The kernel of theoretical geography is derived from the interaction and interconnect between physical factors and human activity occuring or occured in geographical environment. It should be to interpret or discorve some more general law on the integral foundation consisting "of "geographical phenomena", "geographical events", "geographical structure", "geographical process", "geographical function", "geographical effect", and "geographical quanlity". The theoretical geography has also explored the philosophical connotation and methodology of geography. And, it should reflect whole hard core of geography in the integral scale and the advanced level.The discussions of theoretical geography tend to fall into connection of two categories, the unity and the reality of natural world. Scholars who praise the theories and regulations do so in the belief that it is the essential manifestation of all superficial phenomena. Indeed, the dynamic and the transition of matter, energy, and information in geographical systems seem to be as the theme of theoretical geography.Besides the argumentation dealing with definition,history, and basic principles of theoretical geography, in the paper we have already concluded its contents into seven aspects;1. "Chaos and order" of geographical environment,2. Geographical systems, 3. Spatjal structure,4. Analysis of geographical process, 5. Organization effect and geographical gradient. 6. Geographical coupling of temporal and spatial research, 7. Behavious and perception of geographical body.

The theory of spherical leaven and plane earth (天圆地平说) in remote antiquity was a kind of primitive cosmologieal hypotheses, of which the Huntian Theory (浑天说) in ancient China was an outstanding model. This theory held that the heaven is a sphere with the place of odservation as its center and the earth a concentric circular plane. Furthermore the earth consists of a land mass in its central area and a ring-shaped ocean in its margin and disects the heaven into a visible upper hemisphere and an invisible lower hemisphere.This paper pays special attention to its universalism and localism.This theory appeared not only in ancien.t China hut also in the western worldjsuch as Babylonia and ancient Greece. Our country placed stress on the spherical heaven and expressed it with a celestial globe (浑天象). On the contrary,the western world put emphasis on the circular plane earth and showed it with a wneel-ahaped world map.This is its universalism.In different areas,this theory had different centers of the earth surface. Eor example, ancient Chinese scholars took Yang Cheng(阳城), the first capital of Xia dynasty, as the center of the world, whereas ancient Greek philosophers considered their home-land as the common center of the spherical heaven and the circular earth This is the localism of this theory.

The Hexi desert and oases region of Gansu Province belong to internal drainage area where all rivers originate from Qilian Mountains. From east to west, the rivers can be divided into four drainage systems; Shiyang river system, Hei river system, Shule river system and Harteng river system. Har-teng river flows into Suganhu Basin which lies in the northern margin of Caidamu Basin, while all theot her three drainage systems flow into Hexi Corridor, Hei river is the greatest and longest of all these rivers, stretching north to Alashan Plateau. This paper mainly discusses the distribution and change features of Hei river system based on the ancient and modern maps and salt content in ancient rivers and lakes and deduces how it has changed from exterior river to interior river, from integrate drainage system to many seperate drainage systems, from a river with its middle and lower reaches in the same course to a special river which changes alternately between surface water and undergronud water in the middle and lower reaches, and forming many oases of varying sizes along the bank of the river in certain regions.

This paper makes an approach to ecological classification of mire in the Sanjing Plain according to the view of ecology, selecting nine indexes of mire ecosystem, and dy means of principal component analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis.The author considers that the aim of mire classification is to reveal essential properties of mire ecosystem and differences of mire formation and development. We not only try hard to reflect essential dif ferences among mire types, but also make great efforts to explore quantity scale measuring difference among mire types. Mire classification must be accor ding to essential properties of mire ecosystem, which are important elements for flows of energy and material in mire ecosystem.On the basis of classifi-catioh principle and method mentioned above, the mire in the Sanjiang Plain can de grouped into two types (seasonal water-logged mire and perennial water-logged mire), four subtypes and eight dodies.This method is favourable for translating interrelationship of multidimensional space among mires which can't be illustrated in plane, into illustration in twodimen-sional figure, and measuring qualitatively differentiations in mire types and setting up discrimination mathmatics models of classification for unknown types of mire.In addition,the author suggests some indexes of mire eco-elassification. namely microgeomorphological index, vegetation type, clay content of sediment, origanic content, pH of plant residual laver by quantity. The eco-classi-fication has a certain significance in guiding for exploiting and utilizing mire scientifieally.

