-过去25年旅游村落社会空间的微尺度重构——河北野三坡苟各庄村案例实证
作者简介:席建超(1972- ), 男, 河南确山人, 副研究员, 主要从事旅游地用地格局演变及其环境效应、区域旅游发展规划等研究。E-mail: xijc@igsnrr.ac.cn
收稿日期: 2014-01-08
要求修回日期: 2014-06-25
网络出版日期: 2014-10-10
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(40971299)
Micro-scale social spatial reconstruction of the tourist village in the past 25 years—a case study of Gougezhuang village in Yesanpo, Hebei province
Received date: 2014-01-08
Request revised date: 2014-06-25
Online published: 2014-10-10
Copyright
社会空间重构是乡村转型发展研究的核心内容之一。采取参与性农村评估(PRA)、GIS空间分析和高分辨率遥感影像相结合的方法,以苟各庄村为例,研究了旅游乡村聚落的社会空间重构过程。研究发现,经过25年发展,苟各庄村在旅游驱动下发生了剧烈社会重构和“空间极化”,逐渐从一个以血缘关系为纽带的传统“乡土社会”聚落演变成为一个以经济利益为纽带的旅游服务型社区。具体表现为:村落社会物质空间中,家庭私人空间逐渐减少,服务与旅游业的半私人和半公共空间和公共空间增加;在居住模式上,传统封闭式山地四合院逐步消失演变为开敞式多层楼房;在人口结构上,大量外来者,包括旅游者、外来务工者和投资者的涌入改变了乡村社会关系结构,并在空间分布上呈现“极化”特征;人均收入差距加大,促进了村落社会阶层的形成与分化。其中,旅游业产业快速增长和外来人口大幅度增加是其主要外部动力,而村落“微区位因素影响”,如住宅与内部道路交通、景观环境(河流与噪声)等,则通过累积被不断“强化”和“固化”,成为加速村落社会“空间极化”的核心动力。与社会空间重构相适应,建设新型社区组织管理服务模式,规范产业发展组织方式,重塑社区文化,对于保持旅游村落社区的可持续发展十分重要。
席建超 , 王新歌 , 孔钦钦 , 王首琨 , 葛全胜 . -过去25年旅游村落社会空间的微尺度重构——河北野三坡苟各庄村案例实证[J]. 地理研究, 2014 , 33(10) : 1928 -1941 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201410013
With the rapid urbanization and industrialization process during the last three decades, traditional Chinese rural villages had been reshaped in different directions. On the one hand, most of the traditional agriculture-dominated villages are gradually declining and becoming blighted by depopulation and the abandonment of buildings and land, which is called “village-hollowing”. On the other hand, with the introduction and development of various industries in rural areas, some new types of villages (industry-dominated rural development type (IDT), rural development type focusing on business, tourism and services industries (BTT), and balanced rural development type (BDT)) are constantly emerging and have become the main form of rural urbanization in China. However, all of the transfermation process is alike in the reconstruction of the social space. Social-spatial reconstruction is also a significant component of the study on rural transformation development (RTD), among which tourism villages are an important type. Integrating the methods of participatory rural assessment (PRA), GIS spatial analysis and remote sensing images, this study performs an analysis of the social-patial evolution process of tourism villages, through a case study of Gougezhuang village, in Yesanpo tourism area, Hebei province, China. In the paper, both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using primary and secondary data sources, including policy documents, journal articles, land-use map (1:2000) in 2007 provided by local governments and high spatial resolution remote sensing image from Google earth. The results indicate that Gougezhuang village had gone through a drastic social reconstruction from 1985 to 2012, with the traditional rural community based on kinship gradually transforming to a tourist town based on economic benefits. This reconstruction was manifested in the following three aspects: (i) From the perspective of physical space, private space is decreasing from 95% to 15% of the total area, while the semi-public and public space for tourism purpose is increasing, form 0 to 76%; besides, as to the residential pattern, traditional enclosed courtyard is gradually disappearing, displaced by the open multi-storey building. (ii) From the perspective of demographic composition and social relations, the massive population influx represented by tourists, tourism employees and investors had resulted in the substantial alteration of rural social structure, exhibiting an obvious trend of spatial polarization as well. The rural community relationship based on blood lineage is continuously weakened and replaced by more complicated commercial leasing and employment relationship. (iii) The income gap is constantly widening, fostering the formation and discrimination of social classes among rural communities. The rapid tourism development and massive immigration dominated by tourists are the major external driving forces of the rural social stratum discrimination and social relation reconstruction. In addition, the micro-scale location condition, such as the traffic condition and landscape quality, has further intensified the spatial discrimination of social structure and relationship. The social spatial morphology of tourism villages, in essence, can be seen as the transitional form between urban and rural communities, presenting periodic characteristics due to the seasonality of tourism activities. Apparently, the traditional management system is not able to effectively support tourism development in an export-oriented rural community generally engaged in providing tourism services, which will hinder the sustainable development of rural tourism and tourism village development. Thus, corresponding with the social spatial reconstruction of tourism villages, the establishment of new-type community management system, regulation of tourism industrial practice and reconstruction of rural community culture are urgent for the sustainable development of tourism villages.
