Although the growth rate of urban and town population in China was nearly equal to the world average since 1949, yet there are still quite gerat differences among provinces.Most Provinces in Eastern and Middle part of China, such as Hebei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, etc. are all having lower urban population growth rate, greater fluctuation of urban populition changes and lower proportion of urban population, while the Remote provinces such as Heilongjang, Inner Mongolia, xinjiang, Qinghai etc, on the contrary, have higher urban population increase rate, more stable urban population changes and higher proportion of urban population.The major factors which influence provincial urban population changes are economy population, policies etc. In some period, the population and policy factors can have tremendous effect on the provincial urbanization as natural and mechanic urban population increases and establishment of cities and towns are strongly restricted in thd provinces of Eastern and Middle part of China, therefore, although economic aevelopment in those provinces is fast, yet their urban population still increases slowly. For she same reason, because of the higher naturaal population increase rate, relaxation of population migration control, the urban population growth is higher in those less-developed remote provinces. However, from the whole process of urbanization, the economic advelompent and the changes of economic structure are still the primary factors to the Urbanization.

The paper describes macrocharacteristie of surface relief with low order trend face in Yunnan as an example. The result of the first and second order trend surface analysis of absolute and local reliefs in Yunnan indicates that change tendenies of peak surface and dissected deep in a region are approximately a plane to SSE and are more similar to a hyperbolid inolined and protruded to SSE. The analysis provides an occurrence of the plane and type, azimuth and from of Symmetric axis Line, coordinate Values of sym-metric centre point of the hyperboloid. Thus the description is suitable.

This paper gives a preliminary analysis on the types and evolutional processes of the volcanic landforms in the area of Linqu and Chanhlo.According to the topographic features, genesis, and material components, the volcanic landforms in this area can be divided into the following types. i. volcanic cones-including caldera cones, composite cones and lava cones, ii. lava landforms-including lava domes., inclined lava plateau, lava mesas, erosion and denudation lava hills.Most types of landforms mentioned above are distributed along the NW dierction of faults., The lava cones and mesas have been mainly discussed in the paper.Volcanoes and lava landforms are formed from Miocere to early pliocene in the area. According to the types and intensity of volcanic activities, etc, the geomorphic developing processes in the area are divided into three stages.i. Early Miocene. The volcanic activities of this period are characterized by fissure eruption, and the wide lava plateaus are shapedii. Mid-Miocene. The volcanic activity is featured by relative stability. In most lake basins of the area, it takes form of the lake-facies deposit which contains rich fossils of plants and animals.iii. From late Miocene to early pliocene. The volcanoes erupt as centers, and form many lava cones on the lava plateaus of early Miocene.Since the early pilcene, the crust has risen, The lave plateaus have been eroded by the running water, and hava gradually become mesas and hills.

According to the theory of ndustrial location,This paper researches the prinicple of dividing grades of city's commercial centre, and divides the city's commercial centre into four grades,Thery are city centre,district centre,residential quarter centre and.small reteil network,it also researches the function model of commercial centre and the" features of W.Christaller's location distribution.The writer has researched deeply the forming causes conelitions and development activity of commercial centre in Lanzhou,and according to the principle of traffic style of central place theory,he analyses the presental gradation structure of commercial centre in Lanzhou and drawed a picture of location pattern net of commercial centre. The result indicated, the distribution of commercial centre is basically in comformity with the principles of triangle settlement market frame of sexangle and step gradation structure,This paper proposes a concept of location Advantage Acgree of city's commercial centres and defines it as the quantitative description, which shows the advantage degree of that the commercial centre engages in business activity;It may be divided Location Advantage Degree into two concepts of basic location advantage degree and realistic location advantage degree and establised two mathmatic models for calculating them.By means of the observed and measured data,the writer pursues specific computation and analysis. The result indicated that among the presental four city commercial centres, zhangye street centre has advantage, the second is West-railway-station centre and the advantage of panxuan street centre and xign central stveet are Worse. Then he made a corresponding analysis to their development potentiality.Finally,the writer symthesizes above mentioned qualitative and quantitative result and gived some suggestions of disposing rationally the commercial centres and of improvung city's commerce in Lanzhou.

