在全球化对社会产生深刻影响的当下,流动获得了内涵和外延的立体化与多面性,各种类型的流动正表征并重塑地方、社会结构和价值观念。如何认识流动、分析流动对理解当前世界多重空间尺度的各类社会文化现象、理解空间及附加其上的意义具有重要影响。一方面,流动性是流动实践空前增强的过程,这个过程既发生在全球与区域的尺度上,也发生在城市内部日常生活与通勤的尺度上。另一方面,流动性对于人文社会科学中基本概念的阐释具有革命性的作用,例如地方,认同这些话题都需要从流动性的视角进行重新思考。以时间和空间作为刻画流动性的基础尺标,在新流动性范式下,从地方、城市、移民、旅游、身份认同、政策与管制等方面探讨流动性多层次的社会文化意义,期于在流动性这一场域进行跨学科的对话,并促使国内学界对流动现象的关注上升为对流动性理论本身的解读。

With the profound impact of globalization on society, the connotation and denotation of mobility have become three-dimensional and multi-faceted today. Various types of mobilities are representing and reshaping our social structure and values. How to analyze and understand mobility has important implications on our cognition of social culture, local structure and contextual significance, as well as all kinds of socio-cultural phenomena which are currently measured by multiple spatial scales. On the one hand, mobility is an unprecedented enhancement of movement. This process not only occurs in the global and regional scales, but also in the scale of daily life and commuting within the urban areas. On the other hand, mobility overturns our understanding of the basic conceptions in humanities and social sciences in a revolutionary way. For example we need to rethink these crucial issues like space and identity with a perspective of mobility. Under the new paradigm—taking time and space as a basic judgement of mobility, the multi-layered and three-dimensional sociocultural meaning of mobility is thus to be discussed in terms of regions, cities, immigration, tourism, identity, policy, regulation and so on. This practice offers a field for interdisciplinary dialogue and communication which carries the expectation of providing references and prospects for lifting the discussion on movement to mobility.

本文利用人口普查数据,估算了1995—2015年中国地（市）间人口O-D迁移流和迁移率,结合GIS空间分析和社会网络分析方法,揭示了20年间中国人口迁移的时空变化特征。研究发现：① 中国人口迁移由相对不活跃、局部地区参与的“低活性时代”,逐步走向相对活跃、绝大多数地区参与的“高活性时代”。② 人口迁移地域类型的时空演化过程呈现出各活跃型地（市）不断扩散,而非活跃型地（市）大幅缩减的特点。③ 人口迁移网络以“胡焕庸线”为界,东、西两侧迁移流“东密西疏”且差异悬殊,这一空间格局具有很强的稳定性和顽健性。④ 在人口省内迁移持续增强,以及跨省迁移中沿海三大城市群吸引力的“此消彼长”和西南地区吸引力不断增强的背景下,东中西部地区的人口迁移流场结构表现为：沿海地区主要城市群内部分化和影响范围减弱,中部地区（除湖北省）未能演化出以省为单元的独立社区,西部地区则是西北相对稳定而西南持续变动。

Based on the data of usual residence from 2000 and 2010 censuses and 1995 and 2015 micro-censuses and using the method proposed by Abel G. J., this paper estimates the O-D migration flows among prefectural-level administrative units in China for the period 1995-2015. By using the indicators of migration flows and migration rates, and the methods of GIS spatial analysis and community detection in social network analysis, it further reveals the characteristics of spatio-temporal evolution of migration in China since 1995. The results can be summarized as follows. (1) The scale and intensity of migration in China have been increasing, while their differences among regions have been gradually decreasing. This suggests that migration has experienced a gradual transformation from a "low-activity era" including a limited number of regions to a "high-activity era" involving the majority of regions. (2) Six regional types of migration among prefectural-level administrative units, namely, large-scale active net in-migration, small-scale net in-migration, large-scale active net out-migration, small-scale active net out-migration, active balanced migration and inactive migration, are identified. The spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the regional types of migration in China indicate that each active migration regional type has been undergoing a change of continuous diffusion, while the inactive migration regional type has seen a significant reduction over time. (3) The spatial patterns of migration are quite different between regions on both sides of "Hu Line", manifested in the fact that the scale and intensity of migration flows on the southeastern side of the line is higher than that on the northwestern side, which means that the "Hu Line" is quite stable and robust in the last 20 years. (4) Patterns of migration flows indicate that while intra-provincial migration has continuously strengthened, inter-provincial migration has exhibited more complicated spatial patterns, mainly reflected in different changing trends of attractiveness to migrants among the three coastal city clusters, and the increasing migration flows within southwest China. As a result of combined effects of inter- and intra-provincial migration flows, the structure of migration flows in China's eastern, central and western regions has been undergoing changes, resulting in the internal differentiation of urban agglomerations and the declining spatial scope under their influence in the coastal areas, Hubei as the single independent "city community" in central China, as well as the relative stability in northwest China and continuous change in southwest China.

城市与乡村是一个有机体,只有二者可持续发展,才能相互支撑。依据人地关系地域系统学说,城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统是全新认知和理解城乡关系的理论依据。针对日益严峻的“乡村病”问题,全面实施乡村振兴,既是推进城乡融合与乡村持续发展的重大战略,也是破解“三农”问题,决胜全面建成小康社会的必然要求。本文探讨了新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴的基础理论,剖析了乡村发展面临的主要问题,提出了问题导向的中国城乡融合与乡村振兴科学途径及研究前沿领域。结果表明：① 城乡融合与乡村振兴的对象是一个乡村地域多体系统,包括城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体,乡村振兴重在推进城乡融合系统优化重构,加快建设城乡基础网、乡村发展区、村镇空间场、乡村振兴极等所构成的多级目标体系。② 中国“三农”问题本质上是一个乡村地域系统可持续发展问题,当前乡村发展正面临主要农业生产要素高速非农化、农村社会主体过快老弱化、村庄建设用地日益空废化、农村水土环境严重污损化和乡村贫困片区深度贫困化等“五化”难题。③ 乡村是经济社会发展的重要基础,城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相辅相成,乡村振兴应致力于创建城乡融合体制机制,推进乡村极化发展,按照产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的要求,构建乡村地域系统转型—重构—创新发展综合体系。④ 乡村振兴地理学研究应着眼于乡村地域系统的复杂性、综合性、动态性,探究以根治“乡村病”为导向的新型村镇建设方案、模式和科学途径,为实现新时代中国乡村振兴战略提供理论参考。

Cities and villages are components of a specific organism. Only the sustainable development of two parts can support the prosperous development as a whole. According to the theory of man-earth areal system, urban-rural integrated system and rural regional system are the theoretical bases for entirely recognizing and understanding urban-rural relationship. To handle the increasingly severe problems of "rural disease" in rapid urbanization, accelerating rural revitalization in an all-round way is not only a major strategic plan for promoting the urban-rural integration and rural sustainable development, but also a necessary requirement for solving the issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people in the new era and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This study explores the basic theories of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization and analyzes the main problems and causes of rural development in the new era, proposing problem-oriented scientific approaches and frontier research fields of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China. Results show that the objects of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization is a regional multi-body system, which mainly includes urban-rural integration, rural complex, village-town organism, and housing-industry symbiosis. Rural revitalization focuses on promoting the reconstruction of urban-rural integration system and constructs a multi-level goal system including urban-rural infrastructure networks, zones of rural development, fields of village-town space and poles of rural revitalization. Currently, the rural development is facing the five problems: high-speed non-agricultural transformation of agriculture production factors, over-fast aging and weakening of rural subjects, increasingly hollowing and abandoning of rural construction land, severe fouling of rural soil and water environment and deep pauperization of rural poverty-stricken areas. The countryside is an important basis for the socioeconomic development in China, and the strategies of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization are complementary. The rural revitalization focuses on establishing the institutional mechanism for integrated urban-rural development and constructs the comprehensive development system of rural regional system, which includes transformation, reconstruction and innovation in accordance with the requirements of thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance, and prosperity. Geographical research on rural revitalization should focus on the complexity and dynamics of rural regional system and explore new schemes, models and scientific approaches for the construction of villages and towns, which are guided by radical cure of "rural disease", implement the strategy of rural revitalization polarization, construct the evaluation index system and planning system of rural revitalization, thus providing advanced theoretical references for realizing the revitalization of China's rural areas in the new era.

