外资效应、经济复杂度与内资企业出口市场拓展
任卓然(1996-),女,河南新乡人,博士研究生,主要从事经济地理和产业发展,经济复杂度和外商直接投资相关研究。E-mail: rzhuoran@126.com |
收稿日期: 2021-05-10
录用日期: 2022-03-28
网络出版日期: 2022-08-10
基金资助
基金信息:国家自然科学基金重点项目(41731278)
国家自然科学基金项目(42171169)
Foreign-owned enterprises effect, economic complexity and the export market expansion of domestic enterprises
Received date: 2021-05-10
Accepted date: 2022-03-28
Online published: 2022-08-10
外资企业对内资企业出口能力提升和出口市场拓展具有重要影响。本文基于2000—2016年中国地级市出口数据,分析中国内资企业出口市场拓展格局,研究外资效应对内资企业进入新出口市场和出口额增长的影响,并依据经济和技术复杂度检验外资效应的区域和产业异质性。描述性分析发现:① 内资企业出口在国内呈多级连片格局,逐渐向非洲和拉丁美洲等新兴市场拓展。② 处于低复杂度城市/产业的内资企业更倾向于拓展新出口市场,处于高复杂度城市/产业的内资企业则倾向于提升出口额。计量模型结果表明:① 外资企业推动了内资企业出口额增长,但抑制了其进入新出口市场,分别表现出溢出效应和竞争效应。② 从区域和产业异质性来看,外资企业仅在高复杂度城市/产业阻碍了内资企业出口市场拓展,表现出竞争效应;而在低复杂度城市/产业则表现为溢出效应。③ 相较于低经济复杂度城市,高经济复杂度城市的内资企业受到的竞争和溢出效应均更强。
任卓然 , 徐青文 , 贺灿飞 , 李伟 . 外资效应、经济复杂度与内资企业出口市场拓展[J]. 地理研究, 2022 , 41(6) : 1554 -1576 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020210385
Foreign-owned enterprises (FOEs) have an important impact on export capacity enhancement and export market expansion of domestic enterprises. Based on the export data of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2000 to 2016, this paper analyzes the export market expansion pattern of Chinese domestic enterprises, explores the impact of FOEs' spillover effects and competition effects on domestic enterprises' access to new export markets and export value growth, and tests the regional and industrial heterogeneity of FOEs' effects based on economic and product complexity. The descriptive analysis finds that, first, the export distribution of domestic enterprises is in a multi-level contiguous pattern across the country, with domestic enterprises gradually expanding to emerging markets such as Africa and Latin America; second, domestic enterprises in regions (industries) with low economic complexity or those with low product complexity tend to expand new export markets, while domestic enterprises in regions/industires with high economic complexity or those with high product complexity tend to increase export value. The econometric model shows that, first, FOEs promote the growth of domestic enterprises' export value, showing a spillover effect, but they inhibit the domestic enterprises from entering new export markets, showing a competitive effect in the markets of developed countries; second, in regions with higher economic complexity and industries with higher product complexity, FOEs show stronger competitive effects, hindering domestic enterprises from expanding new export markets, while in regions/industries with lower complexity, FOEs have strong spillover effects; third, compared with those in regions with low economic complexity, domestic enterprises in regions with higher economic complexity are subject to stronger competition and spillover effects.
图10 2001和2016年不同复杂度产业内资企业新出口市场拓展热力图Fig. 10 The heat maps of the new export markets of domestic export enterprises with different industrial complexity in 2001 and 2016 |
表1 变量描述性统计Tab. 1 The descriptive statistics of variables |
变量 | 样本量 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
被解释变量 | EX | 1263792 | 0.0545691 | 0.2271373 | 0 | 1 |
IN | 1263792 | 0.1687912 | 0.3745676 | 0 | 1 | |
核心解释变量 | Foreign | 1342779 | 8736802 | 2.95E+08 | 0 | 7.22E+10 |
控制变量 | GDP | 1332527 | 1135.197 | 2020.792 | 3.24 | 28178.65 |
Wage | 1332760 | 28374.41 | 17996.63 | 1077 | 126169 | |
Coun_pergdp | 1070562 | 14111.17 | 33668.52 | 111.9272 | 1441462 | |
Insti_d | 1036323 | 0.3816577 | 0.3470881 | 0.0026797 | 1.657347 | |
Distcap | 1227519 | 9157.676 | 3801.732 | 809.5382 | 19297.47 | |
Coun | 1342779 | 76.325 | 57.93318 | 0 | 222 |
表2 外资企业对内资企业出口市场拓展的短期与长期效应Tab. 2 The short-term and long-term effects of foreign-owned enterprises on the export markets expansion of domestic export enterprises |
短期效应 | 长期效应 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
