文化差异视角下中国区域间企业投资网络与选择机制——以制造业上市公司为例
袁丰(1982-),男,江苏无锡人,研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事城市和区域发展研究。E-mail: fyuan@niglas.ac.cn |
收稿日期: 2022-08-22
录用日期: 2023-01-31
网络出版日期: 2023-07-04
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42171189)
国家自然科学基金项目(42001138)
国家自然科学基金项目(42101178)
Interregional investment network and its matching mechanism in China: Through a relational lens of cultural differences
Received date: 2022-08-22
Accepted date: 2023-01-31
Online published: 2023-07-04
企业跨区域投资决策深度嵌入复杂多元的地方文化-制度情境,解析文化差异的多维影响有助于更好理解企业异地投资行为和区域间交互作用机制。本文在刻画中国制造业上市公司异地扩张和网络演化的基础上,基于文化差异视角,探讨投出地与投入地文化特征以及两者间文化距离三重维度因素对区域间企业投资意愿和投资规模的影响机制。利用两阶段Heckman-Hurdle随机效应模型,在控制投入地和投出地经济社会和制度特征以及区域间地理、制度和经济距离的基础上,本文重点分析了2312家沪深两地主板上市的制造业企业在2007—2016年间异地投资行为背后的文化逻辑。研究表明:中国上市公司异地投资网络演化过程中“邻近扩张”与“跳跃扩张”并存,形成了以京津冀、长三角、粤港澳、成渝四大城市群为顶点的“菱形”网络结构并不断强化。文化差异的三重维度共同影响了中国区域间企业投资网络与选择,较高的投出地冒险倾向和投入地信任水平、较小的区域间文化距离,有利于提升区域间企业异地投资意愿和投资规模。不同经济规模城市组的比较研究表明,文化距离会降低所有规模城市组内部及之间的投资规模,但仅显著降低经济规模相对较小城市组之间的投资意愿。本文有利于拓展区域文化对企业地理、投资区位选择、总部-子公司网络结构影响的认识。
袁丰 , 于灵慧 , 赵岩 , 蔡媛媛 , 吴加伟 . 文化差异视角下中国区域间企业投资网络与选择机制——以制造业上市公司为例[J]. 地理研究, 2023 , 42(7) : 1810 -1827 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020220893
Decoding the influences of cultural differences on cross-regional investments can help to better understand the off-site investment behaviors of enterprises, which are considered to be deeply embedded in complex and diverse local cultural-institutional contexts. This study attempts to reveal the driving mechanism of the cultural differences, including cultural distances and positions between/of city pairs, based on data of 16897 investment behaviors of 2312 main board-listed manufacturing enterprises in Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2007 to 2016. Based on the perspective of cultural difference relationship proposed by Drogendijk and Holm (2012), this study refines the concept of cultural position as ability of risk-taking and degree of trust. Network analysis indicates that adjacent expansion and leaping expansion coexist in the process of the evolution of the off-site investment network of listed companies in China, forming a diamond-shaped network structure with the four major urban agglomerations of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao, and Chengdu-Chongqing as the apex. Moreover, through Heckman-Hurdle's two- stage regression, this study showed that cultural distances and positions jointly affect the off-site firm networks and matching mechanisms of investment willingness and scale. The comparative study of city groups with different economic scales shows that cultural distance will reduce the investment scale within and among all city groups, but only significantly reduce the investment willingness among city groups with relatively small economic scales. Compared with existing research, the contributions of this article are as follows: first, it expands the discussion of the headquarters subsidiary network from the perspective of regional cultural differences, especially redefining regional cultural positions (cultural characteristics) from adventurous tendencies and trust levels, forming a three-dimensional explanatory framework. Second, the differences and similarities in the impact of regional cultural characteristics and cultural distance on cross-regional investment willingness and scale were distinguished and compared, preliminarily revealing the complexity and dynamics of enterprise relocation decision-making. Finally, the difference in the impact of cultural characteristics between the investment locations on regional investment was distinguished, which, to some extent, avoided the issue of inconsistency caused by using a single dimension of cultural distance measurement. However, there is still potential for deepening the study of cultural differences on the willingness and scale of cross-regional investment, especially the impact of initial investment in different places on the formation and evolution of subsequent investment networks.
