快速城镇化背景下长三角城镇建设用地群态化特征及演变模式

doi:10.11821/dlyj020200717

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市群作为国家新型城镇化的主体形态,表征其空间结构和组织演变的城镇建设用地具有明显“群态化”特征。借鉴群落生态学理论,利用城镇用地开发速率指数、景观指数、核密度估计等方法,对长三角城市群1978—2017年城镇建设用地的规模分布、形态变化和集聚状态进行探讨,提炼出快速城镇化背景下城镇建设用地的群态化演变模式。研究结果显示：① 随着长三角城镇建设用地的不断增长,城镇建设用地规模表现出从低级向高级逐渐跃迁的层级变动特征和明显的区域分异,汇合成群态化发展的“量”的物质基础。② 在空间发展上,城镇建设用地斑块趋于紧密、均衡,其形态变化由分散、无序逐渐变为集中和规整;在空间集聚上,城镇建设用地热点区向大城市集聚,逐渐打破城市行政界线,呈组团式发展态势,催生出群态化演变的“质”的提升。③ 在40年的快速城镇化过程中,长三角城镇建设用地经历了独立发育模式、优先生长模式、组团嵌套模式和圈层共生模式,最终形成“群内有群、多重嵌套”的群态化模式。本文通过分析城镇建设用地群态化的演变过程,重新解读城市群作为城镇化的主体形态这一现实规律,为推进新型城镇化进程和促进城市群高质量一体化发展提供相关的理论基础。

关键词: 快速城镇化, 城镇建设用地, 群态化模式, 长三角城市群

Abstract:

Urban agglomeration is a main form of the new urbanization in a country, which means the spatial structure and organization process of urban construction land are obviously grouped. Based on the theory of community ecology, some methods, such as urban land development rate index, landscape index, kernel density estimation, were used to explore the distribution, the morphological changes and the agglomeration status of urban construction land in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 1978 to 2017. This paper aims at obtaining the agglomeration pattern of urban construction land under the background of rapid urbanization. The results showed that: (1) The urban construction land in the YRD has been continuously increasing. The scale of urban construction land is gradually transferred from a low level to a high level, characterizing a hierarchic change and significant regional differentiation. The increased lands became the foundation for the development of urban agglomeration. (2) For the development process of space, the patches of urban construction land have become more clustered and balanced, and also the morphology of these patches have been changed from separated and disordered to concentrated and regular. For the agglomeration of space, the typical regions of urban construction land have gradually gathered to big cities. It gradually breaks the administrative boundaries of these cities and presents a group-like development trend, which made agglomeration evolution be essentially enhanced. (3) During the 40-year rapid urbanization, the urban construction land in the delta has experienced three important development patterns, which are independent development of a single city, clustering and symbiotic development based on the priority development of a core city, and final agglomeration with multiple groups. In this paper, the development process of the agglomeration for urban construction land in the YRD is analyzed, and the characteristics and evolution models of urban agglomeration are explored. In addition, the paper puts forward some suggestions to reshape the spatial structure system of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration and optimize the layout of urban construction land, which provides a new theoretical and empirical basis for accelerating the new urbanization process and promoting the high-quality integrated development of urban agglomeration.

Key words: rapid urbanization, urban construction land, agglomeration model, Yangtze River Delta

吴小影, 杨山, 尹上岗, 徐晗泽宇. 快速城镇化背景下长三角城镇建设用地群态化特征及演变模式[J]. 地理研究, 2021, 40(7): 1917-1934.

WU Xiaoying, YANG Shan, YIN Shanggang, XU Hanzeyu. The characteristics and evolution modes of urban construction land agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta under rapid urbanization[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2021, 40(7): 1917-1934.

