风蚀作用下的土壤碳库变化及在中国的初步估算

doi:10.11821/yj2004060006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤有机碳库储量巨大且在表层富集 ,而风力侵蚀具有巨大的卷挟起沙、搬移输运和空间再分配能力 ,对土壤有机碳库的演变具有重要影响。在风力侵蚀作用下 ,风蚀发生地、风蚀土壤输运途中以及风蚀土壤沉降地的土壤有机碳库有着不同的变化过程。基于质量平衡原理 ,可以建立土壤有机碳流失及各路径碳输移量估算的模型。依据第二次全国遥感侵蚀调查以及第二次全国土壤普查数据 ,在GIS支持下 ,分析了中国土壤有机碳库以及风力侵蚀的空间格局 ,并计算得到风力侵蚀作用下中国土壤有机碳库储量变化以及各路径碳输移量。研究表明 ,我国因风力侵蚀造成的土壤有机碳流失量约为 5 9 76× 10 6 tC/yr,风蚀所致CO2 排放约为 2 9 88× 10 6 tC/yr;风蚀所致的土壤有机碳流失主要发生在中国西北部的干旱半干旱的农区和牧区

关键词: 风力侵蚀, 土壤有机碳, 质量平衡, 估算模型, 中国

Abstract:

Due to the tremendous soil organic carbon pool and the high carbon content on surface soil, even a trivial disturbance in surface soil can easily induce great changes of the whole soil organic carbon pool. On the other hand, as a universal geological process on earth, wind erosion has strong capacities to entrap, transport and redistribute the surface soil. Naturally, wind erosion then has important influences on the evolution of soil organic carbon pool. In eroded area, surface soil is eroded and the soil organic carbon pool decreases; in transportation process, soil organic carbon is further transformed and carbon dioxide (CO 2) is emitted; in deposition area, the changes of soil organic carbon pool are more complicated and the carbon pool increases at least in a short term. The redistribution of soil organic carbon over landscape and the emission of CO 2 react on the terrestrial ecosystem and finally affect the carbon budget. Such processes can be modeled by a series of equations based on the mass balance principle. Using the Arc/Info GRID data derived from the 2nd Chinese national remote sensing based soil erosion investigation and the 2nd Chinese national soil investigation, the spatial patterns of the top 20cm soil organic carbon content and wind erosion intensity are described in detail firstly. Soil organic loss and corresponding carbon flux are then estimated supported by GIS techniques. The total soil organic carbon loss induced by wind erosion is about 59.76 10 6t C/yr, including creeping materials of 14.34 10 6t C/yr, saltating materials of 44.82 10 6t C/yr and suspending materials of 0.60 10 6t C/yr. The emitted carbon dioxide (CO 2) is about 29.88 10 6t C/yr, ranging from 11.95 10 6t C/yr to 41.83 10 6t C/yr. The affected areas mainly lie in the Northwest China. The uncertainties in our research depend on the estimation of the eroded soil mass, the ratio of different erosion fluxes and the oxidizing ratio of SOC during transportation.

Key words: wind erosion, soil organic carbon, mass balance, assessment model, China

胡云锋, 王绍强, 杨风亭. 风蚀作用下的土壤碳库变化及在中国的初步估算[J]. 地理研究, 2004, 23(6): 760-768.

HU Yun-feng, WANG Shao-qiang, YANG Feng-ting. The influence of wind erosion on soil organic carbon pool and an assessment in China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2004, 23(6): 760-768.