基于2012年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据和相关统计年鉴数据,对中国地级以上城市流动人口的户籍迁移意愿、空间格局及影响因素进行了系统分析。研究发现,中国城市流动人口户籍迁移意愿的整体水平并不高;等级高、规模大的城市流动人口的户籍迁移意愿高,而等级低、规模小的城市流动人口的户籍迁移意愿低;沿海城市群流动人口的户籍迁移意愿高,其他城市流动人口的户籍迁移意愿低,但内陆部分省会城市和交通区位与资源禀赋较好的中小城市也已经形成了一批流动人口的户籍迁移意愿高值区。中国城市流动人口户籍迁移意愿的空间分布特征受到流入城市和流动人口自身双重力量的影响,流入城市因素的正向影响作用大于流动人口自身因素。其中,流入城市的社会、经济发展水平和流动人口在流入城市的社会融合程度是核心要素,对城市流动人口户籍迁移意愿的提升具有正向的促进作用,而流动人口过于集中在次级劳动力市场的就业特征和较高的家庭财富与收入对户籍迁移意愿的提升却具有显著的抑制作用。最后,提出了相关政策启示。

Based on data from the 2012 national migrant population dynamic monitoring survey and related statistics, this article examines the spatial pattern and its determinants of migrants' intention of hukou transfer of China's 276 prefecture- and provincial-level cities, using GIS spatial analysis and statistical modelling. The results show that the overall level of migrants' hukou transfer intention of the cities is not high, and varies significantly among different cities. The intention of migrants' hukou transfer increases as the administrative level and/or the size of their destination cities increase. Meanwhile, migrants' hukou transfer intention is generally higher in coastal mega-city regions than in other cities, but it is also relatively high in some provincial capital cities and small and medium-sized cities in some inland regions with good transport location and resource endowment. The spatial pattern of migrants' intention of hukou transfer is shaped jointly by both the characteristics of the destination cities and migrants themselves characteristics, with the former exerting more influence than the latter. High level of socioeconomic development and good location of the destination cities can effectively promote their migrants' intention of hukou transfer; however, their level of basic public services does not have the same effect. The degree of migrants' social integration in the destination cities also exerts positive effects on their hukou transfer intention. However, having medical insurance, the concentration in the secondary labor market and higher household income are negatively related to such intention; furthermore, the individual and family characteristics of migrants do not have a significant impact on it. Finally, on the basis of the above findings, we put forward some suggestions for relevant policy making.

新型城镇化是以人为核心的城镇化,因此农民城镇化意愿备受关注。基于2010年中国综合社会调查（CGSS2010）的数据,采用描述性统计和多层次Logistic回归模型,探讨了农民进城定居意愿和对不同等级城镇的选择偏好,并分析了其影响因素。研究表明：农民进城定居意愿较弱,且大多倾向于在县城或小城镇而非地级及以上城市定居。农民的进城意愿和城市偏好存在着显著的地理空间异质性。来自于同一村庄的农民,其进城意愿和对不同等级城镇的偏好具有较多的相似性。影响农民进城意愿的主要因素包括：个体人力资本禀赋、家庭人口结构、物质资本存量、城乡联系以及地区社会经济发展水平等。地区经济发展水平和地理区位是农民选择到小城镇而非地级及以上城市定居的主要影响因素。因此,促进县域城镇化发展,提高农民人力资本和家庭收入,是实现农村城镇化和农民市民化的有效途径。

China has experienced the unprecedented surge of rural-urban migration since the mid-1980s, which has led to rapid urban population growth. With the development of human-oriented new urbanization, the individual migration intentions attracted more attentions from scholars and governments in recent years. However, previous studies mainly examined the factors underpinning the peasant workers' intentions of settling down in various cities or returning rural hometowns, devoting insufficient attention to the peasants' migration intentions of leaving the countryside and moving to cities to settle down permanently. Based on the data of Chinese General Social Survey in 2010 (CGSS2010), the paper described the migration intentions of 4116 rural residents and then explained their migration intentions from three levels of individual, household and county with the multilevel Logistic model. The results are as follows. (1) The spatial heterogeneity makes the peasants who live in the same village have more similarity in migration intentions than those who live in different villages. Single level model ignores the spatial heterogeneity, and the inclusion of the spatial heterogeneity in the multilevel model can yield a better estimated result than single level model. (2) Most of the peasants do not intend to leave the countryside and move to cities in the next five years, and nearly 90% of peasants intend to stay in the countryside. 63.3% of peasants who intend to move to cities incline to moving to small cities and towns (counties, county-level cities and small towns), while 29.8% of peasants tend to move to prefecture-level cities, provincial capital cities and municipalities. (3) The peasants' migration decisions of leaving the countryside and moving to cities can be seen as a two-stage process. First, they decide whether or not to move to cities, and then they need to consider which city to settle down after they decide to leave the countryside. The empirical results show that the first-stage migration intentions are shaped by individual, household, and contextual factors jointly. Specifically, the peasants who have more human capitals (younger, with more education years, with migration experience), the peasants whose household has more children, higher economic status, more lands and more relationships with the city, and the peasants living in developed regions are more likely to move to cities. However, the second-stage migration decision is mainly shaped by regional economic development level and the residence locations. Specifically, the peasants living in undeveloped areas with their current residences not far from large cities have more willingness to move to large cities. (4) Finally, based on these findings above, some policy implications can be drawn. The governments should pay more attentions to improving the attractiveness of county-level cities and towns. And increasing peasants' human capitals and promoting the development of rural economy are the effective ways to promote the development of new urbanization.

农业转移人口在城镇购置房产切合了新型城镇化规划和中央经济工作会议对市民化的要求。研究购房定居或准备定居城镇群体的流向特征,有助更好地落实有效供给。随机问卷调查乡村务农人员、打工者,在校大学生、研究生及其背后的家庭成员,采用回忆或电话问询方式填写农村购房转移个体和家庭基本状况,获得江苏、河南、陕西等24省区1327份有效信息,分析中国购房转移群体的流向特征与态势,用Spearman双变量相关分析和多项分类Logistic回归分析方法从个体或家庭角度探究购房流向分异的成因及形成机制。结果表明：20世纪80-90年代购房转移人口少,2000年以来渐多,趋向年轻化,教育程度较高群体多购房转移到规模较大或等级较高的城市。省区内城市,尤其县级城市是购房转移主要地,镇吸纳能力整体较弱,原住地层次影响迁住地高度。东部地区省区内购房转移多元分化,中部地区在县级以上城市分散购房转移,西部地区购房转移到省区内地级以上城市占一半以上。需求互补性、中介机会、距离远近影响购房转移及其分异,获得期望的经济收入加以城市的吸引力,是人们在工作或打工地购置房产的深层原因;没有稳固工作地点,一般倾向家乡的县级城市、镇或者就近的高等级城市购房。购房转移和流向分异与教育程度、固定工作与否、是否购房地工作、现工作地时间、购房年龄等个人或家庭发展条件的因子显著相关,是宏观社会环境政策影响、中观城乡系统各种媒介作用与微观个体或家庭成员主观行为多向耦合综合驱动的结果。

