健康视角下城市建成环境对老年人日常步行活动的影响研究

doi:10.11821/dlyj020190069

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“健康老龄化”背景下,促进身体活动是提升老年人健康水平的重要方式,也是当前多学科交叉研究的热点。依托南京市居民身体活动调查数据,选择老年人日常生活中最普遍且有益健康的步行活动作为研究主题,探究建成环境的影响,以期为相关理论与实践提供有益探索。研究表明：① 老年人日常步行空间范围可作为步行所涉及建成环境边界,不同类型的主要活动场所则可识别建成环境要素需求差异。② 日常生活所涉及的公共开放空间、商业及公共服务设施的密集性,以及主观建成环境感知对老年人交通性/休闲性步行活动具有显著影响。③ 基于老年人日常步行活动习惯及建成环境对步行活动的影响,可从有效供给日常步行生活空间、积极引导健康生活方式方面提出相应规划策略。

关键词: 健康老龄化, 身体活动, 步行活动, 城市建成环境, 南京

Abstract:

Promoting physical activity is an effective way to improve healthy level of older adults under the background of “healthy aging”. The related research of physical activity is important, and has become a hotspot between multiple disciplines at home and abroad. Thus, based on the perspective of health, this study mainly focused on walking that is very common and is beneficial to older adults’ health in daily life, and examined the influence of built environment on walking by using survey data of physical activity in Nanjing, and eventually provided useful exploration for relevant theories and practices. The results show that: (1) The range of daily walking space can be used as the basis for identifying the built environment boundary involved in walking, and the main places can be used to identify the differences in the demand of built environment elements. Specifically, a place within 1000 meters from home is the major walking space for older adults, and that within 2000 meters is also an important option. Moreover, there are significant differences in the choice and use of major destinations among older adults among different space distances. (2) The density of public open space, commercial and public service facilities involved in daily life, and the subjective perception of built environment have a significant impact on the transportation/leisure walking of older adults. The intensity of commercial and public service facilities, public space, traffic facilities, the perception of road intersection density, safety and flatness have positive or negative influences on participation or amount of transportation walking. The intensity of public space, residential density and the perception of accessibility of public space, road night lighting and flatness have positive or negative impacts on participation or amount of recreational walking. In addition, with the extension of the range of active space, the influence of subjective and objective spatial characteristics is weakened or strengthened. (3) According to the daily walking habits of older adults and the influence of urban built environment on walking, this study attempts to propose planning strategies from the aspects of providing walking space involved in daily life and promoting a healthy lifestyle.

Key words: healthy aging, physical activity, walking, urban built environment, Nanjing

姜玉培, 甄峰, 孙鸿鹄, 王文文. 健康视角下城市建成环境对老年人日常步行活动的影响研究[J]. 地理研究, 2020, 39(3): 570-584.

JIANG Yupei, ZHEN Feng, SUN Honghu, WANG Wenwen. Research on the influence of urban built environment on daily walking of older adults from a perspective of health[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020, 39(3): 570-584.

图/表 9

图1

图2

表1

图3

表2

图4

表3

日常步行活动空间范围内建成环境特征测度"