参考文献

[1] 　拜格诺R A.风沙与荒漠沙丘物理学.钱宁译.北京:科学出版社,1958.
[2] 　Saxton K E. Wind erosion and its impact on off-site air-quality in the columbine plateau:an intergraded research plan. Transac tions of the ASAE,1995,38(4):1031～1038
[3] 　Larney F J,Bullock M S,Janzen HH. Wind erosion effects on nutrient redistribution and soil productivity. J Soil&Water Con servation,1998,53(2):133～140.
[4] 　Dong Z B,Wang X M,Liu L Y. Wind erosion in arid and semiarid China:an overview. J Soil&Water Conservation,2000,55 (4):439～444.
[5] 　叶笃正,丑纪范,刘纪远,等.关于我国华北沙尘天气的成因与治理对策.地理学报,2000,55(5):513～521.
[6] 　张国平,张增祥,刘纪远.中国土壤风力侵蚀空间格局及驱动因子分析.地理学报,2001,56(2):146～158.
[7] 　刘纪远,刘明亮,庄大方,等.中国近期土地利用变化的空间格局分析.中国科学2D,2002,32(12):1031～1040.
[8] 　刘纪远,张增祥,庄大方,等. 20世纪90年代中国土地利用变化时空特征及其成因分析.地理研究,2003,22(1): 1～12.
[9] 　胡云锋,刘纪远,庄大方,等.土地利用动态与风力侵蚀动态对比研究%%以内蒙古自治区为例.地理科学进展, 2003,22(6):541～550.
[10] 　Goto N,Yanagisawa Y. Assessment of CO₂ reduction by technological usage of terrestrial ecosystems reforestation and biomass energy . Energy Conversion and Management,1996,37(6～8):1199～1204.
[11] 　王绍强,周成虎,夏洁. USGCRP碳循环研究的最新动向.地球科学进展,2000,15(5):592～597.
[12] 　Guenther A. The contribution of reactive carbon emissions from vegetation to the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems. Chemo sphere,2002,49(8):837～844
[13] 　Qi Y,Xu M,Wu J G. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration and its effects on ecosystem carbon budget:nonlinearity begets surprises . Ecological Modeling,2002,153(1～2):131～142.
[14] 　王绍强,刘纪远.土壤碳蓄积量变化的影响因素研究现状.地球科学进展,2002,17(04):528～534.
[15] 　刘纪远,于贵瑞,王绍强,等.陆地生态系统碳循环及其机理研究的地球信息科学方法初探.地理研究,2003,22 (4):397～405.
[16] 　IPCC. Revised IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories:reference manual. Vol.3,Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge:Cambridge Univ. Press,1996.
[17] 　Lal R. Soil erosion and the global carbon budget. Environ. Int.,2003,29(4):437～4501
[18] 　Starr G C,Lal R,Malone R. Modeling soil carbon transported by water erosion processes. Land Degradation&Development, 2000,1.(1):83～91.
[19] 　Batjes N H. The total C and N in soils of the world. European J Soil Society,1996,47:151～163.
[20] 　Lal R. World soils and greenhouse effect. IGBP Global Change News Letter,1999,37:4～5.
[21] 　Schimel D,House J,Hibbard K. Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature,2001, 4.4:169～172.
[22] 　王绍强,周成虎.中国陆地土壤有机碳库的估算.地理研究,1999,.8(4):349～356.
[23] 　方精云,刘国华,徐嵩龄.中国陆地生态系统的碳库.见:王庚辰,温玉璞.温室气体浓度和排放监测及相关过程. 北京:中国环境科学出版社,1996.109～128.
[24] 　方精云,刘国华,徐嵩龄.我国森林植被的生物量和净生产量.生态学报,1996,16(5):497～508.
[25] 　Torn M S,Trumbore S E,Chadwick O A. Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover. Nature,1997,389:170.
[26] 　胡云锋,刘纪远,庄大方.土壤风力侵蚀研究现状与进展.地理科学进展,2003,22(3):288～295
[27] 　Oldeman L R. The global extent of soil degradation. In:Greenland D J,Szabolcs I,eds. Soil resilience and sustainable land use . Wallingford:CAB International,1994.99～118.
[28] 　Van Lynden GWJ,Oldeman L R. The assessment of the status of human2induced soil degradation in south and south-east Asia. Wageningen:International Soil Reference and Information Centre,1997 .
[29] 　许峰,郭索彦,张增祥. 20世纪末中国土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征.地理学报,2003,58(1):.39～.46.
[30] 　Smith S V,Renwick W H,Buddemeier R W. Budgets of soil erosion and deposition for sediments and sedimentary organic carbon across the conterminous United States . Global Biogeochem Cycles,2001,.5:697～707.
[31] 　Schlesinger W H. Soil respiration and changes in soil carbon stocks. In:Woodwell GM,Mackenzie GM. Biotic feedbacks in the global climatic system:will the warming feed the warming?New York:Oxford Univ . Press,1995.159～227.
[32] 　Lal R. Global soil erosion by water and carbon dynamics . In:Soil and Global Change.Lal R,Kimble J M,Levine E,et al. (eds.). CRC/Lewis:Bca Ration,F L,1995.131～142.
[33] 　Beyer L,Frund R,Schleuss U,et al. Colluvisols under cultivateon in Schleswig2Holstein:2. carbon distribution and soil organic matter composition . J. Plant Nutrition&Soil Sci.,1993,.56:213～217.
[34] 　de Jong E,Kachanoski R G. The importance of erosion in the carbon balance of prairie soils. Can.J Soil Sci.,1988,68:111～120.
[35] 　Anderson D W,de Jong E,Verity G E,et al. The effects of cultivation on the organic matter of soils of the Canadian prairies . Trans XIII Cong . Int. Soc Soil Sci. Hamburg,vol.7. Hamburg:International Society of Soil Science,1986.1344～1349.
[36] 　Jacinthe P A,Lal R. A mass balance approach to assess carbon dioxide evolution during erosion events. Land Degradation&De- velopment,2001,12:329～339.
[37] 　延昊.中国土地覆被变化与环境影响研究.北京:中国科学院遥感应用研究所博士论文,2002.118～123.
[38] 　水利部水土保持监测中心.全国土壤侵蚀遥感调查工作报告.2001年4月. http://www.swcc.org.cn/.
[39] 　中华人民共和国行业标推SL .90—96:土壤侵蚀分类分级标推.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997.
[40] 　Chepil W S. Dynamics of wind erosion23:the transport capacity of wind . Soil Sci,1945,60:475～480.
[41] 　吴正.风沙地貌与治沙工程学.北京:科学出版社,2003