There are many linear phenomena in our daily life. They are traffic, communication, and goods transportation etc.These phenomena can be organized into linear networks in ARC/INFO Geographic Information System (GIS). This paper describes how to Prepare, and create the City of Beijing traffic network by using ARC/INFO GIS.PATHFINDING and ALLOCATE are two functions in ARC/INFO NETWORK. The best path can be found between an origin and a destination, and the most efficient movement of resources can be allocated by using the two functions.After the network coverage (a file of traffic map in ARC/INFO GIS) processed, the network database has been created.The different applications of the network can be done.Finally, the modelling of traffic network has been established.It is not only for extending streets, also for building a new traffic route very efficientlly.

Population movement is one important phenomena in China in recent years Its mechanism is. (1) thrust of more people and less lande in Eastern Belt. (2) Suction of dual economy in westren Belt. (3) national policy on preferential wages and grain for pastern Belt.Population movement has an impartant effect on the change of regional division pattern in Chins: (1) by the medium of the moving people, there forms another regional division pattern, which is rural industry system based on rural town industry; (2) there forms another profit mechanism compensated from Western Belt to Eastern Belt.It not only wins more profit in Eastern Belt, but also ehanges dual economy in Western Belt Therefoer, we should make choice of a comprehen sihle and encouraging attitude on population movement; and a special government organization for general survey of moving people should be set up at once.

A great deal of depression is distributed over The Huang Huai Hai alluvial plain, based on watersoil condition, they are divided into three types-Sand depression, Salinezedmarshed depression and Salinizated depression. The Bei QiuWa belong the last one.A common characteristic in these depress ions is that drainage of ground water isn't unimpeded.Because there is difference in water Soil conditions, used transform way is different too.The paper Shows that full irrigation for flushing salt play the great role in Salinen-alkali soil transform in Bei QiuWa. Velocity of flushing Salinen is rapid, effect is extremely marked.Flushed salinen content in the lowest part can't be drained a way through ground water.Based on the Situation, the paper poses model about harnessing depression Salined-alkali soil, Which dig a lot of non-complete phreatic water wells to pump salt ground-water to reduce groundwater table to empty out ground starage capaity, then, diverting lower minelization surface water flush salinity in soil.The paper calulated affective radius on single well, quantity of pourings out water, adjustable reserves of ground water and adjustable salinity reserve of ground water.

A new set of hydroclynamic equations which includes a balance equation of angular momentum for a fluid is presented.

Great efforts were made by the author to make exhortation to transform descriptive climatology into quantitative one during the last 40 years. Since the scope of climatology has greatly incre ased, and a different approach of causes of the climate is directly or indirectly linked with others, "astro-geo-bioclimatology" has recently proposed by the author in order to understand the extraordinarily complicated processes of climatic causes and changes In truth, during the process of reviewing the progress of climatology in China r it has been found out that accomplishments of the science of climatology have been proved to be the preliminary phase of "astro-geo-bioclimatology" In China the development of the science of climatology is here summarized by 6 parts, climatic creation, climatic modelling analysis, climatic changes and prediction, microclimatology, regional climate and applied climate.So far as the problem of causes of the climate is concerned, the author gives closer analyses for advances in astroclimatology, geoclimatology and bioclimatology it being understood that "astro-geo-bioclimatology" has been developing in China.The emphasis is laid on summarizing developments with respect to climate gimodels, including statistic and dynamic models, models of radiation-thermo-hydrologic budget, and contour models in weather maps, advances in these fields being of great value to research of regional climateIn connection with the methods of climate prediction, climatic changes in the geological, historical and presnt time are abstracted from a number of papers in the appropriate fiele of sciences.Microclimatic advances have been drawn from every scope of this field, especially from the local climate modelling, but the nonlinear dynamics is required in further research of the microclimate modelling as suggested by the author.The advances both in regional climate and in applied climate are also summarized, the whole of which should be contributed to improving geographic climatology. Besides, the author suggests that a new method of the climatic classification must be put forward and climatic studies for every climatic type must be practised, though applied climatic classifications are often desired with a view to their eventual uses.