出口额增长 (1) | 进入新出口市场 (2) | 出口额增长 (3) | 进入新出口市场 (4) | ||
lnForeign | 0.0174*** | -0.0130*** | 0.00562*** | -0.00814*** | |
lnGDP | 0.0479*** | -0.145*** | 0.0681*** | -0.138*** | |
lnWage | 0.117*** | -0.170*** | 0.159*** | -0.163*** | |
lnCoun_pergdp | 0.0750*** | 0.00556*** | 0.0180*** | 0.0103*** | |
lnInsti_d | -0.0602*** | -0.0122 | -0.337*** | -0.0334** | |
lnDistcap | -0.335*** | -0.0264*** | -0.436*** | -0.0449*** | |
lnCoun | 0.786*** | 0.393*** | 0.754*** | 0.351*** | |
_cons | -3.373*** | -0.418*** | -2.198*** | -0.245** | |
时间固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
N | 845420 | 845420 | 858120 | 858120 |
注:*表示P<0.1;**表示P<0.05;***表示P<0.01。 |
表3 外资企业对不同经济复杂度地区内资企业出口市场拓展的影响Tab. 3 The influence of foreign-owned enterprises on the export markets expansion of domestic export enterprises in cities with different economic complexity |
经济复杂度 | 出口额增长 | 进入新出口市场 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
高 (5) | 中 (6) | 低 (7) | 高 (8) | 中 (9) | 低 (10) | ||
lnForeign | 0.0159*** | 0.0168*** | 0.0162*** | -0.0103*** | -0.00561*** | 0.00250* | |
lnGDP | -0.00913** | 0.0309*** | 0.00902 | -0.163*** | -0.108*** | -0.0308*** | |
lnWage | 0.0391*** | -0.0492*** | -0.00945 | -0.148*** | 0.00665 | 0.0398* | |
lnCoun_pergdp | 0.0425*** | 0.102*** | 0.123*** | -0.0327*** | -0.00344 | 0.0558*** | |
lnInsti_d | 0.0390** | -0.129*** | -0.127*** | -0.113*** | 0.0747*** | -0.0333 | |
lnDistcap | -0.224*** | -0.372*** | -0.522*** | 0.118*** | -0.0148** | -0.193*** | |
lnCoun | 1.163*** | 0.833*** | 0.668*** | 0.191*** | 0.331*** | 0.403*** | |
_cons | -4.826*** | -1.797*** | -0.269 | -0.510*** | -2.075*** | -1.917*** | |
时间固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
N | 267761 | 268659 | 269018 | 267761 | 268659 | 269018 |
注:*表示P<0.1;**表示P<0.05;***表示P<0.01。 |
表4 外资企业对不同产业技术复杂度内资企业出口市场拓展的影响Tab. 4 The influence of foreign-owned enterprises on the export markets expansion of domestic export enterprises with different industrial complexity |
技术复杂度 | 出口额增长 | 进入新出口市场 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
高 (17) | 中 (18) | 低 (19) | 高 (20) | 中 (21) | 低 (22) | ||
lnForeign | 0.0135*** | 0.0135*** | 0.0155*** | -0.00881*** | -0.00881*** | 0.00528*** | |
lnGDP | 0.0457*** | 0.0221*** | 0.00909*** | -0.128*** | -0.128*** | -0.123*** | |
lnWage | 0.109*** | 0.171*** | 0.178*** | -0.163*** | -0.163*** | -0.0843*** | |
lnCoun_pergdp | 0.0694*** | 0.0574*** | 0.0648*** | 0.0199*** | 0.0199*** | 0.0142*** | |
lnInsti_d | -0.0812*** | -0.0936*** | 0.00239 | -0.0397*** | -0.0397*** | -0.00113 | |
lnDistcap | -0.303*** | -0.286*** | -0.297*** | -0.0776*** | -0.0776*** | -0.0851*** | |
lnCoun | 0.845*** | 0.776*** | 0.708*** | 0.494*** | 0.494*** | 0.474*** | |
_cons | -3.742*** | -3.894*** | -3.769*** | -0.724*** | -0.724*** | -1.425*** | |
时间固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
N | 845420 | 845420 | 845420 | 845420 | 845420 | 845420 |
注:*表示P<0.1;**表示P<0.05;***表示P<0.01。 |
表5 稳健性检验结果Tab. 5 Results of robustness check |
替换变量 | 去除极端值 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
出口额增长 (1) | 进入新出口市场 (2) | 出口额增长 (3) | 进入新出口市场 (4) | ||
Dummy_Foreign | 0.228*** | -0.133*** | |||
lnForeign | 0.0174*** | -0.0130*** | |||
lnGDP | 0.0539*** | -0.153*** | 0.0474*** | -0.144*** | |
lnWage | 0.131*** | -0.183*** | 0.113*** | -0.169*** | |
lnCoun_pergdp | 0.0773*** | 0.00259 | 0.0754*** | 0.00547*** | |
lnInsti_d | -0.0534*** | -0.0140 | -0.0606*** | -0.0109 | |
lnDistcap | -0.338*** | -0.0230*** | -0.336*** | -0.0270*** | |
lnCoun | 0.787*** | 0.391*** | 0.787*** | 0.393*** | |
_cons | -3.542*** | -0.254** | -3.332*** | -0.423*** | |
时间固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
N | 845420 | 845420 | 842906 | 842906 |
注:*表示P<0.1;**表示P<0.05;***表示P<0.01。 |
真诚感谢匿名评审专家在论文评审中所付出的时间和精力,评审专家对本文内容表述、图表展示、结果分析和结论归纳等方面的修改意见使本文获益匪浅。
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