测度方面	测度变量	测度方法	数据来源
活动场所密度	公园密度	统计范围内公园数量与面积之比（个/km²）	百度POI和遥感影像数据
	绿地率	统计范围内绿地面积占比（%）
	金融服务点密度	统计范围内金融服务点数量与面积之比（个/km²）
	食品服务点密度	统计范围内食品服务点数量与面积之比（个/km²）
	学校密度	统计范围内幼儿园、中小学数量与面积之比（个/km²）
	一般服务点密度	统计范围内一般服务点数量与面积之比（个/km²）
	其他服务点密度	统计范围内其他服务点数量与面积之比（个/km²）
	医疗服务点密度	统计范围内医疗服务点数量与面积之比（个/km²）
	居住密度	统计范围内住宅数量与面积之比（个/km²）
交通站点密度	公交站点密度	统计范围内公交站点数量与面积之比（个/km²）
交通站点密度	地铁站点密度	统计范围内地铁站点数量与面积之比（个/km²）
活动场所利用多样性	—	统计范围内商业及公共服务设施、公共开放空间类型之和	百度POI数据
道路连通性	交叉口密度	统计范围内道路交叉口数量与面积之比（个/km²）	路网数据
区位	到城市最大商业中心的最短距离	社区到城市最大商业中心（新街口）的最短网络距离（km）	路网数据
活动场所可达性感知	商业服务设施可达性感知	被调查者对步行到最近商业服务设施的轻松方便性进行评价,评价结果按照李克特5级量表分为1=非常不同意,2=比较不同意,3=一般,4=比较同意,5=非常同意。下同。	调查问卷数据
活动场所可达性感知	公园可达性感知	被调查者对步行到最近公园的轻松方便性进行评价
交通站点可达性感知	公交站点可达性感知	被调查者对步行到最近公交车站的轻松方便性进行评价
交通站点可达性感知	地铁站点可达性感知	被调查者对步行到最近地铁站点的轻松方便性进行评价
连通性感知	交叉路口密度感知	被调查者对居住区周边交叉口密度进行评价
道路环境感知	道路卫生感知	被调查者对居住区周边道路卫生进行评价
	道路夜晚照明感知	被调查者对居住区周边道路夜晚照明进行评价
	道路平坦度感知	被调查者对居住区周边道路平坦度进行评价
	道路设有步行道感知	被调查者对居住区周边道路步行道设置进行评价
	道路安全性感知	被调查者对居住区周边道路交通安全性进行评价
	道路障碍物感知	被调查者对居住区周边道路障碍物进行评价
吸引性和安全性感知	自然景观吸引性感知	被调查者对居住区周边自然景观吸引性进行评价
	人文景观吸引性感知	被调查者对居住区周边人文景观吸引性进行评价
	犯罪安全性感知	被调查者对居住区周边社会治安进行评价

表3

表4

城市建成环境特征对交通性步行活动影响的逻辑回归结果"

	1000m活动空间范围参与步行活动		1000m空间范围步行活动时间≥150分钟/周		2000m活动空间范围参与步行活动		2000m空间范围步行活动时间≥150分钟/周
	模型1	模型2	模型1	模型2	模型1	模型2	模型1	模型2
绿地密度	0.3139***	0.4005***	0.0572	0.1358*	0.1309	0.1220	-0.0036	0.0282
公交站点密度	0.8705**	1.2114**	0.5766**	0.9214***	0.7642**	0.8062**	0.2100	0.3427
金融服务点密度	-0.1509	-0.2467	-0.2347*	-0.3712**	-0.2851	-0.3308	-0.3394**	-0.5086**
食品服务点密度	-0.1492	-0.2230*	-0.2119**	-0.3200**	-0.3101**	-0.3461**	-0.2744**	-0.3873**
学校密度	1.7093	2.5767*	1.9061*	3.1177**	2.1288	2.5540	3.1081**	4.6688**
一般服务点密度	-0.0682	-0.0878	-0.0887*	-0.1162**	-0.0009	-0.0219	-0.1549	-0.2191**
交叉路口密度感知	-0.0851	-0.2005	-0.2371*	-0.3869**	-0.0807	-0.1586	-0.2382*	-0.3763**
道路卫生感知	0.1059	0.1583	-0.1624	-0.1809	0.0709	0.1382	-0.1412	-0.1735
道路平坦度感知	-0.1966	-0.2553	-0.3061**	-0.4004**	-0.1956	-0.2361	-0.3055**	-0.3977**
道路安全性感知	-0.0335	0.0109	0.1420	0.1966*	-0.0371	0.0080	0.1378	0.1954*
性别：女^a
男		-0.8683**		-0.4670*		-8288**		-0.4921*
年龄（岁）		-0.0236		-0.0405*		-0.0204		-0.0398*
学历：小学及以下^a
初中		-0.5636		-0.4975		-0.4315		-0.4840
高中/中专		-0.3768		-0.5798		-0.3158		-0.5481
大专/本科		-0.0409		-1.1144**		0.1339		-1.0925**
家庭人口结构（人）：< 3^a
3~5		-0.3319		-0.3745		-0.2713		-0.3579
>5		0.2503		-0.2377		0.1047		-0.1480
工作状态：在职^a
退休		-0.3696		0.4042		-0.5555		0.4302
个人月收入（元）：< 2000^a
2000~4000		-0.8296		-0.3251		-0.8309		-0.3777
>4000		-1.5651**		-0.7367		-1.3887*		-0.7895
拥有驾照：无^a
有		-0.5871		-0.6578		-0.5902		-0.6374
患有其他慢性疾病：无^a
有		-0.9473**		-0.4701*		-0.8743**		-0.4838*
AIC	408.05	388.44	467.47	454.79	410.81	396.11	468.35	453.92