图/表 10

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

参考文献 51

[1]	张占斌, 宋洪远, 蔡继明, 等. 城镇化蓝皮书: 中国新型城镇化健康发展报告(2016). 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2016: 1-13.
	[ Zhang Zhanbin, Song Hongyuan, Cai Jiming, et al. Urbanization Blue Book: Report on Healthy Development of China's New Urbanization (2016). Beijing: Social Science Literature Press, 2016: 1-13.]
[2]	方创琳. 中国城市群研究取得的重要进展与未来发展方向. 地理学报, 2014, 69(8): 1130-1144. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201408009
	[ Fang Chuanglin. Progress and the future direction of research into urban agglomeration in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(8): 1130-1144.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201408009.
[3]	贺艳华, 周国华, 唐承丽, 等. 城市群地区城乡一体化空间组织理论初探. 地理研究, 2017, 36(2): 241-252. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201702004
	[ He Yanhua, Zhou Guohua, Tang Chengli, et al. Theory on the spatial organization of urban-rural integration in urban agglomeration areas. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(2): 241-252.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201702004.
[4]	孙铁山. 中国三大城市群集聚空间结构演化与地区经济增长. 经济地理, 2016, 36(5): 63-70.
	[ Sun Tieshan. Evolution of agglomeration and its spatial structure with economic growth in three major metropolitan regions of China. Economic Geography, 2016, 36(5):63-70.]. DOI: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2016.05.009.
[5]	周秀, 李素萍. 客运交通流视角的长江中游城市群空间联系. 城市地理, 2016, 10(10): 205-205.
	[ Zhou Xiu, Li Suping. Spatial connection of urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from the perspective of passenger traffic flow. Journal of Urban Geography, 2016, 10(10): 205-205.]. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-2508.2016.10.167.
[6]	李广斌, 王勇, 袁中金, 等. 中国城市群空间演化的制度分析框架: 基于法团主义的视角. 城市规划, 2013, 37(10): 9-13.
	[ Li Guangbin, Wang Yong, Yuan Zhongjin, et al. An institutional analysis framework for the spatial evolution of city clusters in China: Based on the perspective of corporatism. City Palnning Review, 2013, 37(10): 9-13.]. DOI: cnki:sun:csgh.0.2013-10-003.
[7]	邹小华, 薛德升, 屈啸, 等. 长三角城市群空间结构演化与溢出效应研究. 宏观经济研究, 2020, 35(5): 68-81.
	[ Zou Xiaohua, Xue Desheng, Qu Xiao, et al. Spatial structure evolution and spillover effect of urban agglomeration in Yangtze River Delta. Macroeconomics, 2020, 35(5): 68-81.]. DOI: 10.16304/j.cnki.11-3952/f.2020.05.006.
[8]	孙斌栋, 华杰媛, 李琬, 等. 中国城市群空间结构的演化与影响因素: 基于人口分布的形态单中心-多中心视角. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(10): 1294-1303. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.10.011
	[ Sun Bindong, Hua Jieyuan, Li Wan, et al. Spatial structure change and influencing factors of city clusters in China: From monocentric to polycentric based on population distribution. Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(10): 1294-1303.]. DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.10.011.
[9]	Zheng Y T, Chen T, Cai J M, et al. Regional concentration and region-based urban transition: China's mega-urban region formation in the 1990s. Urban Geography, 2009, 30(3): 312-333. DOI: 10.2747/0272-3638.30.3.312. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.30.3.312
[10]	郑艳婷. 中国城市群的空间模式: 分散性区域集聚的理论背景、形成机理及最新进展. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(2): 339-352. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.02.014
	[ Zheng Yanting. Spatial pattern of Chin′s urban agglomerations: Theoretical background, formation mechanisms, and latest progress of research of dispersed regional concentration. Progress in Geography, 2020, 39(2): 339-352.]. DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.02.014.
[11]	梁流涛, 赵庆良, 陈聪. 中国城市土地利用效率空间分异特征及优化路径分析. 中国土地科学, 2013, 27(7): 48-54.
	[ Liang Liutao, Zhao Qingliang, Chen Cong. Analysis on the characters of spatial disparity of urban land use efficienty and its optimization in China. China Land Science, 2013, 27(7): 48-54.]. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8158.2013.07.008.
[12]	张洪, 李中元, 李彦. 基于生态安全的山地城镇土地可持续利用模式研究: 以云南大理市为例. 地理研究, 2019, 38(11): 2681-2694. doi: 10.11821/dlyj020181341