表1 变量说明Tab. 1 Variables explanation |
一级指标 | 二级指标(变量) | 描述 | 数据来源 |
---|---|---|---|
投出地文化特征 | 冒险倾向性指数(ARISKIN) | 所有投在市外的子公司数量占投出地上市公司所有子公司的比重(%) | 根据投出地上市公司子公司情况整理 |
投入地文化特征 | 地方信任水平(BTRUST) | 所有外来投资的子公司数量与投入地上市公司子公司的比重(%) | 根据投出地上市公司子公司情况整理 |
投入地-投出地文化距离 | 文化距离(ABCULTURE) | 两个城市间是否属于同一文化区。虚拟变量,0代表“是”,1代表“否” | [23] |
投出地控制变量 | 投出地投资能力(AOUTINV) | 投出地的年末金融机构存款余额(亿元) | [42] |
投出地城市等级(ACR) | 投出地城市的行政等级。虚拟变量,“1”代表直辖市或副省级城市或计划单列市或省会城市,“0”代表其他城市 | 本文整理 | |
投出地上市公司投资能力(ASUBFIRM) | 投出地上市公司所有子公司数量(个) | 根据投出地上市公司子公司情况整理 | |
投出地市场化指数(AMARKET) | [42] | ||
投入地控制变量 | 投入地外资吸引力(BFDI) | 投入地的外商投资企业占所有企业的比重(%) | [42] |
投入地劳动力工资水平(BWAGE) | 投入地的在岗职工平均工资(元) | [42] | |
投入地外来人口吸引力(BIMMIG) | 投入地常住人口与户籍人口的比值与净流入人口与户籍人口的比值乘积来计算 | [43] | |
投入地城市等级(BCR) | 投入地城市的行政等级。虚拟变量,“1”代表直辖市或副省级城市或计划单列市或省会城市,“0”代表其他城市 | 本文整理 | |
投入地市场化指数(BMARKET) | [42] | ||
投入地-投出地控制变量 | 地理距离(ABGEODIS) | 两个城市之间的直线距离(km) | 根据城市经纬度计算 |
高铁连接性(ABHSR) | 两个城市是否都有高铁站。虚拟变量,1代表“是”,0代表“否” | 本文整理 | |
制度距离(ABINSDIS) | 两个城市是否属于同一省份。虚拟变量,1代表“是”,0代表“否” | 本文整理 | |
经济引力指数(ABECON) | 两个城市GDP按照引力模型计算的结果 | [42] |
图6 2007—2011年和2012—2016年上市公司投资网络注: 该图基于自然资源部地图技术审查中心标准地图(审图号为 GS(2020)4619号)绘制,底图边界无修改。 Fig. 6 The investment networks of listed companies in China for 2007-2011 and 2012-2016 |
表2 主要变量相关系数Tab. 2 Correlation matrix of independent variables |
ARISKIN | BTRUST | ABCULTURE | |
---|---|---|---|
ARISKIN | 1.000 | ||
BTRUST | 0.021 | 1.000 | |
ABCULTURE | -0.005 | -0.047 | 1.000 |
表3 变量描述性统计Tab. 3 Descriptive statistics of variables |
变量名 | 观测值(个) | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IFINV | 532220 | 0.009 | 0.097 | 0 | 1 |
INV | 532220 | 0.012 | 0.144 | 0 | 15 |
ARISKIN | 532220 | 53.632 | 44.752 | 0 | 100 |
BTRUST | 532220 | 0.505 | 0.466 | 0 | 1 |
ABCULTURE | 520381 | 0.674 | 0.469 | 0 | 1 |
AOUTINV | 516564 | 20462942 | 45260216 | 0 | 5.662e8 |
ACR | 532220 | 0.166 | 0.372 | 0 | 1 |
lnASUBFIRM | 502700 | 2.769 | 1.402 | 0 | 7.146 |
AMARKET | 532220 | 9.985 | 2.245 | 3.339 | 16.949 |
BFDI | 515305 | 4.664 | 5.364 | 0 | 35.632 |
lnBWAGE | 515122 | 10.481 | 0.401 | 8.509 | 12.678 |
BIMMIG | 532220 | 0.140 | 0.111 | -0.197 | 0.651 |
BCR | 532220 | 0.105 | 0.306 | 0 | 1 |
BMARKET | 530420 | 9.842 | 2.285 | 3.339 | 16.949 |
lnABGEODIS | 532220 | 6.885 | 0.686 | 1.730 | 8.313 |