In Chinese ancient literature records of simple tourist geography could be seen in poetry, prose, travel notes and monographs. But systematic scientific study on tourist geography did not start until the end of 1979, with Wu-chuanjun, Guo Laixi, Chen Chuangkang and Yang Guanxiong as its pioneers.For the ten years Passed.Chinese researchers on tourist geography have donea lot of work on resource development and planning for regional tourism. At the same time, a great deal has been achieved on theorical and methodical discussion, qualified personnel training, textbook and works writing. 1. literature Ten main geographical magazines and one tourism magazine are chosen for statistical figures They published 101 papers on tourist geography from 1082 to 1989, among which 71.29% were on rigional planning for development, 18.81% were on theorical and methodical discussion, the others were some summaries and translations.2. Theory and methods There has been progress on the fundamental theory of tourist geography, the evaluation method for tourist resources, the measurement for tourist environmental capacity, the research method for recreation climate study, the theory on tourist spatial behavior, the application of gravity model, the location theory of tourism, the theory and methods for regional tourist development and tourist regional planning.3.Qualified personnel training The traininig of M.S. graduates on tourist geography began in 1932 in China, while that of Ph. D'graduates began in 1986. The first M.S. thesis on tourism was finished in 1984. While the first Ph.D thesis was completed in 1989.Until 1989, China has trained 17 M. S.grduates and 1 Ph. D grduate on torist geography. They graduated from either Peking Uniuresity,or Nan Kai University,or East China Normal University or Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences.4.Textbooks and monographs Till 1988, a set of books on tourist geography have been p.ublished, which includes《Tourist Geography of China》 (two different editions), 《Tourist Geography》 (two different editions), and 《Modern Tourist Geography》etc. There have also been a lot of thesis and readings on regional tourist geography and introductions to tourist resources.At present, China's tourist geography to use a term proposed by Kuhn, is still in a "pre-paradigm" state, the following aspects ought to te emphasized for its further development, a.the ability of applied reaearch, b. research on theory and methods, c. more extensive research on tourist, d. introduction of foreign cbulleauges' research resultsChina is rich in tourist resources. With its extensive tourist market, tourist geography research in china surely has a bright future.

The Qinghai-Xizang region with an elevation of 1000 m asl,was characterized by landscapes of the subtropical montane forest and forest-steppe in Pliocene.The intense uplifting of Qinghai-Xizang plateau.either the Himalayas in the south or the Kunlun in the north,began at the end of Pliocene and the beginning of Early Pleistocene.By a rough estimation,the accumulative uplifting of the Plateau has ammounted to 3500 m in elevation since Early Pleistocene,Three well-defined stages with alternating violent uplifts and relative stabilities are identified in the block faulted uplifting of the Plateau at the ends of pliocene,Early Pleistocene and Mid-Pleistocene,It may be manifested by three great knick points on the longitudinal profiles of rivers in the peripheries of the Plateau,

The author makes a detailed classification on land-types in H-H-H plain,according to the genesis,development and internal relations of landtypes Basic characteristics of land-types is also studied in many aspects involving the variety and regional distribution of land-types,the type evalution,and disturbance of human activitiesThrough the analysis on the statues quof (armland,forestry land and pas-tural land),the author summarizes the characteristics of land utilization,and urgent problems now confronting us in H-H-H plainProposal concerning reasOnal land utilization and development iD H-H-H plain is given below.(1)Tapping the latent productivity of land,and running a diversified economy (2)Adjusting the struture and location of cropland (3)Integratedly combating against middle-low production fields (4)Exploiting coastal salt-waste land.

This paper is dealt with some problems about process-response model in a river morphological system,such as model theory base,similarity,designstep,model test and experimental data analysis,etc.A few case studies and experimental results are also,included.The process-response model is a kind of hardware models,developed from the so-called principles of the same effect,but different structure based on systematic theory and geomorphic analogue with geomorphic equations and functions.It is chraacterized by similarties of feature statistics,material component and level-structure ratio,relative time scale,change rate of a system,causalities,energy dissipative way and process-response activities between the model and prototype,but it does not require very exact similarities in geometry,kinematics and dynamics between the two.It is very necessary for designing a process-response model in a river system to analyse channel pattern classification and formation,in which it is mainly put focus on gradient-bankful discharge relation,sinuosity-valley slope relation,boundary condition and geological situation,etc.The model design is carried out by about 12 steps.With similarities of model to real world in channel pattern,form processes,and proess-response activities,etc.the model will be tested.During these procedures,tol some extent,the key that it is successful or not is simi-larity in flood pain component and structure.Data analyses are basically included that of model channel feature measuring,time and space strucuie,nondimensional hydraulic geometry,material transportation,enegy dissipative way and rate,complex response and geomorphic threshold,etc.In recent 10 years,it has been demonstrated that the process-response model is available and satisfactory to simulate formation and evolution in a river morphological system.