At present, more and more rural-urban migrants purchase urban houses in China. Studies on the floating characteristics of purchasing urban housing for a permanent home and deeply understanding the direction and difference of rural-urban migrants might help to know public migration intention from the demand side. Furthermore, relevant policies of urbanization and citizenation could be better formulated from the supply side. In this study, 1327 valid information from China's 24 provinces and autonomous regions such as Jiangsu, Henan, Shaanxi and so on was collected through random questionnaire survey of farmers, migrant workers, undergraduate students, graduate students and their family members. Basic situation of rural-urban migrants and their family members of purchasing urban housing were filled out by participants' memories or telephone inquiries. Floating characteristics of rural-urban migrants for purchasing urban housing were summarized by data analysis. Furthermore, causes and formation mechanism of floating direction differences were probed into from the perspective of individual or the family by spearman bivariate correlation analysis and multiple classification logistic regression analysis methods. The results show that firstly, few rural-urban migrants purchased urban housing during the 1980s-1990s, whereas migrants of purchasing urban housing have been gradually growing since 2000 and tend to be younger. What's more, migrants of higher education level purchase housing in the cities of larger scale or higher grade in general. Secondly, cities within the province or autonomous region, especially, county-level cities are the main destination of rural-urban migrants purchasing urban housing, and the attraction of town is weak as a whole. It can be seen from the data that the original location of migrants affects the floating orientation of purchasing urban housing, namely, rural households of ordinary township move to the county-level cities and towns nearby, but the households near big cities specially provincial cities prefer to purchase their housing in those higher-level cities. Thirdly, cities and towns of different levels in the eastern provinces, compared with the other regions, take a relatively larger proportion of purchasing housing, and from the whole country, towns take the largest percentage. These indicate there exists the relatively developed regional economy and the urbanization pattern of coordinated development among large, medium and small cities and towns; Rural-urban migrants dispersedly purchase their housing in cities at or above the county level in the central provinces, where the county-level cities and cities of other provinces at prefecture level and above have the largest proportion of purchasing housing among the three regions. The urban housing of rural-urban migrants in the central provinces is decentralized; In the western provinces, migrants who purchase their urban housing in the cities of prefecture level and above account for more than half, and the proportion of migrants flowing to towns by purchasing housing is the lowest among the three regions. These reflect that it is still underdeveloped and unbalanced inside. Finally, it should say that it is the interaction between the urban and rural demand, the interference of other cities and the distance to the city that influence spatial distribution of migrants for purchasing urban housing. Moreover, the desired economic income and the attraction of the city should be the underlying causes that migrants purchase the urban housing in the cities they work. People prefer to choose the housing in the county-level cities and towns of their hometown or the higher levels of cities nearby if they do not have the stable work in the cities. Through the quantitative analysis we also found that the floating differentiation between migrants for purchasing urban housing is significantly correlated with the personal or family factors such as education degree, fixed job or not, work in the city of purchasing the housing or not, work time in the current city, the age of buyers, and so on. In a word, the social environment and policy implications at the macro level, all media's role of the urban and rural system at the middle level and the subjective behavior of individual or family members at the micro level comprehensively drive the spatial differentiation of rural-urban migrants.

基于“人地关系”视角下的农村流动人口创业行为影响机制理论模型,并辅之以江苏省的实证研究,从“环境”和“个体”两个方面解读其对农村流动人口迁入地创业行为的影响。采用2010年江苏省城镇暂住人口的抽样调查数据,通过二元Logistic模型发现,农村流动人口的个人经济社会特征及其所处的社会、文化、城市环境均对其创业行为产生影响。特别是城市环境方面,城市总人口规模和农村流动人口规模对农村流动人口的创业行为具有反向影响;控制规模之后,在户口含金量越高的地区,农村流动人口创业的可能性越低,这反映了中国特殊的制度环境对农民工创业行为的影响。

China has experienced fast urbanization for more than three decades and now it is the key time to promote the quality of urbanization through accommodating rural migrants in urban destinations orderly and properly. The entrepreneurship of rural migrants in urban destinations could increase their incomes and provide more opportunities for interaction and communication with local residents and therefore is considered as an efficient means to enhance social integration of the migrants. However, in domestic scientific community, existing studies mainly focus on the entrepreneurship of rural migrants in rural origins while in international debates, too much emphasis is placed on the entrepreneurial behavior of immigrants and ethnic groups. Studies focusing on the entrepreneurship of rural migrants in urban destinations and its determinants are rather limited. This paper therefore first proposes a theoretic model of entrepreneurial behavior of rural migrants in urban destinations through the perspective of 'human-environment relationship' and then takes Jiangsu province as an empirical case to demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of the theoretic model. Based on the '2010 Migrant Survey in Jiangsu province', this paper employs binary logistic model to investigate the determinants of entrepreneurial behaviors of rural migrants in urban destinations. This paper has several findings. Firstly, both the social-economic features of rural migrants and the social, cultural and urban environments are observed to have influences on the entrepreneurial behaviors of rural migrants in urban destinations. Secondly, the urban factors, such as urban labor market and urban economic structure, exert more profound influences on the entrepreneurial behaviors of migrants than the difference in cultural and societal contexts of original places, which are in contrast to the findings of existing studies on the entrepreneurship of immigrants and ethnic groups in destinations. Thirdly, this paper finds that the special institutional schemes of China also have significant influences on the entrepreneurial behaviors of rural migrants, particularly the hukou arrangement tends to reduce the possibilities of the entrepreneurship of rural migrants in urban destinations.

<p>Along with the rapid development of urbanization, the migration mode of floating populations has gradually shifted from &ldquo;individual migration&rdquo; to &ldquo;family migration.&rdquo; In 2014, the National New-type Urbanization Plan put forward the strategic goal of &ldquo;promoting people-oriented urbanization&rdquo; and encouraging the orderly citizenization of rural migrant workers. In this context, the family migration of rural-urban migrants and their social integration after entering a city have attracted considerable attention. Thus, based on data from the floating population survey conducted in Jinhua City in 2016, this paper refers to rural-urban migrant families with migrant children as the research subject and explores their social integration level and influencing factors quantitatively through principal component and multiple linear regression models. First, social integration of rural-urban migrant families with migrant children has three dimensions: children&rsquo;s education, economic adaptation, and psychological integration. For these families, whether their children can obtain a solid education is the primary consideration for their integration into a city, followed by their economic conditions and psychological levels. Family-based floating population groups have more diversified needs for social integration into inflow cities than populaces characterized by individual mobility. Second, the degree of social integration of families is only at the medium level; thus, the quality of integration needs to be improved. The integration degree in terms of children&rsquo;s education is the highest, followed by economic adaptation; further, the degree of psychological integration is the lowest, and there are pronounced differences among the dimensions. Jinhua City focuses especially on the education of migrant families&rsquo; children. Relevant policies ensure that these children are educated, so their education integration level is relatively high. However, migrant families face difficulties in accessing public schools, as they are not able to choose schools. In terms of the social welfare system-although policy-making has lowered the threshold of access for the floating population-limited resources, a mismatch between supply and demand, inadequate publicity, and other reasons may mean that the welfare system still gives priority to local residents in terms of implementation. It is difficult for migrant families to enjoy equal welfare protection, resulting in serious differences between local and non-local people and a low degree of psychological integration. Third, in terms of influencing factors, female gender and high education levels as personal characteristics, professional skills, personal services, and higher income factors (economic level) have a positive and significant impact on the degree of social integration, reflecting the role of human capital therein. Types of schools and educational expenditures (educational level) also have a significant impact on social integration. Housing conditions and length of residence are not the main factors affecting the social integration of such families. Findings indicate that families still give primary consideration to children&rsquo;s education, and housing conditions is less important than children&rsquo;s educational needs.</p>

基于国家卫计委2016年流动人口动态监测数据（CMDS）,运用相关GIS空间统计工具探讨了中国279个地级及以上城市流动人口回流意愿空间分异问题,进而考察流动人口回流意愿的影响因素。研究发现：① 相比居留意愿及户籍迁移意愿,中国城市流动人口回流意愿偏低（6.17%）,其中,绝大多数流动人口（74.05%）的回流去向地是返回原居住地。城市规模、城市等级与流动人口回流意愿呈非对称“U型”格局。② 流动人口回流意愿总体上呈现出集聚分布模式,并具有显著的空间分异特征,长江三角洲、京津冀等城市群流动人口的回流意愿较高,成渝和哈长城市群流动人口回流意愿较低;东部地区流动人口回流意愿最高,东北地区的回流意愿最低;华南、中南和部分华东地区为回流意愿热点区,东北和华北地区为回流意愿的冷点区。③ 回流意愿受流动人口内部因素与流入地外部因素的共同影响,同时作为内部因素和外部因素的教育水平及经济发展变量对流动人口回流意愿的影响方向不同。④ 流动人口的家庭联系、社会网络、住房及经济因素是塑造流动人口空间格局的主要力量,流入地家庭规模及住房拥有率等对流动人口回流意愿产生抑制作用,非流入地家庭规模、流动次数、家庭收入支出比等对回流意愿产生促进作用。