Fig. 1 Location of the study villages in Yesanpo tourism area图1 研究所选村落在野三坡旅游区的分布 |
Tab. 1 Classification of the social space based on function表1 社会职能空间分类 |
空间类型 | 功能 | 包含类型 |
---|---|---|
私人空间 | 普通居民的日常生活 | 普通住宅 |
公共空间 | 公共服务及公共活动 | 广场、村委会、小学、饭店、商店、KTV、网吧、游戏厅、台球厅、菜店、美容美发、超市、商店、诊所 |
半私人半公共空间 | 普通居民和游客共享 | 农家乐、宾馆 |
Tab. 2 Classification of the residential model表2 村民居住模式分类 |
居住模式 | 居住空间特征 | 居住行为特征 |
---|---|---|
传统封闭四合院 | 一层,住宅包括正房、厢房、倒仓房三个部分,有院落 | 以农事活动为主体,院落内饲养牲畜,种植蔬菜,传统日出而作,日落而息。 |
改良封闭四合院 | 两层,原有四合院加高,仍保留厢房、倒仓房及院落 | 以接待游客为主体,规模较小。养殖活动消失,少量种植蔬菜,部分空间用来提供室外餐饮。 |
高层开敞楼房 | 一般为新建,包括就地重建和划地重建的单体楼房,两层以上,无院落 | 以接待游客为主体,规模较大,可提供旅游住宿、旅游餐饮、旅游娱乐系列服务。 |
Tab. 3 Classification of the social class based on earnings表3 旅游村落社会阶层划分 |
社会阶层 | 人均年收入(元) | 职业 | 主要从事活动 |
---|---|---|---|
高收入阶层 | 10000以上 | 大型宾馆经理人 | 主要经营大型宾馆(床位数大于100个,提供规范服务),宾馆也能同时提供住宿、餐饮及娱乐服务。 |
中高收入阶层 | 5000-8000 | 中型宾馆业主 | 主要经营家庭宾馆(床位数一般在50-100个,服务相对较差); |
--中等收入阶层 | 2000-5000 | 农家乐经营者 | 提供家庭旅馆服务农家乐(床位数在50以下),或经营小型饭店(餐位数在30以下)或经营商店、菜店、网吧等,提供旅游相关服务。 |
低收入阶层 | 2000以下 | 一般兼业农户 | 当地兼业农户,基本不参与旅游;外来务工人员,包括建筑工人,旅游服务人员等。 |
Tab. 4 The transition of the social space based on function表4 1986-2012年苟各庄村基于职能的社会空间类型转变 |
空间类型 | 指标 | 1985 | 1995 | 2005 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
总体空间 | 面积(m2) | 87125.64 | 97752.51 | 159041.41 | 162486.23 |
比前期增加面积(m2) | / | 10626.87 | 61288.9 | 3444.82 | |
平均增长速度(m2/a) | / | 1062.687 | 6128.89 | 492.12 | |
私人空间 | 面积(m2) | 83117.86 | 19550.50 | 25446.63 | 24372.93 |
比前期增加面积(m2) | / | -63567.36 | 5896.12 | -1073.69 | |
平均增长速度(m2/a) | / | -6356.74 | 589.61 | -153.39 | |
半私人半公共空间 | 面积(m2) | 0 | 72336.86 | 122461.89 | 123489.53 |
比前期增加面积(m2) | / | 72336.86 | 50125.03 | 1027.65 | |
平均增长速度(m2/a) | / | 7233.69 | 5012.50 | 146.81 | |
公共空间 | 面积(m2) | 4007.77 | 5865.15 | 11132.90 | 14623.76 |
比前期增加面积(m2) | / | 1857.38 | 5267.75 | 3490.86 | |
平均增长速度(m2/a) | / | 185.74 | 526.78 | 498.69 | |
三种空间类型面积比 | 95:0:5 | 20:74:6 | 16:77:7 | 15:76:9 |
Fig. 2 The transformation of the spatial type in Gouge village from 1985 to 2012图2 苟各庄1985-2012年间基于空间职能的空间类型的转变 |
