in Taiwan has been calculated by using climatic data collected from 22 statrons.The suitability of the empirical formulae used has been briefly discussed.It is found that the radiation climate of Taiwan, influenced by landform, monsoon ami sea currents. varies greatly with different regions and altitudes. Annual global radiation ranges from 100keal/cm² in the northeast to 140kcal/cm² in the southwest and 150kcal/cm² in the high mountain areas,Net radiation in the southwest is as high as 70kcal/cm² or more, while that in the northeast lies below 150kcal/cm². Based on the analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of the components,the province is suggested to be divided into five regions with different radiation climate, the Northeast. the East,the West, the Southwest and the Central.

The present paper centres on the academic value of "Studies of ‘Notes on Book of Water ways'", a new work by Professor Chen Qiaoyi. The author making use of large quantities of traditional gazetteers and en cyclopaedias (Lei shu), collecting a wide range of data and basing on his profound learning in ancient literature and classics, has so successfully developed a new research method from the old one that he achieves in further perfecting the compilation of the lost data and in paving a new way to the research in Li-ology. This paper also makes high evaluation of the author's scientific comments on many problems in "Notes on Book of Waterways", especially his supplements to Li's "Notes on the Jianjiang River"——an uncommon contribution of the authorthat deserves high commendation.The book, putting aside the frames of "Notes on Book of Walerways", represents rich fruits of such multilevel, multiangular and multh disciplinary comprehensive researches that not only the Li-ology students but also all those who arc specialized in history and literature should read the book, for here lies a wealth of historical data either unknown to or overlooked by our predecessors