With a mean annual soil erosion amount of 50×10⁸t and a variety of soil erosion types and patterns,China is one of the countries with the most serious soil erosion in the world.The spatial distribution of soil erosion types is controlled by both zonal factors (including horizontal and vertical zonal factors) and azonal factors.The macro spatial areal differentiation of soil erosion intensity in China is found to be dependent on naturel factors such as precipitation,vegetation,topography,surface materials and geological structures,while the temporal variation in soil erosion intensity is dependent on human activities.In China almost all the areas with the highest soil erosion intensity are located in semi-arid zones.This study indicates that the transport amount and distance of the eroded materials have nothing to do with drainage basin area,but they are in close relation with the geographical environmental factors in the drainage basin such as the geological structures,neotectonic movement features,landforms,surface materials,runoff conditions and the economic development.The study also indicates that the erosion-protection strategy which is made on the basis of geographical conditions related to sediment delivery process and areal differentiation of erosion types and intensity will greatly promote the development of water and soil conservation and the improvment of ecological environment.

The method of Zero Flux Plane (ZFP) is a new method based on the distribution of soil moisture potential to find the plane where water flux is zero without using the hydraulic conductivity to study soil water movement,ZFP exists in the above-held capillary water zone and joint parts of various states of soil water movement.The three kinds of ZFP are maximum and minimum values and complex.With the position where the last maximum value ZFP disappears,it can determine the capillary front to be suspended approximate to the height of 1,2m at Yucheng Experimental Station.Not only can a period of total soil evaporation be measured with ZFP method,but also can the whole processes of water consumption for evaporation and soil water potential changes be studied.Wheat field evaporation at Yucheng Experimental Station is 22.3 mm,which is 1.9 mm higher than that of Lysimeter from March 20 to 30,relative error is 7.9 percent.There are many problems that tensometer is used to measure soil water potential for ZFP position and Neutron probe is used to measure soil water changes.There may be more possibility to produce accidental error.And further study should be done.The computation of infiltration to recharge groundwater estimated by ZFP method,on the theoretical basis,is reasonable.But,to compute infiltration by using soil water storage changes,whatever measurement and method of computation should be improved otherwise it can not meet the need of accuracy.Because there are many ways for infiltration,the infiltration computed by ZFP method is only a little part of it,which can not represent effective recharge of rainfall or irrigaton to groundwater,so that,the computation is unimportant in practice.

In Chinese arid lands (not including the semi-arid land),the plain,where the annuel precipition is less than 200 mm and the surface runoff can't be formed,is called runoff scattering and disappearing region,and the mountain area where much precipitation can be caught to form many rivers,is called runoff forming region.The ground water in the mountain area mainly recharges rivers.In primary estimation,the ground water recharge is about 30 percent of the annual runoff of the nain rivers in arid lands,which is a little more than the average of the country.In the piedmont plain,the ground water is mainly formed by seepage in many different ways.That formed hy the river seepage is about 80 percent of the total ground water recharge in primary estimation.At the place where the terrain is getting down to the fine mud plain,there is generally ground water overflowing belt,ground water transforming into surface water.The spring concentrated to the river and the ground water drained off to the river are the main sources of the river water in the plain.For the mutual transformation of ground water and surface water in arid lands,we must avoid repetition when cacutating the amount of the water resoures in arid lands,but under certain conditions,the water resoures can be used repeatedly.

In Mt,Qomolangma region there is a complete soil zone spectrum from mountain subtropical to alpine frigid landscapes with no or little effect of human activities Studies on content and distribution of REE in soils are based on the systematic sampling from various vertical soil zones of the Mt,Qomolangma region at 1000-6100m a.s.l.by the senior author during the Comprehensive Scientific Expedition of Xizang carried on by Academica Sinica.Eight rare earth elements including La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Tb,Yb and Lu in soil samples were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA).The relative abundance of REE of sample of the soil was obtained from the data normalized by mean values of chondrites and shales respectively.Based on relative abundance patterns of REE,the contents of REE that had not obtained by INAA technique,and the abnormal values of En and Ce in samples were estimated.The result showed that the total REE content in soils from Mt.Qomolangma region ranged from 71.3-230.7 ppm,the average content of REE in these soil is 187.6ppm,which is in agreement with that-of world soil (157.4ppm),Chinese soil (176.8ppm)and soil of USSR (100-210).The total REE content in different soil types ranked as follows,mountain podzolic soil>alpine meadow-steppe soil>subalpine steppe soil>Original alpine meadow soil>subolpine meadow soil>mountain acid burozem>mountain yellow-brown earths.The ratio of light REE to heary REE in soils was from 7.5-10.6,with an average of 9.2.After normalized by mean values of chondrite,the REE patterns for different soil types are very smimlar to each other,as well as to those of typical shales,sedimentary rock of Mt,Qomolangma area.All 12 soils showed negative anomaly of Eu,It is clear that the distribution of REE in soil of the Mt.Qomolangma region depends directly on the character of the underlying rocks and soil formation process.The soil parent matter (horizons C)is the main factor which determines the contents of REF in the soil