Fig. 3 The distribution of the livelihood mode图3 1986-2012年苟各庄居住模式的空间变化及示意图 |
Tab. 5 The change of the residential model percentage in Gouge village from 1985 to 2012表5 1985-2012年苟各庄不同居住模式所占比重 |
类型 | 所占比重(%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1985 | 1995 | 2005 | 2012 | |
一层封闭式四合院 | 100.00 | 99.98 | 31.15 | 20.85 |
二层半封闭式四合院 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 53.68 | 46.55 |
二层及高层开敞式楼房 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 15.17 | 32.60 |
Fig. 4 Spatial characters of the Gouge village’s populations from 1985 to 2012图4 1985-2012年苟各庄人口空间分布 |
Tab. 6 Population migration of two study villages from 1985 to 2012表6 1986-2012年交界口村和苟各庄村人口流迁比较 |
时期 | 人口流迁率 | 较前期人口流迁动态 |
---|---|---|
1985 | 0.00 | —— |
1995 | 0.21 | 少量村民从村子中心迁至外围,部分村民从北部山场迁至村子西北区域 |
2005 | 0.87 | 周边零散自然村落人口大量向主村集聚,沿村子西北、东南方向填充式扩展;游客、外村务工人员季节性流入,并在拒马河沿岸及村庄主路两侧呈条带式集中分布 |
2012 | 1.13 | 周边零散自然村落人口大量向主村集聚,沿村子西北、东南方向填充式扩展;游客、外村务工人员季节性流入,并在拒马河沿岸及村庄主路两侧呈条带式集中分布;部分外地人进入投资经营旅游服务业,聚落人口流迁趋于稳定 |
Fig. 5 The evolution of the social interaction图5 社会交往模式的变化 |
Tab. 7 Transition of the social class in Gouge village from 1985 to 2012表7 1985-2012年苟各庄社会阶层户数比重变化 |
社会阶层 | 人均收入(元)职业 | 户数比重(%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1985 | 1995 | 2005 | 2013 | |||
高收入阶层 | 10000以上 | 大型宾馆经营者 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.8 | 18.3 |
中高收入阶层 | 5000-8000 | 中型宾馆经营者 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15.6 | 22.4 |
--中等收入阶层 | 2000-5000 | 农家乐经营者 | 0.0 | 79.5 | 67.0 | 59.0 |
低收入阶层 | 2000以下 | 兼业农户 | 100.0 | 20.5 | 7.6 | 0.3 |
Fig. 6 Spatial character of the average household earnings every year in Gougezhuang from 1985 to 2012图6 1985-2012年苟各庄家庭年人均收入 |
Fig. 7 The process of the social reconstructing and future orientation of rural settlements' differentiation in tourism area图7 旅游地乡村聚落社会重构“极化”过程及未来发展导向 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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