ABHSR | 532220 | 0.175 | 0.380 | 0 | 1 |
ABINSDIS | 532220 | 0.041 | 0.199 | 0 | 1 |
ABECON | 503648 | 6.534e8 | 2.611e12 | 0 | 6.388e12 |
表4 文化相关变量的描述性统计及其对上市公司投资选择的影响机制Tab. 4 Descriptive statistics of cultural variables and their effects on investment choices of listed companies |
全部城市 | 大城市到大城市 | 大城市到中小城市 | 中小城市到大城市 | 中小城市到中小城市 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
模型1 | 模型2 | 模型3 | 模型4 | 模型5 | 模型6 | 模型7 | 模型8 | 模型9 | 模型10 | |||||
ARISKIN | 0.008*** | 0.039*** | 0.015*** | 0.074*** | 0.010*** | 0.039*** | 0.011*** | 0.066*** | 0.008*** | 0.016*** | ||||
BTRUST | 0.891*** | 3.788*** | 0.511* | 3.097*** | 1.128*** | 3.906*** | 0.548*** | 3.151*** | 0.926*** | 1.766** | ||||
ABCULTURE | -0.062*** | -0.280*** | -0.113 | -0.568*** | -0.060 | -0.139*** | -0.059 | -0.233*** | -0.053** | -0.097** | ||||
AOUTINV | 3.36e-02*** | 1.48e-8*** | 2.62e-8*** | 1.32e-08*** | 7.44e-8*** | 2.57e-8*** | 2.35e-8*** | 1.35e-8*** | 6.50e-8*** | 1.25e-08*** | ||||
ACR | 0.034** | 0.056** | -0.432*** | -2.326*** | -0.093** | -0.431*** | -0.016 | -0.027 | 0.047** | 0.067 | ||||
lnASUBFIRM | 0.417*** | 1.948*** | 0.629*** | 3.527*** | 0.356*** | 1.380*** | 0.464*** | 2.653*** | 0.325*** | 0.649*** | ||||
AMARKET | -0.022*** | -0.109*** | -0.008 | 0.030 | -0.061*** | -0.195*** | -0.003 | -0.026* | -0.005 | -0.014** | ||||
BFDI | 0.021*** | 0.092*** | 0.002 | 0.019** | 0.017*** | 0.071*** | 0.002 | 0.012*** | 0.014*** | 0.027** | ||||
lnBWAGE | 0.030 | 0.226*** | -0.037 | -0.198 | 0.155** | 0.601*** | 0.016 | 0.140 | -0.039 | -0.032 | ||||
BIMMIG | -0.478*** | -2.297*** | -0.127 | -0.018 | -0.311* | -1.149*** | 0.122 | 0.540 | -0.280*** | -0.562** | ||||
BCR | 0.291*** | 1.312*** | 0.044 | -0.047 | 0.229*** | 0.869*** | 0.037 | 0.189* | 0.107*** | 0.224*** | ||||
BMARKET | -0.008** | -0.036*** | -0.085** | -0.481*** | 0.004 | 0.005 | -0.083*** | -0.437*** | -0.005 | -0.006 | ||||
lnABGEODIS | -0.118*** | -0.496*** | 0.116 | 0.633*** | -0.193*** | -0.792*** | -0.084** | -0.572*** | -0.089*** | -0.138** | ||||
ABHSR | 0.059*** | 0.258*** | -0.121 | -0.611*** | 0.069** | 0.239*** | 0.022 | 0.053 | -0.022 | -0.047* | ||||
ABINSDIS | 0.536*** | 2.567*** | 0.044 | -0.071 | 0.339*** | 1.238*** | 0.835*** | 4.712*** | 0.529*** | 1.109*** | ||||
