GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH

The evolutionary game and mechanism analysis of China-India border conflicts from the perspective of country geo-getting perspective

GE Xurui, LI Cansong, NIU Fuchang, QIAN Jingfan, HUANG Yu, YE Shuai

GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2026, 45(4): 871-889. DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020241006

域外大国	1962年中印边境冲突		1987年中印边境冲突		2020年中印边境冲突
域外大国	中国	印度	中国	印度	中国	印度
美国	敌对关系	战略伙伴关系	战略伙伴关系	友好关系	竞合关系	战略同盟
苏联/俄罗斯	敌对关系	战略伙伴关系	敌对关系	战略同盟	新时代全面战略合作伙伴关系	特殊和尊荣的战略伙伴关系
西方其他国家	经济合作关系	友好关系	战略伙伴关系	友好关系	战略伙伴关系	战略伙伴关系

Tab. 2 Geo-relationships of typical conflict events

Other figure/table from this article

Fig. 1 Game analysis framework for the evolution of China-India border conflict under the perspective of country-specific geo-setting
Tab. 1 Game strategy combinations of game subjects
Fig. 2 China-India GDP comparison, 1960-2024
Fig. 3 Geopolitical relations between China and major powers
Fig. 4 “T”-shaped, bipolar coupling, radiation-encirclement geo-structures in 1962, 1987, and 2020
Tab. 3 Acts introduced in India on disputed areas
Tab. 4 The back and forth game of the 1962, 1987, and 2020 China-India border conflict incidents
Fig. 5 Bilateral trade between India and China and other countries at global, regional and national scales, 1993-2021
Fig. 6 Mechanisms for the formation of incomplete information in the context of cross-domain interactions
Fig. 7 Cross-scale coupling and game of multiple actors
Fig. 8 Geo-setting and gaming feedback loop mechanisms