In the eastern part of China,the average pH in the river water mainly-connected with bicarbonate,is 6.7-3.1,Due to different contents of total salt,the river water is divided into 4 regions; 1.In the lowest-content legion,the total salt is<100mg/l; 2.In the second lowest-content region,the total salt is 100-200mg/l; 3,In the middle-level content region,the total salt is 200-500mg/l; 4,In the high content region,a very small area,the total salt is 500-1000mg/l.Most of the river waters are soft water with the hardness<8(German),but the water hardness in the Yellow River and in the Hai River is as high as 8-16.Due to different contents of COD,the river water is divided into 3 regions:1.At the northern part of Northeast China,COD content in rivers is rather high; COD≥1img/1,2.From the southern part of Northeast China to the Yantze River,which is a transitional area,COD content in rivers is 2-1mg/1.3.To the south of the Yantze River,COD content is comparatively low.COD≤1-2mg/l.Moreover the alkali capacity is rather low in most river water,i.e.<1.0m.e/l; while the acid capacity is rather high,i,e>1.0m,e/l.And in the eastern part of China,most river water is dissolution-erosional.

Problems and limitation of the gradient-diffusion theory have been revealed with experiments recently made,The validity of this theory has also been discussed,the length scale of eddies must be much less than the spatial scale of the variation of gradients In terms of the Eulerian integration method the length scales of eddies were estimated for several examples in the near-surface air layer,under which the gradient-diffusion theory failed to be effection

There are two kinds of sampling environments for dendrochronological study.At the typical environment,the tree growth may basically follow the regulation of progressive decrease with the increased age .The standardization could be adopted by the classical approach for tree-growth reduction in dendrochronology However,the tree-growth pattern seems more complex at the non-typical environment,where the climate is warmer and wetter The approach,including the application of polynomial and/or spline functions,could be con-sidered With different sampling environments,the applicabilities for various reduction functions have been analysed in this paper

During recent years,the occurrence of abrupt climatic changes during the earth's history has aroused much interest.Recent investigations have shown the occurrence of catastrophes in the behavior of radically simplified deterministic climate models,and the existence of Abrupt Climatic change in the past times.There might be various kinds of abrupt changes existed in the climatic system,but two types of abrupt climatic change were usefull.Type 1 was a simple state change,i.e.,a repid and statistically significant change in some observed measure of the climate system s regime that occured in the absence of any fundamental change in the system's structure,or any long-term change in its external boundary conditions,such as the first killing frost,and the onset of the monsoon.Type 2 is a rapid change of climate that reflects a long-term change in the system's bounmdary conditions.Such events must occur occasionally,for example,as slow tectonically driven changes in geography permit new nodes of atmospheric or oceanic circulation.

Thermal inertia is a useful tool for estimating soil moisture.Remote sensing of thermal inertia lias developed quickly in recent years.Based on our work for several years,using information of distribution in a thermal infrared image and calibration at a field point,parameterization of the sensible heat flux and latent heat flux were done,in which information of soil water content was taken and the thermal inertia model was improved.In the farm field of plain,we calculated the differences of sensible heat flux of each pixels in a thermal infrared image using the maximum temperature point to be as a basic calibrated point and using information of soil temperature between pixels.In the same thermal infrared image,the latent heat flux of the wettest point was also as a basic calibrated point.Based on the linear function between evaporation and evaporativity and soil moisture,we fed back the soil moisture to the thermal inertia model and took the information of thermal inertia and soil moisture.The thermal inertio model which use two approximate hypotheses was tested and verified by measured data in our remote sensing experimental site.When the soil moisture is more than 15% and the change of the horizontal wind speed is not too big,the calculated precision of soil moisture will be high.The mean error is less than 10%.

