新疆昌吉州耕地开垦轨迹对土壤肥力变化的影响

doi:10.11821/dlyj020200849

地理研究 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (3): 657-672.doi: 10.11821/dlyj020200849

• 专栏：绿洲耕地可持续利用 • 上一篇下一篇

新疆昌吉州耕地开垦轨迹对土壤肥力变化的影响

许咏梅¹(), 周黎明², 张兆彤³^,⁴()

1.新疆农科院土壤肥料与农业节水研究所,乌鲁木齐 830091
2.昌吉州农业技术推广中心,昌吉 831100
3.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地表层格局与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101
4.中国科学院大学,北京 100049

收稿日期:2020-09-04 接受日期:2021-02-09 出版日期:2021-03-10 发布日期:2021-05-10
通讯作者: 张兆彤
作者简介:许咏梅（1973-）,女,广东潮州人,博士,研究员,主要从事农业资源高效利用研究。E-mail:xym1973@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41561070);国家重点研发项目(2017YFD0201506)

Effect of cultivated land reclamation tracks on soil fertility changes in Changji Prefecture, Xinjiang

XU Yongmei¹(), ZHOU Liming², ZHANG Zhaotong³^,⁴()

1. Institute of Soil, Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Reduction, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
2. Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Changji City, Changji 831100, Xinjiang China
3. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2020-09-04 Accepted:2021-02-09 Online:2021-03-10 Published:2021-05-10
Contact: ZHANG Zhaotong

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

定量刻画区域尺度耕地开垦轨迹（初始地类、初始土壤类型和耕作年限）对土壤肥力变化的影响,对指导区域农业施肥管理措施、提高农田土壤肥力具有重要意义。本文以新疆昌吉州为研究区,通过叠加5期土地利用数据来识别耕地开垦轨迹,基于1980年和2018年两期大量样点数据,分析耕地开垦前的土地利用方式和土壤类型以及开垦后耕作年限的差异对土壤肥力变化的影响。结果表明：① 1980—2018年间新开垦耕地面积的90.12%来源于草地,9.88%来源于未利用地。在此期间除碱解氮含量降低之外,其他土壤肥力指标含量均增加。② 高覆盖度草地被开垦会造成土壤有机质的损失,草地（高、中、低覆盖度草地）和未利用地（盐碱地和裸土地）被开垦会降低土壤碱解氮含量,增加有效磷和速效钾含量。③ 随耕作年限增加,土壤有机质呈现缓慢的增加态势并逐步趋于平稳;而速效养分含量短期内增加,当耕作年限达到中长期（19~28年）后趋于稳定或开始下降,存在阈值效应。④ 草地开垦造成的有机质损失在耕作年限达到中长期之后逐渐得以恢复。草地和未利用地开垦造成的碱解氮损失在耕作38年之后仍未得到恢复。⑤ 初始土壤类型为草甸土和灌漠土的现状土壤肥力较高,棕钙土和灰漠土的肥力较低。建议随耕地经营年限的增加,合理配比氮磷钾肥,改善重氮肥轻磷钾肥的现状,增加磷钾肥施用量,少量多次施用氮肥。

关键词: 新疆昌吉州, 耕地开垦轨迹, 土壤肥力, 土地利用方式

Abstract:

It is meaningful for guiding regional agricultural fertilization management measures and improving farmland soil fertility to quantitatively describe the impact of cultivated land reclamation tracks on soil fertility changes at a regional scale. This study identified the cultivated land reclamation tracks by superimposing multiple periods of land use data based on a large number of sample data in 1980 and 2018, to analyze the effects of initial land use and soil types and cultivation years on soil fertility changes in Changji Prefecture, Xinjiang. The result were as follows: (1) Among the current cultivated land in 2018, 90.12% of the original land type was grassland, and 9.88% of the original land type was unused land. The content of other soil fertility indexes increased except for the decrease of available nitrogen (AN) content. Except for soil organic matter (SOM), the spatial variability of other indicators increased. (2) The SOM content reduced because of the reclamation of high-coverage grassland. The reclamation of grassland and unused land would reduce AN content. (3) With the increase of cultivation years, SOM showed a slow increase and gradually stabilizes; while the available nutrient content increased in a short period of time, and stabilized or began to decrease after reaching a certain number of years because of the threshold effect. (4) The loss of SOM caused by grassland reclamation gradually recovered after the cultivation period reached the medium-long term. The SOM content of current cultivated land that the original land type was unused land was always positive. The loss of AN caused by reclamation of grassland and unused land had not been recovered after 38 years of cultivation. (5) The plots with the initial soil types of meadow soil and shrub desert soil had higher nutrient content, and brown calcium soil and gray desert soil had lower nutrient content. The SOM content of current cultivated land that the original soil type was meadow soil decreased. Therefore, it is recommended that the application ratio of fertilizer should be reasonably adjusted, and the potassium fertilizer should be increased. In addition, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in low intensity and high frequency.

Key words: Changji Prefecture,Xinjiang, land reclamation track, soil fertility, land use type

许咏梅, 周黎明, 张兆彤. 新疆昌吉州耕地开垦轨迹对土壤肥力变化的影响[J]. 地理研究, 2021, 40(3): 657-672.

XU Yongmei, ZHOU Liming, ZHANG Zhaotong. Effect of cultivated land reclamation tracks on soil fertility changes in Changji Prefecture, Xinjiang[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2021, 40(3): 657-672.

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指标	时期	平均值	标准差	变异系数
有机质（g/kg）	1980年	10.54	4.40	41.71%
有机质（g/kg）	2018年	18.59	6.82	36.69%
碱解氮（mg/kg）	1980年	71.61	25.87	36.13%
碱解氮（mg/kg）	2018年	66.44	45.64	68.69%
有效磷（mg/kg）	1980年	7.50	3.60	48.06%
有效磷（mg/kg）	2018年	26.46	12.77	48.26%
速效钾（mg/kg）	1980年	238.21	103.26	43.35%
速效钾（mg/kg）	2018年	320.62	169.16	52.76%

养分名称	单位	分级
养分名称	单位	1	2	3	4	5	6
有机质	g/kg	≥ 40	30~40	20~30	10~20	6~10	<6
碱解氮	mg/kg	≥ 150	120~150	90~120	60~90	30~60	<30
有效磷	mg/kg	≥ 40	20~40	10~20	5~10	3~5	<3
速效钾	mg/kg	≥ 200	150~200	100~150	50~100	30~50	<30

区域名称	单位	初始土地利用方式为耕地	初始土地利用方式为草地	初始土地利用方式为未利用地
昌吉州	mg/kg	-1.20	-35.59	-27.67
奇台县	mg/kg	35.06	23.47	16.21
呼图壁县	mg/kg	6.64	-31.47	4.77
吉木萨尔县	mg/kg	21.71	12.08	-49.34

区域名称	单位	参照地块	长期	中长期	中期	短期
昌吉州	mg/kg	69.09	51.80	74.05	57.30	46.76
奇台县	mg/kg	102.30	100.80	91.55	127.55	143.37
阜康市	mg/kg	54.88	43.56	36.42	30.28	57.28
呼图壁县	mg/kg	88.39	53.42	65.36	48.52	57.23

新疆昌吉州耕地开垦轨迹对土壤肥力变化的影响

Effect of cultivated land reclamation tracks on soil fertility changes in Changji Prefecture, Xinjiang

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耕地开垦历史初级分类	耕地开垦历史具体分类	样点数
初始土地利用类型	耕地	503
	高覆盖度草地	26
	中覆盖度草地	50
	低覆盖度草地	126
	盐碱地	15
	裸土地	20
耕作年限	参考地块（1980年之前开垦为耕地）	503
	长期（29~38年）	51
	中长期（19~28年）	106
	中期（9~18年）	36
	短期（1~8年）	44
初始土壤类型	栗钙土	60
	棕钙土	35
	灰漠土	260
	风沙土	22
	草甸土	56
	潮土	174
	盐土	68
	灌漠土	65

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