渤海氮污染的来源结构与污染压力空间分布

doi:10.11821/dlyj020180317

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近30年渤海环境发生了巨大变化,陆源污染输入是导致渤海环境恶化的主要原因。为研究陆源污染压力强度与海域污染的空间关系,采用层级嵌套的水污染输出分区方法,将环渤海地区划分为23个陆海统筹管理分区,并基于土地利用数据、社会经济统计数据和污染普查等资料,估算出环渤海地区五类社会经济活动的总氮排放量,进而分析各分区单元的陆源污染压力。研究结果表明：① 渤海周边陆域总氮排放量约85万t,农业农村面源污染是氮污染的主要来源,占总排放量的57.4%,工业污染贡献有限,渤海湾沿岸城镇居民生活排放突出;② 23个陆海统筹管理分区之间的污染压力差异巨大,辽东湾、渤海湾和莱州湾周边的分区陆源污染压力大,其它分区的压力相对较低,各分区内陆域污染压力与对应海域污染状况在空间上高度一致;③ 各分区之间污染的来源构成差异显著,渤海湾氮污染的主要来源是居民生活排放,辽东湾工业污染相对突出,莱州湾农业面源污染占比大;④ 渤海周边陆源污染排海压力短期内难以缓解。

关键词: 渤海, 陆源氮污染, 汇水区, 污染空间分布

Abstract:

In the past 30 years, the Bohai Sea's environment has undergone tremendous changes. The input of land-based pollution is the main cause of the deterioration of the Bohai Sea's environment. In order to study the spatial relationship between the pressure intensity of land-based pollution and the pollution of the sea area, the three transport spaces from the catchment area to the estuary of the sea and the affected sea area are overall considered. The hierarchical nested water pollution output zoning method is adopted to divide the Bohai Sea area into 23 land-sea integrated management zones, which have spatially linked land-based pollution pressures with pollution in the Bohai Sea. Based on the data of the land use, socio-economic statistics and pollution census, the total nitrogen emissions of five types of social and economic activities in the Bohai Rim region were estimated, and then the land-based pollution pressure of each sub-unit was analyzed. The results show that: 1) The total nitrogen emissions of social and economic activities around the Bohai Sea area are about 850, 000 tons, among which, agricultural and rural non-point source pollution is the main source of nitrogen pollution, accounting for 57.4% of the total emissions, while the contribution of industrial emissions to nitrogen pollution is limited, accounting for 7.4% of the total emissions, and the living emission of urban residents is outstanding, accounting for 35.2% of the total emissions. 2) The nitrogen emission intensity of each catchment areas of land source is spatially highly coupled with its corresponding sea area pollution, which indicates that, the 23 land-sea integrated management zones classified in this paper are reasonable and operable. 3) The pollution pressures between the 23 land-sea integrated management zones are huge. The sub-area land source pollution pressures in the surrounding areas of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay are relatively high. The pressures in other subareas are relatively low. 4) The pollution sources in the main catchment areas have obvious differences. The source of pollution between various sub-areas is significantly different. The main source of nitrogen pollution in Bohai Bay is residents' living emissions, Liaodong Bay industrial pollution is relatively prominent, and Laizhou Bay agricultural non-point source pollution accounted for a large proportion. Considering the spatial difference of pollution source structure, the management of land-based pollution should take catchment area as a unit to manage and control major pollution sources. 5) The pressure of land-based pollution in the Bohai Sea is difficult to alleviate in a short term.

Key words: Bohai Sea, land-based nitrogen pollution, catchment area, spatial distribution of pollution

王辉, 栾维新, 康敏捷. 渤海氮污染的来源结构与污染压力空间分布[J]. 地理研究, 2020, 39(1): 186-199.

WANG Hui, LUAN Weixin, KANG Minjie. Nitrogen pollution source structure and spatial distribution of Bohai Sea[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020, 39(1): 186-199.

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指标类	指标项
1人口数量	城镇常住人口数	农村人口数
2种植业	氮肥施用量	有机肥施用量
2种植业	复合肥施用量
3畜牧业	猪存/出栏量	奶牛存栏量
	蛋鸡存栏量	肉鸡存/出栏量
	肉牛存/出栏量
4主要工业（产值或产量）	化学原料及化学制品制造业	黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业
	造纸及纸制品业	石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业
	农副食品加工业	食品制造业
	饮料制造业	医药制造业
5土地利用	城镇用地面积	丘陵水田面积
	农村居民点面积	丘陵旱地面积
	其它建设用地面积	山地旱地面积
	平原旱地面积	山地水田面积
	平原水田面积

	生活污水（L/（人·天））	氨氮排放（g/（人·天））	总氮排放（g/（人·天））
一类城市	142.00	8.90	12.30
二类城市	135.00	8.60	11.50
三类城市	125.00	8.00	9.90
四类城市	115.00	7.50	9.40

	工业	城镇生活	农村生活	畜禽养殖	农田生产	合计
氮污染排放量（万t）	6.3	29.9	19.1	21	8.8	85.1
占比（%）	7.4	35.2	22.4	24.7	10.3

	工业生产	城镇生活	农村生活	畜禽养殖	农田生产	合计
北京	0.10	5.45	1.13	0.47	0.03	7.18
天津	0.12	2.12	0.97	0.82	0.21	4.24
辽宁	2.51	7.4	3.19	3.02	1.01	17.13
河北	2.11	8.33	8.73	6.89	5.40	31.46
山东	1.48	6.64	5.12	9.83	2.15	25.22