中国陆地边境旅游发展区域差异及其影响因素

doi:10.11821/dlyj020181123

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

边境旅游是中国陆地边境地区的支柱产业和国际合作的重要内容。依据文献资料和实地考察,分析中国陆地边境旅游资源单体的数量、类型和质量,并结合陆地边境地级行政区接待入境旅游人数和国际旅游外汇收入两个指标,从空间差异性和空间自相关两个方面刻画中国陆地边境旅游发展格局,探讨中国陆地边境旅游业发展的影响因素并提出相关建议。研究范围共涉及3 341个陆地边境旅游资源单体,其中优良级旅游资源约占34.36%,建筑与设施是旅游资源单体数量最多的类型。西南地区和东北地区分别是中国陆地边境旅游资源“高高集聚”和“低低集聚”地区。在2006—2015年间,边境旅游经济发展最快的是新疆西北部和黑龙江东部边境地区;边境旅游经济发展的热点地区主要集中在东北边境地区,冷点地区主要集中在新疆东部、西南部以及西藏西南部边境地区。地形条件、文化多样性、区位条件、国际地缘政治关系以及旅游设施水平是影响边境旅游业发展的重要因素。建议政府因地制宜地制定边境旅游发展政策,加强不同类型旅游资源之间的组合开发和区域旅游合作,完善旅游设施,积极探索开发与保护兼顾的发展模式。

关键词: 陆地边境旅游, 旅游资源, 旅游经济, 区域差异, 空间自相关, 影响因素

Abstract:

The land border tourism in China serves as a pillar industry in the local economic development and is becoming an important sector for international cooperation. Based on literature review and field surveys, this paper investigated the quantity, types and quality of land border tourism resources of prefectural-level city in China. In addition, the Chinese Land Border Tourism Development Database was established with another two indicators of land border tourist number and land border tourism revenue between 2006-2015. The paper further analyzed the spatial pattern of land border tourism development from the view of spatial variation and spatial association. The influencing factors and suggestions for land border tourism development were offered. The results showed that there were 3341 units of land border tourism resources in China, 34.36% of which were of high quality. Buildings and facilities were the most common types of tourism resources. The spatial difference of the land border tourism resources was obvious. The overall coefficient of variation (CV) is 70.55% and the CVs of astronomical phenomena and meteorological landscapes, tourism commodities and human activities were higher than 100%. The high-high clusters and low-low clusters were apparent in the southwest and northeast of China, indicating that the land border tourism resources in the southwest region were rich and that in the northeast needs to be better developed. During 2006-2015, the land border tourism economy grew fastest in the northwest of Xinjiang and the east of Heilongjiang province. The hot spots of the land border tourism economy occurred in the northeast of China, while the cold spots appeared in the east and southwest of Xinjiang as well as the southwest of Tibet. The location advantage, terrain, cultural diversity, the relationships between neighboring countries and public facilities were the main factors influencing the patterns of land border tourism resources and economy. It was suggested that the government should adjust the management policies based on the characteristics of local resources, develop different types of resources comprehensively, strengthen the cooperation domestically and internationally, improve the public facilities and protect the local environment and ethnic culture.

Key words: land border tourism, tourism resources, tourism economy, regional differences, spatial association, influencing factors

张生瑞, 王英杰, 鞠洪润, 钟林生. 中国陆地边境旅游发展区域差异及其影响因素[J]. 地理研究, 2020, 39(2): 414-429.

ZHANG Shengrui, WANG Yingjie, JU Hongrun, ZHONG Linsheng. The regional differences of land border tourism development in China and influencing factors[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020, 39(2): 414-429.

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主类			亚类
类型	数量	占比（%）	类型	数量	基本类型类数
A地文景观	527	15.77	AA自然景观综合体	312	16
			AB地质与构造形迹	35
			AC地表形态	171
			AD自然标记与自然现象	9
B水域景观	587	17.57	BA河系	234	10
			BB湖沼	222
			BC地下水	97
			BD冰雪地	34
C生物景观	228	6.82	CA植被景观	197	8
C生物景观	228	6.82	CB野生动物栖息地	31	8
D天象与气候景观	23	0.69	DA天象景观	10	5
D天象与气候景观	23	0.69	DB天气与气候现象	13	5
E建筑与设施	1 269	37.98	EA人文景观综合体	682	32
			EB实用建筑与核心设施	379
			EC景观与小品建筑	208
F历史遗迹	364	10.89	FA物质类文化遗存	252	8
F历史遗迹	364	10.89	FB非物质类文化遗存	112	8
G旅游购品	186	5.57	GA农业产品	148	12
			GB工业产品	3
			GC手工艺品	35
H人文活动	157	4.70	HA人事活动记录	31	5
H人文活动	157	4.70	HB岁时节令	126	5
汇总	3 341	100.00	23	3 341	96

指标	总体	地文景观	水域景观	生物景观	天象与气候景观	建筑与设施	历史遗迹	旅游购品	人文活动
CV（%）	70.55	84.51	86.57	74.11	150.72	81.73	99.38	109.23	101.66
Moran's I	0.2618^**	0.2041^**	0.1334^**	0.1647^**	-0.0376	0.2780^**	0.0261	0.1121^*	0.0988^*

相对高差（m）	各市旅游资源单体数量均值（个）	各市接待入境旅游人数均值（万人次）	各市国际旅游外汇收入均值（万美元）
<1 000	33	13	3 470
1 000~2 000	59	22	8 396
2 000~3 000	101	30	5 048
3 000~4 000	105	8	1 526
4 000~5 000	87	8	1 572
5 000~6 000	72	1	342
6 000~7 000	88	2	1 085

邻国数量（个）	地级行政区数量（个）	各市旅游资源单体数量均值（个）	各市接待入境旅游人数均值（万人次）	各市国际旅游外汇收入均值（万美元）	平均相对高差（m）
3	4	136	6.68	2 288.83	4 826
2	9	84	14.28	6 261.41	4 612
1	32	64	17.64	4 371.72	2 282