	[ Zhang Hong, Li Zhongyuan, Li Yan. Study on sustainable land use model in mountain towns based on ecological security: Tanking Dali city of Yunnan province as an example. Geographical Research, 2019, 38(11): 2681-2694.]. DOI: cnki:sun:dlyj.0.2019-11-011.
[13]	周春山, 金万富, 张国俊, 等. 中国国有建设用地供应规模时空特征及影响因素. 地理学报, 2019, 74(1): 18-33.
	[ Zhou Chunshan, Jin Wanfu, Zhang Guojun, et al. Spatio-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of state owned construction land supply in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(1): 18-33.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201901002.
[14]	刘艳军, 于会胜, 刘德刚, 等. 东北地区建设用地开发强度格局演变的空间分异机制. 地理学报, 2018, 73(5): 818-831. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201805003
	[ Liu Yanjun, Yu Huisheng, Liu Degang, et al. Spatial differentiation mechanisms of the pattern evolution of construction land development intensity in Northeast China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(5): 818-831.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201805003.
[15]	刘纪远, 刘文超, 匡文慧, 等. 基于主体功能区规划的中国城乡建设用地扩张时空特征遥感分析. 地理学报, 2016, 71(3): 335-369. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201603001
	[ Liu Jiyuan, Liu Wenchao, Kuang Wenhui, et al. Remote sensing-based analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics of built-up area across China based on the plan for major function-oriented zones. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(3): 335-369.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201603001.
[16]	熊鹰, 陈云, 李静芝, 等. 基于土地集约利用的长株潭城市群建设用地供需仿真模拟. 地理学报, 2018, 73(3): 562-577. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201803013
	[ Xiong Ying, Chen Yun, Li Jingzhi, et al. Analog simulation of urban construction land supply and demand based on land intensive use. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(3): 562-577.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201803013.
[17]	修春亮, 魏冶, 王绮. 基于“规模-密度-形态”的大连市城市韧性评估. 地理学报, 2018, 73(12): 2315-2328. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201812004
	[ Xiu Chunliang, Wei Ye, Wang Qi. Evaluation of urban resilience of Dalian city based on the perpective of "Size-Densitu-Morphology". Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(12): 2315-2328.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201812004.
[18]	叶高斌, 苏伟忠, 孙小祥. 基于Dyna-CLUE模型的太湖流域建设用地空间扩张模拟. 长江流域资源与环境, 2018, 27(4): 725-734.
	[ Ye Gaobin, Su Weizhong, Sun Xiaoxiang. Simulation of the construction land expansion based on the Dyna-CLUE model in Taihu Basin. Resources and Environment in The Yangtze Basin, 2018, 27(4): 725-734.]. DOI: 10.11870/cjlyzyyhj201804004.
[19]	李佳洺, 张文忠, 孙铁山, 等. 中国城市群集聚特征与经济绩效. 地理学报, 2014, 69(4): 474-484. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201404004
	[ Li Jiaming, Zhang Wenzhong, Sun Tieshan, et al. Characteristics of clustering and economic performance of urban agglomerations in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(4): 474-484.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201404004.
[20]	方创琳, 周成虎, 顾朝林, 等. 特大城市群地区城镇化与生态环境交互耦合效应解析的理论框架及技术路径. 地理学报, 2016, 71(4): 531-550. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201604001
	[ Fang Chuanglin, Zhou Chenghu, Gu Chaolin, et al. Theoretical analysis of interactive coupled effects between urbanization and eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(4): 531-550.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201604001.
[21]	刘欢, 邓宏兵, 李小帆. 长江经济带人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调发展时空差异研究. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2016, 26(5): 160-166.
	[ Liu Huan, Deng Hongbing, Li Xiaofan. Research on the spatial and temporal difference of coordinated development between population urbanization and land urbanization in Yangtze River economic belt. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2016, 26(5): 160-166.]. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2016.05.020.
[22]	卢宗亮, 王红梅, 刘光盛, 等. 生态-经济竞合下低效建设用地再开发空间重构: 以湛江市中心城区为例. 中国土地科学, 2018, 32(12): 34-41.
	[ Lu Zongliang, Wang Hongmei, Liu Guangsheng, et al. The spatial reconstruction of inefficient land redevelopment under ecological-economic competition and cooperation: A case study of urban district in Zhanjiang. China Land Science, 2018, 32(12): 34-41.]. DOI: cnki:sun:ztkx.0.2018-12-005.
