农村劳动力转移就业的时空路径——以安徽省4个样本村为例
作者简介:赵春雨(1975- ),女,安徽合肥人,博士,副教授,主要从事劳动力地理学和产业地理学研究。E-mail:chyzh876@mail.ahnu.edu.cn
收稿日期: 2014-01-12
要求修回日期: 2014-05-08
网络出版日期: 2014-08-10
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41101167)
The research on rural labor transfer employment space-time path: A case study of four sample villages in Anhui province
Received date: 2014-01-12
Request revised date: 2014-05-08
Online published: 2014-08-10
Copyright
借鉴时间地理学理论与方法,提出农村劳动力转移就业时空路径概念。以安徽省4个样本村为例,使用ArcGIS、SPSS等软件进行数据分析,得出农村劳动力转移就业时空路径的基本类型与特征:① 农村劳动力依据时空路径特征可分为稳定型、逐步稳定型、漂泊不定型、回流型、逐步开拓型、断续型六种类型;② 4个样本村劳动力打工时空路径演化有明显的地域差异;③ 21世纪初期是农村劳动力全面接受打工就业方式的时期,就业行业主要集中在建筑业、制造业、服务业,“老家亲戚、朋友”是最重要的打工媒介;④ 农村劳动力在打工地和家乡间的流动节律有“春节型”、“节假日型”、“休息日型”、“每日型”四种类型;⑤ 农村劳动力转移就业具有明显的空间指向和粘性特征,家乡是重要的结点空间,社会经济地理位置是地域差异形成的重要原因。
赵春雨 , 苏勤 , 盛楠 . 农村劳动力转移就业的时空路径——以安徽省4个样本村为例[J]. 地理研究, 2014 , 33(8) : 1503 -1514 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201408010
Based on the theory and method of time geography, the paper focuses on micro individuals rural labor and puts forward the concept of rural labor transfer employment space-time path. Through a case study of four sample villages in Anhui province, 762 copies of transfer employment process questionnaire were obtained. By using ArcGIS, SPSS software tools for data analysis and exploring the types of space-time path, regional evolution characteristics, space into features, flowing rhythm and space characteristics, the conclusions can be drawn as follows: Firstly, the individual space-time path of rural labor transfer can be divided into six types such as stable type, gradually stable type, etc. Most of the out-migration labors are working relatively stably, but also have a certain mobility attributed to the factors of family, work properties and working place. In addition to the stable employment type, other types in every village has a strong regional differences. Secondly, every village has formed a wide range of radiation transfer employment space with one or two important working places as the core and three types of agglomeration were formed which are home city agglomeration, neighbouring province developed urban agglomeration, remote big city agglomeration. Thirdly, from the space entering perspective, the paper concludes that the beginning of the 21st century is the period in which the rural labors accept the way of transfer employment completely, and they work mainly in the fields of construction, manufacturing and service sector, and “relatives and friends from the same hometowns” is one of the most important working ways. Fourthly, from the perspective of time, the flowing rhythm between rural labor working place and the hometown is divided into four types of “Spring Festival”, “holiday”, “day off”, and “daily”. Shuangzhong village and Tangxu village belong to typical “Spring Festival” type, “day off” type in Zhoulou village and “daily” type in Xianhe village have a larger proportion. Fifthly, the space flow characteristics of rural labor in Anhui province are showed as follows: rural labor transfer employment has three types of space directive properties; very strong viscosity characteristics; and home becomes important node space; social and economic geographical location are the important reasons for the formation of regional differences in rural labor transfer employment. In general, the transfer employment is the rational adaptation of rural labor force to the social and economic environment outside his hometown, the social and economic geographical location and its evolution will directly affect the process of rural labor force employment, and the individual attribute characteristics of labor force will affect its response characteristics. Therefore, the policy should be formulated in accordance with the local social and economic development evolution and labor attributes.