The livestock husbandry Climate and Characteristics of the steppe in Inner Mongolia are as follows; abundant light energy and sunshine, severely cold and long winter, warmer and short summer,rare annual rainfall and high temperature mostly in summer.Four grass delts of forest-steppe, steppe, desert steppe and desert have been formed according to the regional differentiation of precipitation and temperature.The nutrition value of herbage in the studied area is higher.The height and product of the herbage are relevant to the precipitation during the herbage growth period.It is adequate that catties and horses are grazed in the east of the studied area with great precipitation, sheep in the middle east with medial precipitation, and goats and camels in the westeral part with less precipitation. Grass growth period can be divided into four stages of turning green, grow ing. mature and turning yellow owing to the cyclic change of climate.Therefore, livestock growing can be divided into four stages of reconversion.increasing weight, stable and decreasing weight period.Disaster weather of livestock Husbandry are as follows; drought, snow disaster, strong wind and isand storm.we must plant a great number of trees and grasses and develop water conservancy, canstruct livestock shed and increase the capacity against disasters and to prevent the lirestock from illness. Thus, the stable development of livestock husbandry can de ensured.

Presently, the construction of coal energy base has become an important aspect influencing the economic development of our country.This essay conducts an preliminary approach to the thinking and working methods in carrying out comprehensive territorial planning in the coal-mine area.Based on the evaluation of areal coal resource and other natural resources and geographical division and co-operation of production within an even broader spatial scope, it expounds the basic principles in rationally determining the regional economic structure and the allocation of production, and points out that, with special respect to the different characteristics of the three developing stages in the coal-mine area, it is necessary in research to put great attention to the influence of water resource and transportation condition, to place coal industry, electricity industry, metallurgical industry, chemical industry and building material industry as the main economic departments, to keep harmonious and balance among the key items of these industries and the integrated economic development and to convert these planning schemes to practical action both in time arrangement and in spatial allocation so as to make these schemes become the scientific guidance to the economic construction of the coal-mine area.

In this papar,the division of the generally acknowledged typical counties of the Weibei dry and high-level area is taken as the experience classification, and the regional differentiation of the agricultural productive conditions of the area between Cuanzhong and shaanbei is discriminated by using two-level discriminatory analysis method based on climate and agriculture data.The limits of the Weibei dry and high-level area which is in an important position in the development of Shaanxi agriculture are determined by combining the discriminatory results with othernatura] features of the area. That is significant to the clarification of the regional features and the determination of the direction of the regional development in agriculture.

This article analyses the interpretation signature of saliniration of soil on IR color photography on the basis of the relation between salinization and natural conditional discusses the fetures of geochemistry differentiation of salinization in Tianran Wenyan channel valley. According to the analysis, patterns of salinized soil on IR color photography depend on the distribution environments of salinized soil, and tones are crodely related with the degrees of salinization which appear time differentiation with seasons.

Urbanism is the inevitable consequence of industrialization In recent years, the construction of urban fundamental installation has been emphasized in our country. Since the land resource is limited in our country, it is necessary to make full use of land space and proceed multiple-layer construction and reconstruction under ground. Therefore, it is. essential to drill deep-surveying hole for engineering geoiogy and make a thorough investigation of underground engineering,geoiogic conditions such ae geological structue,geom-orphologic type, the distribution of rock formation, soil horizon and so on. These will be the important technical basis in making a design and engineering plan. with the increasing amount of data of deep dills in urban area, it becomes possible to study buried landform.The engineers and college geologists in Nanjing have cooperatively achieved a lot in studying buried landform.The significance of studying buried landform is:Firstly and chiefly, to enrich regional engineering geology data, to choose appropriate construction site and improve the quality of design and con-struclion.In Nanjing urban area, the basically surveyed buried landforms includethree grades of terrace(3-5 meters, -20--22meters) and lots of palaeo-rivers and paleaogullies.These scientific and technical materials can make the fundamental installation projects effective to stifle possible danger in the cradle;Secondly, to be useful to work out urban an thearthquake measures;Thirdly, to provide leads for improving urban water supple and carrying on euviron mental proteetion;Fourthly, to make reference to select the underground station.Finally, to furish imporiant eyidence for studying palaenelimate, the law of sea level fluctuation and the nature of neotectonies and so on.

This paper discusses by using two examples the calculating question of professor Fu Baopu's experimental formula for Mountain precipitation and points out that the improvement of the calculating method for this formula suggested by yan Yuhua and Lai Hongnian which was published on Geographical research 6(1) has a lot of questions. Between the calculating result of Fu's formula and the practical material of the two examples, there appear more differentiations.