表4

表5

城市建成环境特征对休闲性步行活动影响的逻辑回归结果"

	1000m活动空间范围参与步行活动		1000m空间范围步行活动时间≥150分钟/周		2000m活动空间范围参与步行活动		2000m空间范围步行活动时间≥150分钟/周
	模型1	模型2	模型1	模型2	模型1	模型2	模型1	模型2
公园密度	0.8418*	1.0361*	0.5151	0.8505*	1.7243**	1.9964**	0.8238	1.2047
居住密度	-0.0331*	-0.0374*	-0.0421**	-0.0463**	-0.0671**	-0.0789**	-0.0560**	-0.0635**
到最大商业中心的最短距离	-0.1185	-0.1125	-0.1945	-0.1887	-0.1859	-0.2029	-0.2097	-0.2086
公园可达性感知	0.2059*	0.2488**	0.1501	0.1791	0.1659	0.2064	0.1356	0.1634
道路卫生感知	-0.1139	-0.1759	-0.1138	-0.1782	-0.1052	-0.1706	-0.1164	-0.1829
道路夜晚照明感知	0.2802	0.3032	0.3386*	0.3332*	0.2594	0.2866	0.3084*	0.2981
道路平坦度感知	-0.2715	-0.3372	-0.2688	-0.3657*	-0.2767	-0.3315	-0.2609	-0.3405*
道路设有步行道感知	0.1325	0.2024	0.0343	0.0936	0.1250	0.2016	0.0194	0.0792
自然景观吸引性感知	-0.3029**	-0.2365*	-0.3159**	-0.2371*	-0.2901**	-0.2333*	-0.2859**	-0.2055*
人文景观吸引性感知	0.1081	0.0682	0.0406	-0.0031	0.0939	0.0483	0.0241	-0.0254
道路障碍物感知	-0.1229	-0.1073	-0.1494	-0.1274	-0.0846	-0.0592	-0.1129	-0.0822
犯罪安全性感知	0.2076	0.3139	0.1158	0.2414	0.2479	0.3596	0.1674	0.3035
性别：女^a
男		0.3173		0.4736*		0.2229		0.4180
年龄（岁）		-0.0154		-0.0084		-0.0125		-0.0053
学历：小学及以下^a
初中		-0.2669		-0.5904		-0.1687		-0.4881
高中/中专		-0.1609		-0.4554		-0.0622		-0.3687
大专/本科		-0.3109		-0.7508		-0.2148		-0.6624
与孙辈同住：否^a
是		-0.9507**		-1.0367***		-0.9455**		-1.0000**
工作状态：在职^a
退休		1.0395**		1.3485**		1.0793**		1.3721**
个人月收入（元）：< 2000^a
2000~4000		-0.4938		-0.8749		-0.5073		-0.9384*
>4000		-0.2126		-0.8456		-0.0536		-0.7474
患有其他慢性疾病：无^a
有		0.3433		0.0235		0.3160		0.0050
AIC	375.15	379.29	419.70	415.69	372.79	376.04	420.46	417.19

表5

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日常步行活动主要发生场所	步行活动发生率（%）
日常步行活动主要发生场所	500 m	500~1000 m	1000~1500 m	1500~2000 m	>2000 m
农贸市场、超市、便利店等	16.21	64.94	51.11	33.33	18.60
学校、医院、银行等	5.46	13.42	10.37	0	0
公园、广场、大学等	29.51	16.88	22.96	50.00	51.16
其他（包括其他公共或商业设施,小区内广场等）	52.19	4.76	19.26	16.67	30.23