In China, population migration has an influence on the level of economic and social development in various regions. In 2016, the scale of migrant population reached 245 million, which became an important factor affecting population changes. From the perspective of migrant populations' destinations, with the control of population scale in some big cities in China, and the sustained economic growth in the central and western regions, the problem of population reflux is attracting more and more attention from the society. The spatial differentiation and influencing factors of migrant populations' return intention are vital issues which are urgent to be investigated. Based on data from the 2016 China Migrant Population Dynamic Survey (CMDS), this paper discusses the phenomenon about spatial differentiation of migrant populations' return intention in 279 prefecture and provincial level cities in China, using GIS spatial analysis methods such as Moran's I coefficient, Getis-Ord Gi *. Besides, we investigate the influencing factors of migrant populations' return intention. Study comes to the following conclusions: (1) Compared with the residence intention and hukou transfer intention, the return intention of migrant population in China is lower (6.17%), and the majority of migrants (74.05%) are eager to take their own home towns as refluxing destination. The scale of cities, the level of cities and the return intention of migrant population present an asymmetric "U"-shaped pattern. (2) The spatial distribution of return intention presents an aggregation pattern with marked spatial differentiation. The return intention of migrant population in Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration and Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration is higher than that in Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration and Harbin-Changchun Urban Agglomeration. Among the four main geographical divisions, the return intention of urban floating population in the eastern region is the highest while that of the northeast region is the lowest. South China, central-south China and part of East China are hot spots of return intention while Northeast and North China are in a weak corner. (3) The return intention is influenced by both internal factors of migrant population and external factors of in-flow area. Educational level and economic development are both internal and external factors that simultaneously play different roles in return intention. (4) Family connection, social networks, housing and economic factors of migrant population are main forces that shape the spatial pattern of return intention. Family scale in in-flow area and home-ownership rates inhibit return intention while variables such as family scale in non-in-flow area, migrant times and the family's income and expenditure proportion exert a positive influence on return intention. Based on the above conclusions, this paper proposes strategies for relevant departments on the management of migrant population.

采用质性研究方法,以中部地区湖北的&#x0201C;毛嘴模式&#x0201D;为例,围绕武汉汉正街与仙桃毛嘴镇的城乡联系问题,研究人口回流及返乡创业所带动的地方发展,解析其对乡村振兴的重要作用。研究发现：①劳动力回流受家庭需求、家乡发展环境等多重因素影响;资本回流的主要影响因素是雇佣&#x0201C;本地化&#x0201D;劳动力,也涉及城市更新及其&#x0201C;外部性&#x0201D;效应的间接影响;②技能型劳动力回流以及企业家在城-乡间的高频流动,有利于发挥流动人口的&#x0201C;桥梁&#x0201D;作用;③回流人口主要从事与之前就业相关的行业,倾向于在镇区或市区购买商品房,促进了乡村经济转型,同时利于社会资本的培育,重塑了乡村社会空间。

Urban to rural return migration is a new phenomenon which provides a new perspective to understand the transformation of rural-urban relations in China. In the last decades, the substantial increasing number of urban to rural return migrants has attracted wide concerns among policymakers, society and academia. However, little attention has been given to understand the process of return migration and their influences on local developments, especially from the perspective of origin place. Hanzhengjie, located in the central city of Wuhan, was a famous street with a long history of business and trading. After the Reform Era began in the late 1970s, it attracted a great deal of clothing industry workers and entrepreneurs from Maozui. Since 2011, with the government’s efforts to redevelop Hanzhengjie from ‘low-end’ to ‘high-end’, many small factories have been forced to move out. Maozui, a small town of Xiantao City, Hubei Province, seized the opportunity to receive the industry relocated from Hanzhengjie to achieve its local development. Followed by industrial relocation, many migrants returned to Maozui. In this context, based on a series of fieldwork conducted in Maozui and Hanzhengjie during 2018 and 2019, this article examines the different return process of rural labor force and capitals, and interrogates the important roles of return migration and returning entrepreneurial activities in relation to rural revitalization. The findings include: 1) The return migration is marked by a process of the ‘localization’ of rural labor force and capital. The return of labor force is motivated by multiple factors such as family reunion, local opportunities and both living environment. ‘Localized’ labor force becomes the main driving force of return capital. 2) The return skilled migrants and entrepreneurs who keep moving back and forth between city and rural areas aim to capture the new market opportunities. They act as a ‘bridge’ to transfer knowledge, capital and culture from urban to rural areas. 3) Most of the returnees work in industries related to their previous employment and prefer to buy commodity housing in the central town instead of their original village. It promotes the transformation of rural economy and reconstructs the rural social space. These results indicate that the dynamic role of return migrants in central China as agents of information transfer and entrepreneurship. Geographic research on urban-rural relations and rural revitalization should focus more on the complexity and dynamics of return migration and explore the interactive mechanism of return migration and the transformations or reconstruction of villages and towns.

以农村户籍人口和常住人口及两者表征的农村人口外流率为研究对象,利用&#x0201C;五普&#x0201D;和&#x0201C;六普&#x0201D;数据探讨了中国农村人口外流的演化及其空间格局,在预选取影响因素的基础上,基于空间计量模型剖析了县域农村人口外流率的地域分异机制。结果显示：农村人口发展演化可划分为缓慢发展阶段、大量外流阶段、农业转移人口市民化发展阶段3个时期;全国县域农村人口外流率呈现出程度不断加深的态势,农业户籍人口和乡村常住人口的集中度下降明显,并呈现出明显的空间聚类和空间正相关性;平均海拔、人均GDP、城乡居民收入比、第一产业占比、城镇化率、道路密度、受教育水平、人均固定资产投资与农村人口外流率呈现出正相关关系,而人均耕地面积、农民人均纯收入、乡村从业人员占比与农村人口外流率呈现出负相关关系。

Human is the key to social and economic development, and plays a decisive role in rural evolution. However, influenced by urban-rural dual structure, there are large population outflow in rural China, which makes the strategy of rural revitalization lack of human capital support. Therefore, to scientifically promote the implementation of rural revitalization in the new era, it is necessary to study the rural population outflow. Using datasets of 2000 and 2010 population census of the People's Republic of China by county, this research analyzed the evolution and spatial pattern of rural population outflow in China. Then it explored the mechanism of regional differentiation of outflow rate of rural population (ORRP), which was reflected by the ratio of rural hukou-registered population and rural residential population. Results showed that the development of rural population in China from 1978 to present could be divided into three stages i.e., slow development stage (1978-1995), massive outflow stage (1995-2014) and citizenship of agricultural transfer population (since 2014). From 2000 to 2010, ORRP at county level in China generally showed an upward trend, the centralization of rural hukou-registered and residential population declined obviously. From the perspective of spatial pattern, they all showed significant spatial clustering and positive spatial correlation. In 2000, there were 76.06% counties with ORRP ranging from 100% to 150%, and only 14.01% of the counties' ORRP were less than 100%, which were mainly located in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Xinjiang and the border areas of northeast China. By 2010, the proportion of counties with ORRP less than 100% fell to 5.20%, concentrating in Xinjiang, and there were also a few counties in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Northeast China. Based on pre-selected influencing factors, estimated results of spatial error model (SEM) indicated that elevation, per capita GDP, urban-rural income ratio, proportion of primary industry, urbanization rate, road density, educational attainment and per capita investment in fixed assets were positively correlated with ORRP at county level, while per capita farmland, per capita net income of rural households and ratio of rural employees showed a negative correlation.