With different criteria,inland always selects a harbour which is considered as most suituble to export its goods.The resulting economic hinterland becomes the social and economic base to realize export trade and affected harbours development.The criteria may be least-distance,least-time,least-cost,or their combination,etc,Also because of the increase or decrease of harbour's handling capacity,the extension or interruption of traffic lines at sea or at land.,the technical innovation,the variation of traffic cost,etc.,the economic hinter land is varied and changed dynamicly.

Through analysis on the historical population data from 1954 to 1984,the paper illustrates the main changes of provincial population migration in China and the major causes of" those changes,The paper divided the data into 4 periods,1.1954-1959.It was a period when the first Five-year-planning program was carried out and the movement of "Great Leap Forward" took place in China.Most provinces in Northeast China,North China and Northwest Chin?got an unprecedented big number of net imigrants.But because the migration was mainly Rural-Urban one,so even the provinces with net out-migrants had increased its urbanization level,2.1960-1971.This was a period when the first economic adjustment policy was implemented and "Cultural Revolution" occurred in China,Migration direction was therefore more or less reverse to that of 1950's as the previous migrants return,and the urbanization degrees in most provinces dropped down,3.1972-1979.It was a period when political changes and economic development fluctuated very frequently in China,The urbanization degree in every province in the period changed quite small and the absolute change in most provinces were lower than 1%.4.1980-1987.It was a period when China issued and implemented a series of new policies.The provincial migration pattern was reversed to that of other periods at first time.In consequence,the urbanization degrees in most coastal provinces were greatly enhanced.Based on the data of China 1% Population Sample Survey of 1987,the paper,in the second part,projects the provincial population migration and its impact on urbanization degrees of every province by the year of 2000 using Markov Chain Model

Huang-Huai-Hai region is the most important agricultural area in China.There exists the following advantages.vast plain land,large agricultural population,good economic basis of agriculture and great production potentiality.But,there also exists the following defects,shortage of water resources,serious disasters of draught,waterlogging,salinization and sand blown by the wind.Therefore its agricultural production level is low and unsteady.According to its resource advantages and defects,we hold that the following things are very important for the future development of rural economy,strengtheningthe basic undertaking——agriculture,developing the leading undertaking——theprocessing industry of agricultural products.So,we can rely on the developed agriculture and processing industry to enhance the development of the whole rural economy,and to realize the combination of planting,raising,processing undertakings and the organization of agriculture,industry and commerce,The main methods are.1) Deepening the rural reform,improving the responsibility system of family contract,gradually pursuing moderate scale management.2) Increasing input,improving agricultural production conditions of water,fertitilizer,soil,and seed; transf ormating middle and low output field; increasing agricultural productivity,3) Strengthening the construction of rural basic facilities and service system-making production,supplement and sale become one continous line; strengthening the training and popularity of agricultural technology; developing cultural education communication,credit,hygiene,traffic and county fair trade,4)Reasonable planning)making good use of rural resources,adjusting the structure of undertaking; enlarging the employment of agricultural population; improving the quality of rural population.,keeping the coordinate development of population and resources.

What is geography? In the author's opinion, the geographical ideas, as a historical product, advance and evolve with the progress of epoch. Therefore, geographers should keep a dynamic view in recognizing the discipline they devoted to. As different countries have various historical, physical, social and economic conditions, their geographies are developed according to different models and tackle different problems. So, the development of geography also has areal differentiation among countries. Actually there is no one geography the world over. The author tries to verify his views by analysing the changes of the ancient, the modern and the contemporary geographies and the variances between the W. European, the N. American and the Soviet geographies. The ideas of "quantitative revolution", "theoretical revolution", regional science, Marxist geography, unified geography and the rejuvenation of regional geography are introduced in the paper.

The systematic analysis of glacial remains reveals the snowline changes and glaciation process in Mt.Taibai of the Qinling Mountains, By comparing it with the climatic changes of late pleistocene in the Loess plateau, we expose that.35,000-10,500 year B.P., cirque-mountain valley glacier formed in Mt, Taibai, snow-line was on 3,400m,10,500-8,500 year B. P, snow-line was on 3,500m.glacier tongue retreated and changed into cirque glacier.8,50C-6,800 year B, P., snow-line rose above the top of Mt.Taibai,snow disappeared in the summer,6,800-5,000 year B, P.,snow-line lowered on 3,600m,parasitical cirque glacier formed,5,000-3,120 year B.P., sonw-line rose again above the top of Mt.Taibai, snow disappeared in summer,3,120-1,400 year B,P.,snow line lowered periglacial rockfield formed on the top of Mt,Taibai.Last 1,100 year, snow-line has risen to 4,500 m,no snow can be kept in summer on the top of Mt.Taibai.

