北京市住房价格和租金的空间分异与相互关系
作者简介:崔娜娜(1990-),女,河南周口人,博士后,讲师,研究方向为城市与区域规划、土地利用与房地产开发。E-mail: cuinana@pku.edu.cn
收稿日期: 2018-04-09
要求修回日期: 2018-07-21
网络出版日期: 2019-06-12
基金资助
国家社会科学基金重大项目(17ZDA055)
国家自然科学基金重大项目(71733001)
中国博士后科学基金项目(2018M631224)
The spatial differentiation and relationship between housing prices and rents: Evidence from Beijing in China
Received date: 2018-04-09
Request revised date: 2018-07-21
Online published: 2019-06-12
Copyright
当前中国住房销售市场、住房租赁市场发展不平衡,研究住房价格、租金的空间分异与相互关系,对建立“租售并举”的住房制度具有重要参考价值。利用2016年北京市各住宅小区的住房价格、租金数据,及2006—2016年北京市逐月住房销售价格指数、住房租赁价格指数,从时空尺度剖析了住房价格、租金的空间分异与相互关系,并剖析了背后的差异机制。结果表明:① 北京市住房价格和租金的空间格局均呈多中心圈层递减结构,且南北差异明显,但租金的空间分异程度弱于住房价格。② 住房价格具有中等程度的空间相关性,受政策等随机性因素影响相对较大,而租金具有强烈的空间相关性,受区位交通等确定性因素影响相对较大。③ 住房价格和租金的价格剖面线并不相同,住房价格易受学区、大型公园等的影响,而租金更易受就业所在地、建筑年龄等的影响。售租比呈混乱斑驳、相对均质的扁平化分布特征,且小区越高档,售租比越高。④ 北京市住房销售市场和住房租赁市场基本相对独立发展,更符合双重市场的特征。产生上述差异的主要原因在于住房销售市场和住房租赁市场的市场特征、服务人群以及市场发育程度不同。
关键词: 住房价格; 租金; 售租比; 空间分异; Granger因果检验
崔娜娜 , 古恒宇 , 沈体雁 . 北京市住房价格和租金的空间分异与相互关系[J]. 地理研究, 2019 , 38(6) : 1420 -1434 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020180352
At present, the development of China's housing sales market and housing rental market are unbalanced. The study on the spatial differentiation and relationship between housing prices and housing rents is of important reference value for the establishment of the "renting and purchasing" housing system. Using the data of housing prices and rental prices of residential units in 2016, and the 2006-2016 monthly housing sales price index and rental price index in Beijing, the paper explores the spatial differentiation and relationship between housing prices and rents from space-time scales, as well as the difference mechanism. The results show that: (1) The housing prices and rents both diminish from the multi-center to the outside. There are great differences in the distribution of housing prices and rents between the northern and southern parts of Beijing. Compared with the housing prices, rents show weaker spatial differentiation. (2) Housing prices have a moderate spatial correlation, which is mainly caused by uncertain factors (such as policy factors, and human factors), while rents have a strong spatial correlation, which is mainly caused by certain factors (such as location, and public facilities). (3) The profiles of housing prices and rents are different, since housing prices are sensitive to the school districts and urban large parks, but rents are more sensitive to the employment center and building age. The price-to-rent ratio is relatively homogeneous across the region, and the higher the housing price, the higher the price-to-rent ratio. (4) Beijing's housing sales market and housing rental market is in mutually independent development, in line with the characteristics of the dual market theory. The main reason for the above differences is that the market characteristics, the oriented population as well as the market development of the housing sales market and housing rental market are different.