引导农村人口有序地向城镇转移,实现大中小城市和小城镇协调发展,是当前中国经济社会面临的重大问题。归纳总结了农村人口迁徙目的地的4个层次,提出了梯度城镇化的概念,并以福建省上杭县村庄问卷为基础,进行梯度城镇化的村庄解析,辨识不同梯度人口迁徙的影响因素。研究发现：① 村庄人口规模对村庄人口流出具有阻止作用;县城和乡镇吸引农村人口迁入存在明显距离衰减。② 老年人比重高降低了年轻人迁徙到县城的成本,有利于农村人口的县城集聚。较高的少儿抚养比可能会抑制农村人口进入县城居住和拥有住房。③ 教育驱动是县城城镇化的重要动力。高人力资本有流向地级市的趋势。

In 2011, the proportion of China′s urban population exceeded 50%. In the past 30 years, urbanization has contributed enormously to economic growth and modernization in China. For China,the primary strategic task of economic and social development is to continue to increase the level of urbanization,and manage the orderly transfer of the rural population to the cities. The government announced that China′s future development roadmap is a ‘new type of urbanization’, which requires the coordinated development of cities and towns. This article generalizes four gradients of migration destination of rural population, and proposes the concept of ‘gradient urbanization’. Based on the 311 village questionnaires of Shanghang County in Fujian province, we identify the factors for different gradient migration. The result shows: 1) The size of village and population outflow are negatively correlated. A 1% increase in the population size of the village would cause a 0.4% decrease in the outflow proportion of the population. There is a significant distance attenuation in the migration from villages to the county. 2) Villages with high elderly dependency ratios are more likely to lose their villagers, as the aged lower the migration cost to the county for the young people. In contrast, the villages with high child-age dependency ratios are less likely to lose their villagers. 3) Education is an important driving force for urbanization. As educational resources gradually become concentrated in the county, an increasing number of young parents choose to move to the county, where their children can receive a better primary education. Furthermore, significant evidence has been found to show that the villagers with high human capital are more inclined to migrate to the prefecture-level city.

针对地理大数据的内在本质以及地理大数据挖掘对于地理学研究的意义,本文解释了地理大数据的含义,并在大数据“5V”特征的基础上提出了粒度、广度、密度、偏度和精度等“5度”的特征,揭示了地理大数据的本质特点。在此基础上,从地理大数据的表达方式、地理大数据挖掘的目标、地理模式的叠加与尺度性、地理大数据挖掘与地理学的关系等4个方面阐述了地理大数据挖掘的本质与作用,并从挖掘目标的角度对地理大数据挖掘方法进行分类。未来地理大数据挖掘的研究将面临地理大数据的聚合、挖掘结果的有效性评价以及发现有价值的知识而非常识等几方面的挑战。

This paper reveals the principle of geographic big data mining and its significance to geographic research. In this paper, big geodata are first categorized into two domains: earth observation big data and human behavior big data. Then, another five attributes except for "5V", including granularity, scope, density, skewness and precision, are summarized regarding big geodata. Based on this, the essence and effect of big geodata mining are uncovered by the following four aspects. First, as the burst of human behavior big data, flow space, where the OD flow is the basic unit instead of the point in traditional space, will become a new presentation form for big geodata. Second, the target of big geodata mining is defined as revealing the spatial pattern and the spatial relationship. Third, spatio-temporal distributions of big geodata can be seen as the overlay of multiple geographic patterns and the patterns may be changed with scale. Fourth, big geodata mining can be viewed as a tool for discovering geographic patterns while the revealed patterns are finally attributed to the outcome of human-land relationship. Big geodata mining methods are categorized into two types in light of mining target, i.e. classification mining and relationship mining. The future research will be facing the following challenges, namely, the aggregation and connection of big geodata, the effective evaluation of mining result and mining "true and useful" knowledge.

作为中华文明重要载体的传统村落具有丰富多元的价值,虽然政府与学界进行了大量保护与研究工作,但其可持续发展之路仍任重道远。因此建立中国传统村落可持续发展评价体系,准确评估其可持续发展水平具有重要理论与现实意义。通过对传统村落的长期实地调研,本文提出社区和遗产两个基本属性间协调关系是传统村落可持续发展的关键。本文使用层次分析法和德尔菲法构建社区发展和遗产保护子系统指标体系,采用专家判断矩阵和德尔菲法确定子系统指标权重,并构建详细的数据收集、赋分与标准化方法。为了更好的评价中国传统村落可持续发展水平,在采用综合评价指数评估传统村落综合发展水平的基础上,进一步引入耦合协调度模型构建可持续发展类型评价体系。最后,通过测评广东省广州市、佛山市和中山市10个岭南传统村落,检验该套指标体系具有较好效度,并进一步对指标体系进行修正。该评价体系不仅可以推进传统村落、耦合度、可持续发展评估研究范式,也可以广泛指导与应用于中国传统村落保护实践。

As important carriers of Chinese civilization, traditional villages are endowed with rich and diversified values. Although the government and academia have implemented lots of programmes on protections and researches, the sustainable development still has a long way to go. Therefore, it is of profound significance to establish an evaluation system for the sustainable development of Chinese traditional villages and to evaluate the sustainable development level of Chinese traditional villages. Through long-term field survey of traditional villages, this study proposes that understanding the two basic attributes of community and heritage is the key to cognizing the sustainable development of traditional villages. Then it uses the analytic hierarchy process and Delphi method to construct the index system of community development subsystem and heritage protection subsystem, and applies an expert judgment matrix and the Delphi method to determine the index weights of the subsystems at all levels, and constructs the systems of data collection, assignment, and standardization for each secondary index. The comprehensive evaluation index is used to evaluate the development level of traditional villages, and determine the criteria for ranking. In order to better evaluate the sustainable development level of traditional Chinese villages, a coupling coordination model is further introduced to construct an evaluation system. Finally, through the evaluation of 10 traditional Lingnan villages in Guangzhou, Foshan and Zhongshan cities of Guangdong province, the validity of the index system is verified and further revised. This index system can not only promote the research paradigm of traditional villages, coupling degree and sustainable development assessment, but also widely guide and apply to the protection practices of traditional villages in China.

随着中国流动人口规模快速增长和影响日趋深远，各级政府在制订经济社会发展战略、区域与城市规划等各类重大决策时，亟需准确地认识和把握中国流动人口的空间分布特征及不同地域类型。本文在综合比较现有流动人口地域类型划分方法优缺点的基础上，提出了综合考虑净迁移率和总迁移率的复合型指标及其修正方法，并根据中国第五次人口普查分区县的流动人口数据，运用以上多种划分方法实证研制出中国流动人口地域类型的多种划分方案，并进行了比较分析。结果表明：① 综合考虑净迁移率和总迁移率的复合指标法，可以同时测度区域流动人口的方向性与活跃度，兼具以上两种单一性指标法的特色和优势，特别是能清晰地分辨出区域流入人口与流出人口的规模均比较大的平衡型活跃区这种独特类型，具有显著的优势。② 进一步考虑份额指标的修正型复合指标法，能有效地消除因区域人口总量过小或过大而导致流动人口活跃度被高估或低估的偏差，划分结果更加符合实际。③ 中国流动人口地域类型的空间分布格局与其自然环境、人口密度及经济社会发展水平的区域差异关系密切。中国各类流动人口活跃区主要分布在位处第三阶梯和大于800 mm等降雨线的东部季风区，其人口密度及经济社会发展水平相对较高。

With the rapid increase of the number and influence of floating population in China, it is urgent to understand the regional types of China's floating population and their spatial characteristics. After reviewing the current methods for identifying regional types of floating population, this paper puts forward a new composite-index method and its further modification method consisting of two indexes simultaneously: the net migration rate and gross migration rate. Further, those methods are empirically tested by using China's 2000 Census data at county level. The results show: (1) The composite-indexes method is much better than the traditional single-index method because it can measure the migration direction and scale of floating simultaneously and in particular it can identify the unique regional types of floating population with large-scale immigration and emigration. (2) The modified composite-indexes method, by using the share of a region's certain type of floating population to the total in China as weight, can effectively correct the over- or under-estimated error due to the rather large or small total population of a region. (3) The spatial patterns of different regional types of China's floating population are closely related to regional differentiation of their natural environment, population density and socio-economic development level. The three active regional types of floating population are mainly located in the eastern China with lower elevation, more than 800 mm precipitation, rather than in the region with higher population density and economic development level.