Region is the base of regional hydrological researches. The vagion can be either functional area or physical land-scape area or administrative area.In recent years,the researches on the hydrological elements have been emphasized on the following aspects:1. Time series analysis of runoff including annual distribution and intereannual variability. The methods such as uneven coefficient, concentration degree and concentration period, two-stage-sequent method, etc.have been developed in studying annual distribution.The index c which indicates interannual variability has got improved to be multivariable analysis, and sepuent optimal dividing method has been used to study long time series of run-off.2. Spatial distribution of runoff. Besides contour method, statistical methods of multivariable have been adopted.3. Low runoff. Gumbel curve is also used as theoreical probapility curve to calculate the frequency of low runoff, and time series analysis method has been used to calculate and predict low runoff.4. Solid discharge. We have made preliminary.researches on the runoff and sediment to he sea and their effecton the sea coast.5. The theories of runoff formation. The concept "land-scape runoff forming" has been developed. The general formula of R-V geomorphic unit hy-drograph has also been derived.As regards river type and hydrologic zonality, some papers have adopted clustering analysis to research river type in many places, and fuzzy cluster and principal component analysis are used.Particular zone researches includes:1. Hydrological researches of particular landscape zone. Much work has been done to study arid land and Karst zone.2. Hydrological researches of functional zone. Much researches onurban hyarology and the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain have been made. Other zonal studies such as of lake, glacier, swamp, estuary have been made.Although we have made much progress in regional hydrology research, the developing speed is relatively slow. From now on we should give more emphases on the researches about new theories, new methods, new techniques and their application, speed up hydrological study of arid land and karst zones, and found a database, and develop global and country wide hydrological researches.

The achievement in the field of evaporation calculation in the world during last two decades is reviewed. The micrometeorological methods for calculating evaporation which are divided into three classes (traditional, simula ting and remote sensing method) according to the physical machanism they are based on, are summarized and discussed, and prespect is presented.In spite of itsfaults(evidently in the case where ground surface is rough and unhomogeneous) the traditional method is still the routine one of calcula ting evaporation owing to its simqlicity and practicality. On the contrary, the simodelling way, though precise, is far from rontine at present because of its complexity and intricatecacy. But it can theoretically offer ways to establish the new model and modify the traditional method.The remote sensing method is in the developing stages. Although many problems remain to be solved, it is much useful for practice and looks very promising because it can provide regional evaporation information.During the 1980s, with improvement of exqerimental facilities the work in terms of calculating turbulent fluxes (Which include evaporalion) by use of both numerical model describing the turbulent exchange processes between vegeta tion (or bare soil) andatmosphere and remote multisqectral and multi-phasic data is more and more increasing. That is also two promising ways to calculate evaporation more accurately in future.

According to the nature of geography and math, methods, this paper deals with the following five problems, which exist in quantitative study on geography during recent years.1 ) Lack of analising seriously the nature of the studied problems.2) Incorrectly choosing variables or demarcation unreasonable.3) Lack of abstract on problems and the chosen math, methods not fully suitable for them.4) Because of the lack of strict inference to the methods used, it is not easy to get reasonable conclusion.5 ) The methods used for this aim have no function to make problems more brief and easier.

There occur many channel patterns in the field, either straight, meandering or braided one,which in fact, reflects the characteristics of its dran-age area, and is resulted in reaction between internal and external agencies. Also, the channel patterns represeant a balance between hydrologic regimes and geographic environments of their drainage areas, Once this balance is lost, and if time span is long enough, the channel pattern change will take place.Therefore, it is an overall consideration of the influence of both internal and external agencies when channel patterns and their changes are studied. According to data analysis, in this paper a correlative equation between channel pattern and factors has been developed as follows:In which, width-depth ratio, T-strength of uplift and subsidence, QJ-stream power, a-coefficient of drainage area configuration, and A-coefficien of bank stability. Taking the Hanjiang River and the Yellow River as case studies, and using hydraulic parameter and channel bed configuration index, the tendency of channel pattern change has been discriminated. As a result, even though a series of recorded data below reservoir is rather short, the tendency is obvious.

The experimental formula of ratio evaporation has been derived according to the measured evaporation data of fresh water and brine with various density under the natural conditions and the relations between the density and relative moisture of air. We developed the experimental formula of brine evaporation by using the ratio evaporation formula and the data of fresh water evaporation.