Key words: rural labor; transfer employment; space-time path; Anhui province
Fig. 1 The location of four sample villages图1 样本村的区位示意图 |
Tab. 1 The economic geographic location of four sample villages and their rural labor transfer characteristics表1 4个样本村经济地理位置与农村劳动力转移特征 |
样本村 | 样本村所 在市域 | 样本村所在市域的区位条件 | 样本村所在市域农村劳动力及其转移特征 |
---|---|---|---|
双钟村 | 阜阳市 | 远离省内省外重要中心城市,市域经济落后 | 农村劳动力数量庞大,以省外转移为主,省外流向以浙江、江苏、上海居多 |
周楼村 | 合肥市 | 市域经济发达,为省内中心城市,离省外中心城市较远 | 农村劳动力数量较多,省内向心型转移趋向明显,省外流向以江苏、上海、浙江居多 |
汤徐村 | 巢湖市 | 靠近省内省外重要中心城市,市域经济落后 | 农村劳动力数量庞大,以省外转移为主,省外流向以江苏、上海、北京居多 |
仙和村 | 黄山市 | 远离省内中心城市,与省外经济发达地区经济联系密切 | 农村劳动力数量较少,省外转移和省内转移并存,省外流向以浙江、江苏、上海居多 |
Tab. 2 The samples' social demographic characteristics (people/%)表2 调查样本社会人口统计特征 (人/%) |
总和 | 双钟村 | 周楼村 | 汤徐村 | 仙和村 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 男性 | 498(66.2) | 126(67.4) | 116(69.0) | 118(67.8) | 138(61.9) |
女性 | 254(33.8) | 61(32.6) | 52(31.0) | 56(32.2) | 85(38.1) | |
年龄 | <26岁 | 201(26.4) | 87(45.5) | 29(17.3) | 38(21.3) | 47(21.1) |
26~40岁 | 339(44.6) | 66(34.6) | 60(35.7) | 96(53.9) | 117(52.5) | |
>40岁 | 220(28.9) | 38(19.8) | 79(47.0) | 44(24.7) | 59(26.5) | |
教育 | 小学及以下 | 133(17.9) | 28(15.2) | 24(14.6) | 44(25.6) | 37(16.6) |
初中 | 520(70.0) | 120(65.2) | 125(76.2) | 110(64.0) | 165(74.0) | |
高中及以上 | 90(12.1) | 36(19.6) | 15(9.1) | 18(10.5) | 21(9.4) | |
婚姻 | 已婚 | 602(80.3) | 132(69.8) | 140(85.4) | 148(85.1) | 182(81.6) |
未婚 | 148(19.7) | 57(30.2) | 24(14.6) | 26(14.9) | 41(18.4) | |
打工地 | 市内 | 205(26.9) | 4(2.1) | 95(56.5) | 4(2.2) | 102(45.7) |
省内(除本市) | 41(5.4) | 30(15.6) | 5(3.0) | 0(0) | 6(2.7) | |
邻省 | 303(39.8) | 99(51.6) | 55(32.5) | 52(29.2) | 97(43.5) | |
省外(除邻省) | 212(27.9) | 59(30.7) | 13(7.7) | 122(68.5) | 18(8.1) | |
职业 | 建筑业 | 260(34.5) | 51(26.8) | 79(47.6) | 34(19.5) | 96(43.0) |
制造业 | 264(35.1) | 97(51.1) | 48(28.9) | 38(21.8) | 81(36.3) | |
服务业 | 229(30.4) | 42(22.1) | 39(23.5) | 102(58.6) | 46(20.6) |
注:括号中百分比为某属性人数占该属性实际应答总数的比重。 |
Fig. 2 The different types of rural labor transfer employment’s space-time path图2 不同类型农村劳动力转移就业时空路径 |
Tab. 3 The space-time path classification of rural labor transfer employment表3 农村劳动力转移就业时空路径类型划分 |
类型 | 时空特征 |
---|---|
稳定型 | 一直在一地打工 |
逐步稳定型 | 不是一直在一地打工,但近些年稳定在一地打工5年以上 |
漂泊不定型 | 外省市打工地超过两地,最近在一地稳定时间不超过5年 |
回流型 | 以前在外省市打工,近年回到本市内打工 |
逐步开拓型 | 开始打工在本市,后逐步到外省打工 |
断续型 | 打工过程不连续,有些年份回家务农 |
Tab. 4 The rural labor's number and frequency of different transfer employment type (people/%)表4 各转移就业类型劳动力的人数及比例(人/%) |
类型 | 双钟村 | 周楼村 | 汤徐村 | 仙和村 | 总计 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
稳定型 | 118(61.46) | 95(56.21) | 84(47.19) | 149(66.82) | 446(58.53) |
逐步稳定型 | 9(4.69) | 5(2.96) | 40(22.47) | 3(1.35) | 57(7.48) |
回流型 | 2(1.04) | 33(19.53) | 2(1.124) | 21(9.42) | 58(7.61) |
逐步开拓型 | 2(1.04) | 13(7.69) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 15(1.97) |
漂泊不定型 | 49(25.52) | 17(10.06) | 40(22.47) | 5(2.24) | 111(14.57) |
断续型 | 12(6.25) | 6(3.55) | 12(6.74) | 45(20.2) | 75(9.84) |
Fig. 3 The rural labor transfer employment regional evolution of four sample villages' space-time path图3 4个样本村劳动力转移就业时空路径地域演化 |
Tab. 5 The labor force initial working time and age in four sample villages表5 4个样本村劳动力初始打工时间与年龄 |