自然资源禀赋差,土地人口承载力低,交通不便,公共服务基础设施差,是贫困山区的基本特征,贫困山区也因此成为人口和产业离心区、生态脆弱区。本文以重庆市酉阳县为例,选取典型村,采用参与式评估、遥感影像和GIS相结合的方法,从微观尺度分析贫困山区农村土地利用演变特征,揭示农村衰落的原因和规律。结果表明:①研究区农村衰落程度严重,植被覆盖率升高,耕地向林草地转变;同时,耕地面积萎缩、聚拢,细碎化程度降低;伴随人口过疏化和老龄化,农村建设用地使用率低,经历由单一到多样,再单一的衰减过程,教育等公共基础服务设施缺位严重;②研究区农村衰落的原因包括农业生计资源匮乏、难以实现农业机械化、聚居分散和城乡比较效益大、农民生活追求的提高以及农业政策实施难度大;③建立以人口流失率、常住人口老龄化率、宅基地萎缩率和耕地变化率4个衰落指标为主的农村衰落诊断方法,诊断表明,研究区农村衰落主要发生在边远山区,距离城镇近、区位优越的农村未表现出衰落。当前农村土地整治和扶贫工作应尊重客观规律,科学制定乡村规划,依靠山区生态系统自我修复、引导人口外迁为主,撂荒耕地择优流转,而复垦未来必然衰落的农村居民点,肯定造成过程性浪费。

Few natural resources,a low population capacity,inconvenient traffic and poor public services are characteristics of poor mountainous areas. These areas are centrifugal areas of population and industry that have fragile ecologies. Focusing on seven typical villages in Youyang County in Chongqing City,we analyzed the micro-scale evolution of rural land use to explore rural decline in poor mountainous areas based on participatory rural appraisal methods and remote sensing imagery interpretation. We found that the degree of rural decline in poor mountainous is severe. Along with rural labor flowing into cities and towns and an increasing number of aging people,rural construction land is inefficient,and the diversity of the rural land use changed from simple to richness to simple again. Cultivated land size became smaller,gathered and less fragmented. Meanwhile,the vegetation rate increased due to conversion between cultivated land and woodland. Many reasons,including a lack of agricultural livelihood resources,difficulty in realizing agricultural mechanization,decentralization and the comparative benefits of urban and rural areas were responsible for the decline in rural mountainous areas. A diagnosis index system of rural decline,including population loss rate,rural residential land shrinking rate and reduction in cultivated area was established. This showed that rural decline mainly occurred in remote mountainous villages. We suggest that rural land consolidation and poverty alleviation should obey the object law,making a rural plan scientific. Self-repair of ecosystems should be emphasized in ecological restoration. Cultivated land should be transferred selectively.

“树典型”的国家治理方式生产出诸多针对特定类型地域的评选项目,将此类项目评定结果抽象为点状地理事物进行空间分析是值得探究的方向。以国家园林城市为例,基于对其政策演进、发展历程及特色模式的宏微观结合分析,选择2003 年、2009 年、2015 年3个时点,采用网格维数、集中度系数、核密度估计、ESDA及叠置分析、矩阵分析、PPCC等方法,探究其时空演变的多维特征及影响机理。结果表明：① 国家园林城市在时间演化上,历经建设探索、生态化发展和宜居性提升3个阶段;② 在结构特征上,表现出分形状况较复杂的特征和分布集聚程度不断上升的趋势;③ 在分布格局上,与中国的综合自然地理区划高度耦合、与“胡焕庸线”显著相关,呈现为“东南密西北疏”的特征且变化不大;④ 在关联格局上,一直存在全局自相关性,冷热点区域的变动明显;⑤ 在影响机理上,水热气候条件、历史园林资源、城市发育状况、经济发展水平的区域分异和部门评审管理权力、地方政府重视程度等因素的相互作用是其演变的动力。

The application of a geographical perspective in the development of representative national level spatial models of governance in China constitutes a gap in the literature. The purpose of this study was to address this gap through a spatial analysis of the outcomes of numerous regional projects aimed at establishing a "typical" model of national governance. National garden cities in China were considered as illustrative case studies for developing this model. Three points in time were selected based on macro-level and micro-level analyses of the development histories and characteristic patterns of national garden cities and the evolution of policies to support their development. Using a range of methods that included grid dimension and coefficient of concentration measurements, kernel density estimation, ESDA and overlay analysis, matrix analysis, and PPCC, this study investigated the multidimensional characteristics and the influence mechanism of the spatio-temporal evolution of national garden cities in China. The following findings emerged from the study. First, national garden cities have undergone three stages in their evolution: construction and exploration, ecological development, and adjustments to improve their livability. Second, an examination of their structural characteristics indicated greater complexity and a trend reflecting an increasingly concentrated distribution relating to their fractal situation. Third, their distribution pattern was found to be strongly associated with China's physical and geographical divisions. Moreover, their distribution was closely correlated with the "Hu Line", demonstrating "dense in the southeast and sparse in the northwest" characteristics that have remained largely constant. Fourth, there has been a global autocorrelation relating to the pattern of association that indicates significant changes in hotspot and coldspot areas. Last, the findings revealed that interactions between factors such as hydrothermal climatic conditions, historical garden resources, urban development status, regionally differentiated levels of economic development, departmental reviews and management, and the degree of attention of local governments constituted the impact mechanism driving the evolution of China's national garden cities.

基于1997~2010年的全国省级、地级市和县级多尺度社会经济发展数据库,采用GIS与空间统计学相结合方法,揭示了中国经济发展的空间格局及其动态演变特征及时空格局的尺度依赖性,并对未来经济发展空间格局进行合理预测。结果表明：① 1997~2010年中国经济的空间中心位于河南省境内,并呈现出西北移动的趋势,出现沿海-大陆共生的经济空间格局并逐步均衡化。② 经济发展空间格局具有较为显著的尺度效应,其分布重心、形状和方位在不同尺度上发生变化;总体而言,空间尺度越小,其经济重心越偏向西南方向,其空间分布形状越接近于正圆,主轴方位越偏东。③ 预测结果表明未来10~20 a中国经济重心会继续向北移动,略微偏向东部地区,京津冀、长三角等沿海城市群仍是未来中国经济发展的主要增长引擎。研究结果可以为各级政府制定区域发展政策提供科学的理论依据。

The issue of regional inequality has attracted much attention of geographers and economists. The interdisciplinary research has been reflected in a spatio-temporal hierarchical structure, that is, the multi-scalar nature of economic development and its dynamics. With the advent of the new economic geography, the role of space is emphasized in the field of regional science. Spatial pattern and its dynamics provide a significant prospective for understanding regional development in China. Spatial pattern statistics has been adopted to explore the multi-scalar spatial patterns of regional development in China and to investigate the corresponding scaling effect. Especially the forecast of spatial pattern of economic development allows the government to make effective policies. First, the standard ellipse is employed to explore the multi-scalar globe spatial pattern and its dynamics so as to investigate the scaling effect. Second, grey forecast model and Geographic Information System are utilized to predict and visualize the future spatial pattern in 2020 and 2030. The study area is composed of 2 254 county-level units including city districts/counties/county-level cities (not including Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan of China), 333 prefecture-level units and 31 provincial-level units. Major results are listed as follows: 1) Economic gravity in China is situated in Henan Province from 1997 to 2010, accompanied by a shift towards northwestern China, demonstrating co-developing spatial pattern of the coastal and inland regions. It contributes to the effective implementation of western development and rise of central China. Foreign direct investment starts to leave the Zhujiang River Delta and concentrate in Bohai Rim and the Changjiang River Delta. 2) 66% of economic development mainly happens in most eastern and central parts as well as one third of western region. Spatial pattern of economic development shows obvious scaling effect in economic gravity, shape and direction. Overall, the finer the spatial scale, the more southwestern-oriented economic gravity is. Its shape of standard ellipse tends to be circled and its direction is by east. 3) It is forecasted that economic gravity will continue to shift northward and slightly towards the east, indicating Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Changjiang River Delta as the major growth engine for economic development in the future. 4) It has been demonstrated that spatial pattern of regional development has obvious scaling effect. The county level is better to understand the finer spatial structure and spatial laws.