Fluorine-rich water is widely distributed over China's sand deserts. For example, the sampling sites where ground water contains more than 1 mg/L of fluorine almost account for 77 percent of the total sampling sites in Ba-dain Jaran Desert and 80 percent in Tengger Desert. The maximum fluorine measured reaches 24 mg/L in Taklimakan Desert, 27.5 mg/L in Tengger Desert, 32 mg/L in Kurbantunggut Desert, 32.5 mg/L in Mu Us sandy land 192 mg/L in Badain Jaran Desert.

The Jiangsu radiating sand ridges are distributed in the shallow sea region from the old estuary of Huanghe River (Yellow River) to Qe-Dong cape about 35m in deep water, with the Jionggang harour shallow and palm-like in N.E. and ES direction. These sand ridges extend for about 200km from north to south and 100km from west to east. The highest of them is 5.8m and the deepest of them is 48m on theorical deep base-level. This. hydrody-namic structure of sediment is very complex. It is a seldom seen geomorphic phenomenon.The study of radiating sand ridges can supply scientific evidence in synthetical use of the resources of the sea Recently more than 20 years, foreign scholars have investigated submarine sand ridge in The European North Sea and the eastern coast of U.S.A. The chief reason is to provide for oil formation theory scientific basis.In this paper, we simply analysed the geomorphic development of radiating sand ridges in the Jiangsu sea shore; First, it analysed distribution and figure of feature of sand ridges; Second, it analysed geomorphic type of the sand ridges and tide valley, and divided the sand riges into recent and ancient ares. The recent sand ridges have models of "O", "V"."E"and "S" by figure and derived from the underwater ridges, tide range ridges and storm ridges by hydrodynamic function. The ancient sand ridges are derived from erosion and coverage. The geomorphic types of tide valley are tide stream, small tide channel, tide channel, chief channel and tide trough.Finally, it discussed some developing laws of the geomorphic sand ridge. It explains this type of sand ridge consists of sediments such as the delta of ancient Yangtze river, Huaihe river (Yellow river) and Huaghe river. The Yangtze river's sediment is the base of sand ridge and the southern shore line in sea regession. After the Huaihe river (Yellow river) brought about a great number of sediment to this ridge along the southern jiangsu coast, the ridge remains to be developed after the Huanghe river took its course to the north. The tidal current is the chief factor controlling the development and figure of these sand ridges. It shed light on the figure and develoment process of "O", "E", "V"and "S" models.1. The length and direction of the sand ridge are decided by tide change and the direction of current.2, The height of sand ridge results from the amount of silt, the elevation and subsidence of place and the sedimentary environment.

China has vast subtropical areas of about 2 million km², situated in the basins of The Yangtze River and The Pearl River, including the Yunan-Kwei-chow Plateau, the Hengduan Mountains, South-Eastern part of Qinghai-Xi-zang Plateau and Taiwan Mountain There are major areas where debris flow are distrobuted and impluened by human actionsThe debris flow occurring in subtropic mountainous region in China is mainly induced by rainfall. The supply sources in this region can be divided into two types, slope source (including falls, landslided, sheet flow) and channel source (rill, gully, ravine, canyon). Two kinds of debris flow, ear-thmechanical and hydrocal debris flow, usually occurred in the supplying types. These two types of debris flow can be converted from each other with the change of the relative content of soil and water from the supplying sources.When the amount of water contained in debris flow exceeds 23 of the total discharge, debris flow will be transformed into sediment-laden water.The control installations of debris flow source in subtropic mountainous region should be set in supply sources and suit them to different local condition (source type), stages (process), and needs of society, while the installations in transportation-deposition area, the erosion and deposition power of vari.ous debris flow, particularly that of the fluid digging out channel, should be considered.Only by doing so can make the most of the installations.

Generally speaking, peat bog doesn't develop in karst topography of subtropical zone, but there are duration and section which are favourable to the development of peat bog because of climatic fluctuation and the migration of climatic zone. Characteristics of peat bog originated and developed in karst area are mainly discussed in the paper, which are mainly decided by the developing stage of karst topography. During the humid climatic period, good drainage of surface water and ground water and strong erosion and corrosion are not favourable to the development of peat bog. During drier climatic period, strong accumulation leading to the obstruction of karst cave and fracture and thus resulting in logging water on the ground is favourable to the development of peat bog, e.g. the clay peat in the lower strata of the area was formed in the late dry cold Wurm-glaciation after Wurm sub-interglacial period, the silt peat-rotted wood in the upper strata was formed in the subbo-real period of lower temperature and humidity after Hypsithermal in Holocene, i.e.the period of peat formation in karst area is later than that in other areas.