On the basic of on-the-spot investigation and a large sum of first-hand maiericals obtained thereby the article analyse the geological features of the mountain and its landform. holding that Mt.Maza-Tageh is a monocline mountain formed after hold and uplift.Back to the early Tertiary Period this region was still a bay,After the start of the Himalayar Movement, especially during the new structural movement in the Quaternary Period, this block uplifted, confronting with sand accumulation in the Taklamagan Desert, and eve-tually becomes an insular mountain in the hinterland of the desert.Its topographical effect produces great influence on devision of the geographical environment-geological structure, hydrology, sand form, vegetation and climate And the mountain itself is a division line.

In this paper, the tracks of moisture transportation on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are discussed. It is found that the warm wet current in Tibet from Indian Ocean. There Are two tracks of moisture transportation, the one is east way, from Bay of Bengal, along the Brahmaputra, Yar-lungzangbo River northward into the northern region of the plateau and its tributaries are represent the form of "wet tongue"; the other is the west way, but it varies with the seasons, or from India direct leap over the Himalaya monutains into the plateau, or from Pakistan, Afghanistan through the Pamir plateau and gets into Ngari Region in Tibet.The relationship between the moisture transportation tracks and the distribution of modern mountain glaciers in Tibet are discussed too.

Selenium delficiency in human body is one of the reasons causing Keshan disease and Kaschin-Beck disease. Study on atmospheric affects on leaves is conductive to our overall understanding on transportation of Se in environment-living beings system. Since fuel combustion is the dominant source of Se in air, Se content in air can reflect air quality. Therefore this study is significant for air pollution either,Canadian Poplar leave samples were collected at both polluted urban and clean suburb in Beijing during period of leave sprout to fall In addition poplar and salix old-leave samples were collected from sites distributed from coast to inland representing urban, suburb and countryside. For Se content determination samples were analyzed by DAN fluorescence spectrophotometry after digested by HNO₃-HClO₄.Conclusions could be drawn as follows.1. These is a marked drop in leave Se content of poplar in the first twenty days, Afterwards, the Se content remains stable untill two months later when Se content rises gradually. There is a much higher increase in polluted urban than in clean suburb.2. In clean area, leave Se content generally ranges from 0.02-0.2 PPm in populus canadensis, 0.05-0.2PPm in salix. In polluted area, leave Se content can rise to 0.8 PPm in populus Canadensis and 1 PPm in sallix,3. poplar Se content is always lower in stem than in leaves. The stem Se content ranges from 0.01-0.07PPm.

The contemporary colony of town names in the north China Plain is the continuation and progress on its historical foundations, the town names had the form of characters at least in the Shang Dynasty (17th-11th century B.C.) In the Qin and Han Dynasty (22lB, C.-A. D220), the primary geographical pattern of the colony and some principles of naming were found.d, A lot of county names were established during the Sui and Tang Dynast (A.D, 581-907). By the zin Dynasty (A.D 1115-1234), the colony had been enriched and perfected over the past. Dividing, merging, changing and removing of the place names continue from the founding of New China up to now,The growth of economic power and population is the foundation of the development of towns, therefore it is the main factor that influences the capacity and stability of the town names inside the colony. Not only the stability was strenthened, but also some of historical place names reappeared along with the economic development. Replacements of political power and military operations are immediate powers of speeding up the change in the place names. The effect of history and culture on people's minds, hence a lot of place nemes have born emotional colouring.The colony has clear features of district in distribution for it is restricted by the geograprical factors (especially the condition, of communicatiou). At present, along the railway from Beijing to Guangzhou, the Grand Canal and the highway from Beijing to Kaifeng to Huangchuan, the three lengthwise Chains which are formed of the town names have been takeng shape. The two crosswise chains are along the railways from Beijing to Qinhuangado and the other from lanzhou to Lianyungang. They are the important lines to control the geographical distribution of the town names inside the uhole region. By the citilization the towns would be crowded together on the former lines and put the new compositions into the colony. We must pay attention to it at laying down the long-term programme of towns distribution for this region.