根据克鲁格曼的&#x0201c;两个自然&#x0201d;理论,运用空间统计SDE方法,在GIS技术的支持下,基于中国国土空间特征椭圆系列&#x02014;&#x02014;国土均衡分布椭圆、国土地形分布椭圆、人口分布椭圆等,在空间上定量刻画了中国经济空间分异的基本特征,并为分析经济空间分异提供了新的方法参考。主要结论如下：① 在&#x0201c;两个自然&#x0201d;的分异作用下,中国经济空间分异主要以东-西方向为主。相对于国土均衡分布椭圆,国土地形分布椭圆明显偏西,长、短轴均明显减小,这反映出中国高地势主要集中分布在西部;中国人口空间分布靠近东部地区,其椭圆长、短轴长度均显著减小,充分表现出了经济活动的空间分异特征和空间聚集特征;② 国土地形等&#x0201c;第一自然&#x0201d;要素对社会经济活动的控制作用显著。人口分布椭圆对于地形分布椭圆的空间分异系数为89.55%,其93%的空间展布范围位于胡焕庸线的东南,且分布轴线基本与胡焕庸线平行;③ 在&#x0201c;第二自然&#x0201d;聚集机制的作用下,中国城市体系人口、GDP主体集中在胡焕庸线东南方约20%的大陆国土面积上,且二者之间也存在着明显的空间差异。从&#x0201c;第一自然&#x0201d;要素的空间分异和控制作用来看,胡焕庸线以西地区,特别是西北侧地区发展经济、集聚人口的功能较弱。同时,由于区域发展的内在核心动力聚集机制的空间差异性,区域发展的过程也呈现不平衡的特征。从兼顾效率和公平的角度出发,可通过重点培育人口分布较为集中的成渝城市群、关中城市群等中西部经济增长极拉动中国经济增长和市场空间向中西部发展;可通过制定相关政策吸引人口向GDP分布椭圆北部地区流动、聚集,发挥人口的红利作用,推进经济增长由南向北发展。

：This study described the spatial variation in China spatial explicitly through a series of ellipses according to Krugman's "first and second natural" theory. The ellipse of national geometric profile in China was taken as the original state of spatial variation. The first nature variation could be explained through the ellipse of topographical distribution in China, and the second nature variation was represented by the spatial distribution of population. The results are as followings. 1）The spatial variation is mainly between the eastern and the western area in China. The spatial coverage of topographical distribution ellipse is in the west, and it is much smaller than the equilibrium distribution ellipse which is in accordance with the topographical characteristics that the west is higher than the east in China. The population distribution ellipse is mainly covering the North China Plain and the Middle and Lower Yangtze Valley Plain and its spatial coverage is much smaller. It is proved the spatial variation of the first nature and the spatial agglomeration of the second nature. 2）The spatial variation from the first natural factors is significant in China. 93% of the population distribution ellipse range is located in the southeast of Hu's line, and the main axis is almost parallel to Hu's line. The spatial variation index of population distribution ellipse to the topographical distribution ellipse is 89.55%. 3）For the prefectural-level cities, the population ellipse and GDP ellipse are aggregated in the southeast of Hu's line which is 20% of the mainland area in China. There is the spatial disparity between the population and GDP distribution. In general, the natural endowments between the east and west in China resulted in the unbalanced beginning of regional development. It is shown that the regions in the north of Hu's line, especially in the northwest area, is weak to gathering the population. Meanwhile, spatial differences of the agglomeration which is the inner core of the regional developing momentum present the unbalanced process of regional development. From the perspective of both efficiency and equity, the promotion of Chengdu-Chongqing, Guanzhong and other major economic zones which is with the large population is relatively could stimulate the economic growth in central and western China, and to attract the population concentration in the north part of GDP distribution ellipse could promote the economy development from the south to the north. In addition, Standard deviation ellipse method can not only subtly describe the spatial variation of the different features, but also can quantitatively analyze the extent of spatial variation, and it is proved to be a new method for reference to study the economic spatial variation.

村庄是乡村治理和乡村振兴的基本单元,开展村庄空间分布特征及其影响因素研究对全面推进乡村振兴国家战略落地具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。本文在解析村庄系统演进生命周期规律的基础上,系统集成村庄点位、地理环境、地理区位、交通条件、社会经济等多源数据,综合运用缓冲区分析、核密度估计、空间自相关分析、Ripley's K函数等方法,刻画了中国村庄空间分布特征,识别了村庄空间分异的影响因子,揭示了中国村庄的空间分异规律。结果表明：① 村庄的演进遵循形成、发展、稳定、衰退与振兴的“生命周期”规律,其演进受自然地理环境和人文社会经济要素共同影响,不同地区村庄演进的速度、强度、方向和结果各异。② 中国村庄分布密度为0.35个/km ²,整体上呈现“南多北少、南聚北散”、“东多西少、东聚西散”的特征,以长江中下游及淮河流域等地区村庄分布最为密集。以“胡焕庸”线为界,东南半壁村庄密度显著高于西北半壁。③ 全国省、县、乡级尺度上村庄核密度值的莫兰指数分别为0.58、0.86、0.91,呈现明显的空间聚集特征;各省内村庄空间分布呈倒“U”型分布模式,不同省份村庄空间分布模式差异明显。④ 中国村庄分布格局是地理环境、区位条件、社会经济要素交互耦合作用的结果。在坡度6°~8°、海拔0~200 m、降雨量1100~1200 mm、年均温15~19 ℃、人为土和栽培植被等条件下村庄分布较为集聚,且村庄沿道路与河流聚集分布特征明显,在沿道路和河流100~300 m缓冲区内村庄密度最大,随缓冲距离增加村庄密度逐渐降低。全面推进乡村振兴战略背景下,亟待系统开展乡村衰退成因与动力机制解析、衰退乡村地理空间识别与地域类型划分、乡村振兴可行途径与地域模式研究。

Village is the object of rural governance and revitalization. It is of great scientific value to carry out the research on the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors for comprehensively promoting the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This study systematically integrated the multi-source data such as the longitude and latitude coordinates of the village, geo-environment, traffic conditions and socio-economic level, and comprehensively applied spatial analysis, kernel density estimation and Ripley's K-function to describe the spatial distribution characteristics of Chinese villages and identify the influencing factors of village spatial differentiation. The results demonstrated that the evolution of villages follows the life cycle laws of formation, development, stability, decline, and revitalization, which is affected by the natural geographical environment and human, social, and economic factors. The speed, intensity, direction, and outcome of village evolution vary across regions over time. Further analysis results showed that the distribution density of villages in China is 0.353 per square kilometer. Overall, the number of villages in China is larger in the south than in the north, and larger in the east than in the west, and characterized by agglomeration in the southeast and dispersion in the northwest. Villages are most densely distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River Basin. With Hu's line as the boundary, the density of villages in the southeast is higher than that in the northwest. The Moran indexes of the kernel density of villages on the scales of province, county and township are 0.580, 0.861 and 0.910, respectively, showing obvious spatial aggregation characteristics. The spatial distribution of villages in each province presents an inverted U-shaped pattern, and the difference is obvious between provinces. The distribution pattern of Chinese villages is the result of the interactive coupling of geographical environment, location conditions, and social and economic factors. The spatial distribution of Chinese villages is relatively concentrated under the conditions of a slope of 6°-8°, an altitude of less than 200 m, rainfall of 1100-1200 mm, average annual temperature of 15-19 ℃, and anthropogenic soil and cultivated vegetation. The spatial distribution of villages is clustered along roads and rivers. The density of villages in the buffer zone of 100-300 m around roads and rivers is the largest, and gradually decreases as the buffer distance increases. Under the background of comprehensively promoting the strategy of rural revitalization, it is urgent to systematically analyze the causes and dynamic mechanism of rural recession, identify the geographical distribution and types of declining villages, and explore the feasible ways and regional models of rural revitalization.