[23]	黄宝荣, 张慧智, 宋敦江, 等. 2000-2010年中国大陆地区建设用地扩张的驱动力分析. 生态学报, 2017, 37(12): 4149-4158.
	[ Huang Baorong, Zhang Huizhi, Song Dunjiang, et al. Driving forces of built-up land expansion in China from 2000 to 2010. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(12): 4149-4158.]. DOI: 10.5846/stxb201507311611.
[24]	甄江红, 王亚丰, 田圆圆, 等. 城市空间扩展的生态环境效应研究: 以内蒙古呼和浩特市为例. 地理研究, 2019, 38(5): 1080-1091. doi: 10.11821/dlyj020171036
	[ Zhen Jianghong, Wang Yafeng, Tian Yuanyuan, et al. Study on ecological environment effects of urban spatial expansion: Taking inner Mongolis Hohhot city as an example. Geographical Research, 2019, 38(5): 1080-1091.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020171036.
[25]	王海军, 张彬, 刘耀林, 等. 基于重心-GTWR模型的京津冀城市群城镇扩展格局与驱动力多维解析. 地理学报, 2018, 73(6): 92-108.
	[ Wang Haijun, Zhang Bin, Liu Yaolin, et al. Multi-dimensional analysis of urban expansion patterns and their driving forces based on the center of gravity-GTWR model: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(6): 92-108.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201806007.
[26]	Griffith D A. Geometry and spatial interaction. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1982, 72(3): 332-346. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1982.tb01829.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1982.tb01829.x
[27]	张京祥. 城镇群体空间组合. 南京: 东南大学出版社, 2000: 29-33.
	[ Zhang Jingxiang. Spatial Combination of Urban Groups. Nanjing: Southeast University Press, 2000: 29-33.]
[28]	陈绍愿, 张虹鸥, 林建平, 等. 城市群落学: 城市群现象的生态学解读. 经济地理, 2005, 25(6): 810-813.
	[ Chen Shaoyuan, Zhang Hongou, Lin Jianping, et al. City community ecology: Ecological interpretation of urban agglomerations. Economic Geography, 2005, 25(6): 810-813.]. DOI: cnki:sun:jjdl.0.2005-06-013.
[29]	张怀志, 武友德. 基于Logistic模型的城市群落共生演化与均衡. 生态经济, 2016, 32(12): 73-76, 114.
	[ Zhang Huaizhi, Wu Youde. The symbiosis evolution and equilibrium in city community nased on logistic model. Ecological Economy, 2016, 32(12): 73-76, 114.]. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-4407.2016.12.016.
[30]	段祖亮, 张小雷, 雷军. 城市群的生态研究方向: 城市群落学解析. 新疆环境保护, 2011, 33(4): 1-6.
	[ Duan Zuliang, Zhang Xiaolei, Lei Jun. Ecological research direction of urban agglomerations: Urban community analysis. Environmental Protection of Xinjiang, 2011, 33(4): 1-6.]. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2301.2011.04.001.
[31]	王钊, 杨山, 刘帅宾. 基于复杂网络的长三角城市对外服务群落结构研究. 生态学报, 2018, 38(6): 1964-1974.
	[ Wang Zhao, Yang Shan, Liu Shuaibin. Analysis of community structure in the Yangtze River Delta region: A case study of urban external services. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(6): 1964-1974.]. DOI: 10.5846/stxb201703080388.
[32]	帕克, 伯吉斯, 麦肯齐, 等. 城市社会学: 芝加哥学派城市研究. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2012: 1-4.
	[ Parker, Burgess, McKenzie, et al. Urban Sociology: Urban Studies of the Chicago School. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2012: 1-4.]
[33]	杨小波. 城市生态学. 北京: 科学出版社, 2010: 1-5.
	[ Yang Xiaobo. Urban Ecology Beijing: Science Press, 2010: 1-5.]
[34]	杨彤, 王能民, 朱幼林. 生态城市的内涵及其研究进展. 经济管理, 2006, 27(14): 90-96.
	[ Yang Tong, Wang Nengmin, Zhu Youlin. The research of connotation and research progress of eco city. Economic Management, 2006, 27(14): 90-96.]. DOI: cnki:sun:jjgu.0.2006-14-017.
[35]	王拓, 唐璐, 栾玥, 等. 小黑麦对石油污染盐碱土壤细菌群落与石油烃降解的影响. 生态学报, 2019, 39(24): 9143-9151.
	[ Wang Tuo, Tang Lu, Luan Yue, et al. Effect of triticale(Triticale hexappoide L.) growth on the bacterial community and petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in petroleum-contaminated saline-alkali soil. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(24): 9143-9151.]. DOI: 10.5846/stxb201809272101.
[36]	杨彪, 张全建, 龚旭, 等. 雅砻江冬麻豆(Salweenia bouffordiana)种群结构与动态特征. 生态学报, 2020, 40(4): 1184-1194.
	[ Yang Biao, Zhang Quanjian, Gong Xu, et al. Population structure and dynamic characteristics of Salweenia bouffordiana. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2020, 40(4): 1184-1194.]. DOI: 10.5846/stxb201812242793.
[37]	Chen S Q, Fath B D, Chen B. Information indices from ecological network analysis for urban metabolic system. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2010, 31(2): 720-724. DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.082.