Fig.1 The monthly housing price index and rental price index of Beijing (2006.1-2016.12)图1 北京市逐月住房销售价格指数、租赁价格指数走势(2006.1—2016.12) |
Fig. 2 Semi-variogram curve图2 半变异函数曲线 |
Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of housing prices and rents in Beijing图3 北京市各区县住房价格和租金空间分布 |
Tab. 1 Descriptive statistics of housing prices and rents in Beijing表1 北京市住房价格、租金样本的描述性统计 |
| 均值 | 标准差 | 样本数 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 住房价格 | 68835元/m2 | 29405元/m2 | 6235个 |
| 租金 | 81.69元/(月m2) | 34.87元/(月m2) | 5169个 |
Fig. 4 Kriging interpolation of housing prices and rents in Beijing图4 北京市住房价格和租金的Kriging空间插值 |
Fig. 6 Spatial trends of housing prices and rents in Beijing图6 北京市住房价格和租金价格的空间趋势 |
Fig. 7 Semi-varigram function of housing prices and rents in Beijing图7 北京市住房价格和租金的半变异函数 |
Tab. 2 Parameters in semi-variogram model表2 半变异模型拟合参数 |
| 模型 | 块金值C0 | 偏基台值C1 | 基台值 C0+C1 | 块金值/基台值 C0/(C0+C1) | 变程A0 | R2 | 残差平方和RSS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 住房价格 | 0.1044 | 0.2954 | 0.3998 | 0.2611 | 21550 | 0.991 | 0.001 |
| 租金 | 0.057 | 0.377 | 0.434 | 0.1313 | 26580 | 0.997 | 0.0003 |
4.3 住房价格和租金的价格剖面线并不相同,住房价格易受学区、大型公园等的影响,而租金更易受就业所在地、建筑年龄等的影响 |
Fig. 8 Profile of housing prices and rents图8 住房价格和租金的价格剖面线 |
Tab. 3 Descriptive statistics of price-to-rent ratios in Beijing表3 北京市售租比描述性统计 |
| 属性 | 有效数据 | 均值 | 中值 | 标准差 | 极小值 | 极大值 | 1/4分位数 | 3/4分位数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 数值 | 5196 | 917 | 908 | 294 | 69 | 2907 | 742 | 1072 |
Tab. 4 Price-to-rent ratios of different residential units in Beijing表4 北京市不同档次小区售租比 |
| 分类 | 样本数 | 价格(万元/m2) | 售租比 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 高档小区 | 1275 | ≥9 | 1089 |
| 普通小区 | 2968 | 4.5~9 | 891 |
| 低档小区 | 953 | ≤4.5 | 760 |
Tab. 5 Unit root test in time series data of housing price index and rental price index表5 住房销售价格、租赁价格指数的单位根检验 |
| 变量 | ADF | 1%临界值 | 5%临界值 | 10%临界值 | 结论 | 置信概率(P) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HP | 1.171 | -3.5 | -2.888 | -2.578 | 不平稳 | 0.9958 |
| RP | -1.444 | -3.5 | -2.888 | -2.578 | 不平稳 | 0.5608 |
| D(HP) | -4.992 | -3.5 | -2.888 | -2.578 | 平稳*** | 0.000 |
| D(RP) | -8.776 | -3.5 | -2.888 | -2.578 | 平稳*** | 0.000 |
注:*、**、***分别表示在10%、5%和1%水平下显著。 |
Tab. 6 Cointegration test in time series data of housing price index and rental price index表6 住房销售价格、租赁价格指数的协整检验 |
| 变量 | ADF | 1%临界值 | 5%临界值 | 10%临界值 | 置信概率(P) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| εt | -0.197 | -3.5 | -2.888 | -2.578 | 0.9389 |
| ξt | -0.729 | -3.5 | -2.888 | -2.578 | 0.839 |
Tab. 7 Granger causality test表7 Granger因果检验结果 |
| 原假设 | 滞后1期 | 滞后3期 | 滞后5期 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F统计量 | P | F统计量 | P | F统计量 | P | |||
| D(RP)不是D(HP)的Granger原因 | 0.25 | 0.6197 | 0.52 | 0.6725 | 0.57 | 0.7231 | ||
| D(HP) 不是D(RP) 的Granger原因 | 0.22 | 0.6428 | 0.69 | 0.5588 | 0.58 | 0.7183 | ||
Fig. 9 The difference mechanism of housing prices and rents图9 住房价格、租金差异的机制 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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