农村贫困问题是中国全面建成小康社会的主要障碍之一。面向当前国家瞄准贫困村和贫困人口的精准脱贫战略需求,基于“十二五”期间全国贫困村“整村推进”项目村数据,构建村级多维贫困综合测度模型,并利用加权核密度模型、空间自相关方法等,从不同尺度、不同视角系统测度并分析了研究区贫困村的相对贫困特征。结果表明：① 贫困程度上,“十二五”期间贫困村呈中间大,两头小的“橄榄型”结构,省级、县级尺度下贫困深度与当地经济、区位、政策、自然环境等因素相关;② 空间分布上,全国贫困村分布呈现出东部和西北部稀疏、中部和西南部密集的“夹层”形空间异质性格局,同时存在多个不同量级、呈“星点”式分布的贫困核心;③ 中国贫困村的多维贫困存在较强的全局空间依赖性,局部呈现为高—高区与低—低区集中式分布、高—低区与低—高区离散夹杂式分布,且整体表现为西高东低的“阶梯状”格局。

Rural poverty is one of the most important obstacles to achieve the goal that builds a moderately prosperous society in an all-around way in China. To address the strategic requirement of targeted poverty reduction for the implementation of "Entire-village Advancement" to rid all Chinese of poverty by 2020, we integrate geographical contributing factors and socioeconomic ones to design a set of village-level evaluation indicator system, consisting of 6 dimensions and 20 indicators. And then based on the above indicator system, we build a comprehensive village-level poverty measurement model, using village-level archived "Entire-village Advancement" dataset that was collected during the "12th Five-year Plan" period (from 2011 to 2015) to assess multidimensional poverty index and relative poverty characteristics of each village. At last, we adopt spatial autocorrelation and weighted kernel density estimation to examine spatial distribution of the poverty-stricken villages at a multiscale of area-province-county. The results show that: (1) During the "12th Five-year Plan" period, the distribution of poverty levels for different villages statistically represents a geometrical olive-shape pattern that is larger in the middle and smaller at both ends; Meanwhile, the poverty depths of poverty-stricken villages at both provincial and county scales are closely related to their local economies, regional locations, local policies and natural environment, etc. (2) As far as the distribution of poverty-stricken villages is concerned, there exists a spatially heterogeneous distribution, presenting a typical sandwich-shaped structure that is sparse in both eastern and northwestern China while dense in both central and southwestern China, where different levels of dotted poverty kernels are scattered, and 3 first-level kernels, 6 secondary kernels and many tertiary kernels of poverty hotspots exist obviously. However, a grey poverty area called "transition zone", located between High-High and Low-Low poverty-stricken areas, is found in central China where the distribution of poverty-stricken villages does not show a significant spatial autocorrelation. (3) The multidimensional characteristics of poverty-stricken villages represent a globally strong spatial dependence with a Moran's I coefficient of 0. 55; however, both High-High areas and Low-Low areas are distributed intensively while both High-Low areas and Low-High areas are distributed discretely, overall showing a stepped distribution pattern that is "west-high vs. east-low". This study could help precisely target the poverty situation of the poverty-stricken villages in rural China, and also may provide a good understanding of the status and regional differences among villages at a village scale. On the other hand, it could serve as a scientific reference regarding decisions-making in both promoting intra-rural anti-poverty harmonious development and in constructing the new countryside of China.

This paper aims for a better understanding of the mutual relationship between national polices and migrant mobilities. The theoretical background is given by the threshold approach that we have developed on borders, mobility and migration. Central in this approach are the mental processes individuals who (want to) move in space are involved in. During this process they have to decide on three geographical thresholds. The first threshold concerns the idea to become mobile, to leave the familiar places and to cross national borders (for many people not that obvious), the second the location of the destination and its borders and 'bordering', and the third concerns the mobility trajectories or routes. Examples are presented from the EU and the ASEAN, respectively the crossing of borders between the Netherlands and Germany, mobility in the EU during the 2008 financial crisis, the 2015/16 flows of refugees crossing the Turkish-EU border, Philippine labour emigration and the Indonesian-Malaysian migration corridor. Finally, the approach and cases will be discussed in relation to policies and governance with regard to mobility and borders.

基于2000年和2010年人口普查数据,利用多种指标和方法研究了中国省际人口迁移的格局演变及其对城镇化的影响。研究发现：省际迁入和迁出人口在空间分布上均呈分散化态势,迁入迁出重心均向北向东偏移,迁入地由广东省&#x0201c;一枝独秀&#x0201d;向多极化演变,安徽、四川、河南、湖南成为新的四大迁出地。利用净迁移流构建的省际人口迁移网络,表现出紧凑化和均衡化趋势;迁移流仍然是从中西部地区指向东部地区,但新增加迁移流集中指向长三角、京津以及福建。综合考虑省际人口迁移强度和方向,可将全国31个地区划分为净流入型活跃区、平衡型活跃区、净流出型活跃区以及非活跃区四种类型。省际迁移改变了迁入地和迁出地的城乡人口结构,通过不同模式促进了城镇化率的提高和省际差异的缩小,对2000-2010年全国城镇化率增加的贡献占到了18.13%。

Since China's reform and opening up in 1978, the scale of inter-provincial migration increased sharply, especially from 2000 to 2010. The redistribution of inter-provincial migration has had significant influences on China's urbanization and socio-economic development. Using data from China's 2000 and 2010 censuses, this paper investigates inter-provincial migration by describing its spatial patterns and estimating its impacts on urbanization development with various indictors, such as geographic concentration index, gravity center of migration, composite index of migration, network analysis, and coefficient of variation. The results are as follows: 1) There have been escalating dispersion trends for the distribution of in- and out-migration, especially the out-migration. At the same time, the gravity center of in- and out-migration both move towards north and east. Besides, the destinations of migration has shifted from one single polar (Guangdong) in 2000 to multi-polar (Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Beijing, Fujian) in 2010; while Anhui, Sichuan, Henan and Hunan become the new top four sources of migration in 2010. 2) With the rapid growth of floating population, the network trend of inter-provincial migration is more prominent. Overall, the migration network of 2010 becomes more compacted, connective and balanced than that of 2000. At the regional scale, the migration of population is mainly from central and western to eastern China. The eastern region become the main destinations, while the central and western regions of China have become the main sources of inter-provincial migration, especially the "mid-belt subsiding" is more prominent. At the provincial scale, the increased migration flows mainly to Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing, Tianjin, Fujian, etc. Besides, the migration flows formulate different models due to the effects of regional development disparities, migration distance and migration stocks. 3) The regional types of inter-provincial migration could be divided into four kinds: active regions have a larger floating population and their in-migration is much more than out-migration, which is mainly located in the eastern coastal provinces and Xinjiang; active regions have a larger floating population and their out-migration is much more than in-migration, which is mainly located in the central and western China; active regions have a larger floating population and their in-migration is nearly equal to out-migration; inactive regions have a smaller floating population, such as some provinces with a large ethnic minorities population. 4) Inter-provincial migration has a positive effect on the development of urbanization. It contributes to 18.13% of the increment of urbanization rate and it also narrows the disparities of urbanization rate among provinces, during 2000-2010. However, migrant workers account for most of the inter-provincial migration, and make great contributions to the development of urban socio-economy, but they cannot share the same identity with the citizens due to the household registration system. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the reform of household registration system and promote the citizenization of migrant workers.