双钟村 | 周楼村 | 汤徐村 | 仙和村 | 四村平均 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
初始打工时间(年) | 平均 | 2006 | 2002 | 2001 | 2003 | 2003 |
<26岁 | 2008 | 2008 | 2007 | 2008 | 2008 | |
26~40岁 | 2005 | 2001 | 1999 | 2003 | 2002 | |
>40岁 | 2004 | 2001 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | |
初始打工年龄(岁) | 平均 | 26 | 28 | 23 | 26 | 26 |
<26岁 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 19 | |
26~40岁 | 27 | 24 | 20 | 25 | 24 | |
>40岁 | 40 | 36 | 33 | 36 | 36 |
Tab. 6 The labor force initial work and eventual work in four sample villages表6 4个样本村劳动力初始打工和最终打工行业 |
初始打工人数(人) | 占打工总人数比例 (%) | 最终打工人数(人) | 占打工总人数比例(%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
双钟村 | 建筑业 | 66 | 34.38 | 51 | 26.56 |
制造业 | 70 | 36.46 | 97 | 50.52 | |
服务业 | 56 | 29.17 | 42 | 21.88 | |
周楼村 | 建筑业 | 70 | 41.42 | 79 | 46.75 |
制造业 | 60 | 35.50 | 48 | 28.40 | |
服务业 | 39 | 23.08 | 39 | 23.08 | |
汤徐村 | 建筑业 | 50 | 28.09 | 34 | 19.10 |
制造业 | 26 | 14.61 | 38 | 21.35 | |
服务业 | 102 | 57.30 | 102 | 57.30 | |
仙和村 | 建筑业 | 92 | 41.26 | 96 | 43.05 |
制造业 | 76 | 34.08 | 81 | 36.32 | |
服务业 | 55 | 24.66 | 46 | 20.63 | |
总计 | 建筑业 | 278 | 36.48 | 260 | 34.12 |
制造业 | 232 | 30.45 | 264 | 34.65 | |
服务业 | 252 | 33.07 | 229 | 30.05 |
Tab. 7 The labor force initial working way and eventual working way in four sample villages (people/%)表7 4个样本村劳动力初始打工途径和最终打工途径(人/%) |
打工途径 | 老家亲戚、朋友 | 城里亲戚、朋友 | 原来同事、老板 | 中介 公司 | 报纸网络等新闻媒介 | 企业 招工 | 政府 部门 | 自己直接应聘 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
双钟村 | 初始人数及比例 | 98(50.78) | 9(4.66) | 4(2.07) | 15(7.77) | 7(3.63) | 12(6.22) | 1(0.52) | 47(24.35) |
最终人数及比例 | 84(43.75) | 7(3.65) | 7(3.65) | 13(6.77) | 8(4.17) | 19(9.90) | 2(1.04) | 52(27.08) | |
周楼村 | 初始人数及比例 | 100(58.82) | 8(4.71) | 3(1.76) | 8(4.71) | 2(1.18) | 3(1.76) | 0(0) | 46(27.06) |
最终人数及比例 | 86(52.12) | 6(3.64) | 6(3.64) | 4(2.42) | 3(1.82) | 1(0.61) | 0(0) | 59(35.76) | |
汤徐村 | 初始人数及比例 | 102(59.30) | 12(6.98) | 4(2.33) | 2(1.16) | 2(1.16) | 2(1.16) | 0(0) | 48(27.91) |
最终人数及比例 | 92(54.12) | 8(4.71) | 6(3.53) | 2(1.18) | 2(1.18) | 2(1.18) | 0(0) | 58(34.12) | |
仙和村 | 初始人数及比例 | 84(37.84) | 9(4.05) | 7(3.15) | 4(1.80) | 5(2.25) | 10(4.50) | 2(0.90) | 101(45.50) |
最终人数及比例 | 72(31.86) | 11(4.87) | 8(3.54) | 6(2.65) | 5(2.21) | 10(4.42) | 3(1.33) | 111(49.12) | |
总计 | 初始人数及比例 | 384(50.73) | 38(5.02) | 18(2.38) | 29(3.83) | 16(2.11) | 27(3.57) | 3(0.40) | 242(31.97) |
最终人数及比例 | 334(44.36) | 32(4.25) | 27(3.59) | 25(3.32) | 18(2.39) | 32(4.25) | 5(0.66) | 280(37.18) |
Tab. 8 The labor force flowing rhythm type in four sample villages表8 4个样本村劳动力流动节律类型 |
流动节律类型 | 春节型 | 节假日型 | 休息日型 | 每日型 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
双钟村 | 人数(人) | 185 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
比例(%) | 96.35 | 3.65 | 0 | 0 | |
周楼村 | 人数(人) | 96 | 12 | 61 | 0 |
比例(%) | 56.8 | 7.10 | 36.09 | 0 | |
汤徐村 | 人数(人) | 170 | 6 | 2 | 0 |
比例(%) | 95.51 | 3.37 | 1.12 | 0 | |
仙和村 | 人数(人) | 130 | 9 | 34 | 50 |
比例(%) | 58.3 | 4.04 | 15.25 | 22.42 | |
总计 | 人数(人) | 581 | 34 | 97 | 50 |
比例(%) | 76.25 | 4.46 | 12.73 | 6.56 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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