城市表层土壤对生态健康影响研究述评

doi:10.11821/dlyj020190240

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

人地关系是新时代地理学综合研究的核心,而快速发展的城市化促进了人地矛盾的集中体现。同时,土壤圈是地球关键带中最活跃的圈层,在城市环境中成为人-地联系活跃的生态环节。城市表层土壤在区域小尺度水平人-地联系中具有重要意义,但对其生态界面意义还未有专门的论述。虽然现在已有较多的学者研究报道了城市化进程中土壤性质变化、重金属和有机污染等问题,但对其中的源-汇正负反馈效应仍然认识不足。为了城市的可持续发展,各种生态健康评价研究蓬勃开展。其中,土壤动物特有的生物学属性和环境敏感性,使之成为城市环境变化和生态健康风险评价优良的综合性指示因子,然而相关的研究比较缺乏。因此,本文就城市表层土壤对生态健康影响的研究进行了述评。城市表层土壤既是生物的聚居地,又与城市大气、水体存在密切的互作交流关系,对城市人类活动具有积极的正负反馈作用,成为城市人-地联系的关键生态界面。城市化背景下土壤表层生物、理化性质的变化不仅对土壤健康造成威胁,同时也增加了人居健康风险。最后,本文对相关研究进行了展望,提出未来应加强城市表层土壤的生态界面效应研究,在研究方法上要建立长期、多尺度的城市土壤研究计划,以及推进区域城市表层土壤动物生物学、生态学研究等。

关键词: 城市化, 表层土壤, 生态健康, 城市地区, 人地关系

Abstract:

Human-land relationship is one of the core fields for the integrated geographical studies in the new era. The rapid urbanization has promoted the outbreak of human-land conflicts. Pedosphere, the most active part in the earth's critical zones, is the key ecological factor for the active man-land relationships in urban environments. Urban topsoil plays a key role in man-land relationships at regional scale, however, few previous studies discussed its ecological roles. Many studies have reported soil property changes, heavy metal and organic pollutions during urbanization, but the positive or negative feedback effects in the sink-source procession remains unclear. Meanwhile, despite numerous assessments about the urban ecosystem heath, few studies have been done about the responses of soil fauna as an important indicator for urban environmental change and ecological health risks considering its diversity and sensitivity to environmental changes. This study discussed the impacts of urban topsoil on ecological health. Urban topsoil, as a crucial ecological habitat and a crucial interplay with the atmosphere and the water, can make active positive or negative responses to urban anthropogenic activities. Thus, it is a critical interface for man-land interaction in the urban ecosystems. The changes in organisms as well as physical and chemical properties during urbanization, can diversely impact the health of soil and increase the health risks of human beings. Some perspectives on future studies were also proposed in this study, including more concerns on the interface effects of the urban topsoil, long-term, multiscale and systematic research programs, and biological and ecological studies on urban topsoil animals.

Key words: urbanization, topsoil, ecosystem health, urban area, human-land relationship

徐国良, 文雅, 蔡少燕, 罗小凤. 城市表层土壤对生态健康影响研究述评[J]. 地理研究, 2019, 38(12): 2941-2956.

XU Guoliang, WEN Ya, CAI Shaoyan, LUO Xiaofeng. Review for the effects of urban topsoil on the ecological health[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(12): 2941-2956.

图/表 1

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动物类别	指标特征	环境变化	文献来源
土壤动物群落	群落结构,营养类型结构	土地利用变化,城市化	McIntyre等^[27]
土壤动物群落	密度-类群指数、多样性指数、均匀度、优势度和丰富度	生境复杂度,人类干扰程度	王金凤等^[93]
土壤动物群落	群落结构,个体数,多样性	城市路桥重金属污染	白义等^[70]
土壤动物群落	A/C值,优势度,多样性指数,生境分布系数,	城市环境干扰	叶水送等^[94]
土壤动物群落	类群丰度,个体数量	重金属污染	王存龙等^[69]
土壤动物群落	群落结构,多样性,丰富度	土地利用变化影响	宋英石等^[36]
土壤螨类	种类和数量、性比、功能、类群、群落结构、生物多样性	土壤环境质量	刘漫萍等^[95]
土壤甲螨,中气门螨	物种组成,多样性	土地利用类型	Minor等^[96]
土壤跳虫	群落结构,优势类群	城市化影响	Sterzyńska等^[15]
土壤跳虫	群落结构,敏感类群	城市环境污染	Fiera^[97]
土壤跳虫	功能群和物种结构	土壤理化性质,土地利用变化	Santorufo等^[98]
土壤跳虫	群落结构,类群丰富度,个体数量	土壤压实度	Devigne等^[24]
土壤跳虫	群落结构,个体数,类群丰度,多样性	土地利用变化及历史,城市化影响,土壤理化性质	Milano等^[8]