[38]	Zhang Y, Liu H, Fath B D. Synergism analysis of an urban metabolic system: Model development and a case study for Beijing, China. Ecological Modelling, 2014, 272(1): 188-197. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.10.003. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.10.003
[39]	方创琳, 宋吉涛, 张蔷, 等. 中国城市群结构体系的组成与空间分异格局. 地理学报, 2005, 60(5): 827-840.
	[ Fang Chuanglin, Song Jitao, Zhang Qiang, et al. The formation, development and spatial heterogeneity patterns for the structures system of urban agglomerations in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2005, 60(5): 827-840.]. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2005.05.014.
[40]	Gong P, Li X C, Zhang W. 40-Year(1978-2017) human settlement changes in China reflected by impervious surfaces from satellite remote sensing. Science Bulletin, 2019, 64(11): 756-763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2019.04.024. doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.04.024
[41]	李加林, 许继琴, 李伟芳, 等. 长江三角洲地区城市用地增长的时空特征分析. 地理学报, 2007, 62(4): 437-447.
	[ Li Jialin, Xu Jiqin, Li Weifang, et al. Spatio-emporal characteristics of urbanization area growth in the Yangtze River Delta. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(4): 437-447.]. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2007.04.010.
[42]	崔王平, 李阳兵, 李潇然. 重庆市主城区景观格局演变的样带响应与驱动机制差异. 自然资源学报, 2017, 32(4): 553-567.
	[ Cui Wangping, Li Yangbing, Li Xiaoran. Gradient analysis and comparison of landscape pattern along different transects in the main urban area of Chongqing city. Journal of Natural Resources, 2017, 32(4): 553-567.]. DOI: 10.11849/zrzyxb.20160487.
[43]	邬建国. 景观生态学: 格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版). 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2007: 1-230.
	[ Wu Jianguo. Landscape Ecology: Pattern, Process, Scale and Grade (Second Edition). Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2007: 1-230.]
[44]	Silverman B. W. Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1986: 1-13.
[45]	禹文豪, 艾廷华. 核密度估计法支持下的网络空间POI点可视化与分析. 测绘学报, 2015, 44(1): 85-90.
	[ Yu Wenhao, Ai Tinghua. The visualization and analysis of POI features under network space supported by kernel density estimation. Acta Geodaeticaet Cartographica Sinica, 2015, 44(1): 85-90.]. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20130538.
[46]	Ned Levine. Crime stat IV: A spatial statistics program for the analysis of crime incident locations (version 4.0). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013, 24(4): 559-583. DOI: 10.1163/016918610X487117.
[47]	赵炳时. 城市空间形态与布局结构.//邹德慈. 城市规划导论. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2002: 24-27.
	[ Zhao Bingshi. Urban spatial form and layout structure.//Zou Deci. Introduction to Urban Planning. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2002: 24-27.]
[48]	方创琳, 李广东, 张蔷. 中国城市建设用地的动态变化态势与调控. 自然资源学报, 2017, 32(3): 363-376.
	[ Fang Chuanglin, Li Guangdong, Zhang Qiang. The variation characteristics and control measures of the urban construction land in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2017, 32(3): 363-376.]. DOI: 10.11849/zrzyxb.20160361.
[49]	陈雯, 宋伟轩, 杨桂山. 长江三角洲城镇密集区的城市化发展态势、动力与趋势. 中国科学院院刊, 2013, 27(1): 28-38.
	[ Chen Wen, Song Weixuan, Yang Guishan. The situation, dynamic and trend of urbanization in the city concentrated area of Yangtze River Delta. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2013, 27(1): 28-38.]. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3045.2013.01.003.
[50]	尹上岗, 杨山, 陈艳如, 等. 长三角房价收入比时空演变格局及收敛性研究. 地理研究, 2020, 39(11): 2521-2536. doi: 10.11821/dlyj020190603
	[ Yin Shanggang, Yang Shan, Chen Yanru, et al. Spatial-temporal evolution patterns and convergence analysis housing price-to-income ratio in Yangtze River Delta. Geographical Research, 2020, 39(11): 2521-2536.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020190.
[51]	张学良. 城市群: 中国发展主引擎. 中国经济报告, 2016, 76(2): 27-30.
	[ Zhang Xueliang. Urban agglomeration: The main engine of China's development. China Policy Review, 2016, 76(2): 27-30.]. DOI: cnki:sun:jjbg.0.2016-02-010.