This paper deal with the dune-rock which covered the seaward slope and top of coastal dune like a cap along the coast of Hainan Island, South China SeaEven though distribution along the coast is like beach-rock and ridge-rock, the coastal dune-rock is different from them in diagenetic environment and geomorphologic significance and can be distinguished by their sepe-rate sedimentary textures; structures and cements, A few identified types of low-Mg calcite cement that have been observed in the dune-rock are. Rim cement, meniscus cement, ghost structure, syntaxial rims, prefill cement and so on which reveal that the dune-rock is formed in vadose zone by leaching and evaporation of fresh water.Two conditions are necessary to form dune-rock along a dune coast.One is that at least 8% CaCO₃ is required for cementation(The contents of CaCO₃ in coastal dune sands here is more than 20%);And the other is that the layer of sand alternates frequently from wetting to drying cycles.According to the study, the coastal dune and dune-rock are formed at every stage during an eustasy so that the dune-rock can not be taken as a significant sign to the sea level changes,And the world wide distribution of dune-rock suggests that the correlation of dune-rock with definite climatic phases of the Holocene is not warranted.

According to core, ¹⁴C dating, faunas and sporo-pollen assemblage, this paper approaches to this area's transgression process since Late Pleistocene from frequence, scale, time, marine facies stratigraphic characteristics and the changes of coast line.On Lower Liaohe River Plain, transgression has happened three times since Late Pleistocene, the first two times, separately happening 110000-70000 years ago and 40000-30000 years ago, were not broad in scale. In this period, sea water intruded along river mouths and fractures. Holocene transgression, the broadest in scale, started 10000-9000 years ago.6000-5000 years ago,sea water intruded inland 50-60 km. But along the Liaodong Peninsula, only Holocene transgression was remarkable. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, transgression started 11000-10000 years ago. Sea water came to or near the highest level 8000-6500 years ago, when sea water intruded inland 10-20 km.submerging valley and plain.6000-5000 years ago, sea water level began to drop.In the regression process there were at least three periods,separately 45000-4000 years ago, 3000 years ago and 2400-1500 years ago, when sea leval variation temporarily stopped and coast line was relatively stable. In these stable periods, barrier, bar, spit and berm were formed along the shore.At present, along Lower Liaohe River Plain and mud coast on the easterr Liaodong Peninsula except some area on Xiaolin River mouth and the eastern side of Liaohe River mouth,seabeach due to continued supply, are expanded and coast line goes forward to the sea.

This paper aims at the study of potentialities of the simple and more convenient affine transformation method in the transferring of the landsat MSS data. Therefore, we discuss here the affine transformation and its calculation procedure, the affine transformation used in the numeral correction of the landsat MSS data or image of plain and relief terrain, the supplementing of map data on the satellite image with the affine transformation method and the imitating test of supplementing boundary on the satellite image.Our research and experiment prove that the geographic map of both plain terrain on the scale 1:250,000 and relief terrain on the scale 1:1,000, 000 meet the standard mapping requirment in geometric precision.

Analysis has been made of the major components of phelimatic factors at n weather stations in Shanxi Province. The first m major components indicate the main characteristic features in the climatic field and thus types of climate in the Province are shown from the spatial distribution of the major components.In the analysis of the major components of the climatic field in the Province, the" first 3 components provide 88.8 percent informatin on the climatic field.The first component shows the water content, the second the heat condition and the third the snow accumulation and strong wind. Accordingly, the whole province can be divided into five climatic sub-zones and eleven climatic areas.

Poverty and development are serious challenges the world faces now.Because of the natural condition, original base and the diffirent situation of the implementation of polices, disequilibrium situation of the country's economy still exists.Some areas have not yet lifted out of poverty.People's eating and wearing problem has not been completely solved.More than 40 million people are very poor in the country.According to the latesi information, there are all together 664 poor counties in China, excluding Tibet which still Jacks material, about 32 percent of the national total.Most of these areas are revolutionary base areas, areas of minorities, border regions, or mountain areas.The counties are classified in terms of the similarity of physical, social, and economic conditions; the similarity of critical obstacles physical, social, or economic to economic development, and development policies implemented. Six divisions and twenty-one subdivisions can be made as follows. (1) Loess Plateau Poor Areas; (2) Border Zone Between Eastern Plain and Western Mountain Areas. (3) Southwest Karst Mountain Areas; (4) Eastern Hill and Mountain Areas. (5) Qinghai-Tibet Mountain Areas; (6) Inner Mongolian-Xing Jiang Dry Areas.