ABECON | 9.82e-16 | 6.45e-16*** | 1.02e-12*** | 5.00e-12*** | 7.69e-16 | 2.50e-16*** | -1.60e-16 | -1.11e-12*** | 1.53e-12 | 3.26e-12*** | ||||
IMR | 5.113*** | 6.755*** | 4.254*** | 6.584*** | 2.135** | |||||||||
常数 | -4.663*** | -24.27*** | -4.636*** | -29.996*** | -5.118*** | -20.729*** | -3.664*** | -24.331*** | -4.035*** | -8.735** | ||||
观测值(个) | 476985 | 4967 | 1548 | 442 | 35373 | 1312 | 19990 | 1118 | 420074 | 2095 |
注:***、**和*分别表示p<0.01、p<0.05 和p<0.1。 |
真诚感谢二位匿名评审专家在论文评审中所付出的时间和精力,专家对本文的研究思路、回归模型、指标选取、行文规范方面的修改意见,使本文获益匪浅。
[1] |
|
[2] |
|
[3] |
|
[4] |
|
[5] |
|
[6] |
|
[7] |
|
[8] |
|
[9] |
|
[10] |
|
[11] |
|
[12] |
|
[13] |
|
[14] |
|
[15] |
|
[16] |
|
[17] |
|
[18] |
|
[19] |
|
[20] |
|
[21] |
戴亦一, 肖金利, 潘越. “乡音”能否降低公司代理成本? 基于方言视角的研究. 经济研究, 2016, 51(12): 147-160.
[
|
[22] |
|
[23] |
胡兆量, 韩茂莉, 阿尔斯朗, 等. 中国文化地理概述(第四版). 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2017.
[
|
[24] |
|
[25] |
徐宁, 李仙德. 上海上市公司对外投资网络演变及其影响因素研究. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(4): 553-566.
[
|
[26] |
|
[27] |
|
[28] |
王媛媛, 潘攀, 汤春玲. 高铁开通、地理位置与私募股权投资治理效果. 经济地理, 2021, 41(3): 144-151.
[
|
[29] |
王金杰, 李启航, 刘金铃. 高铁开通与企业经营空间的地理扩张: 基于2004-2018年上市公司子公司地理信息的实证分析. 经济地理, 2020, 40(8): 114-122.
[
|
[30] |
贺灿飞, 金璐璐, 刘颖. 多维邻近性对中国出口产品空间演化的影响. 地理研究, 2017, 36(9): 1613-1626.
[
|
[31] |
|
[32] |
|
[33] |
|
[34] |
|
[35] |
赵龙凯, 岳衡, 矫堃. 出资国文化特征与合资企业风险关系探究. 经济研究, 2014, 49(1): 70-82.
[
|
[36] |
|
[37] |
曹春方, 夏常源, 钱先航. 地区间信任与集团异地发展: 基于企业边界理论的实证检验. 管理世界, 2019, 35(1): 179-191.
[
|
[38] |
|
[39] |
|
[40] |
|
[41] |
高翔, 龙小宁. 省级行政区划造成的文化分割会影响区域经济吗? 经济学(季刊), 2016, 15(2): 647-674.
[
|
[42] |
国家统计局. 中国城市统计年鉴2010. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2010.
[National Bureau of Statistics. China City Statistical Yearbook 2010. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2010.]
|
[43] |
国务院人口普查办公室, 国家统计局人口和就业统计司. 中国2010年人口普查资料. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2012.
[Census Office of the State Council, National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China Department of Population and Employment Statistics. China's 2010 Census. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2012.]
|
[44] |
朱晟君, 金文纨. 地方出口产品结构及制度环境与企业出口相关多样化. 地理学报, 2021, 76(2): 398-414.
[
|
[45] |
焦敬娟, 张齐林, 吴宇勇, 等. 中国异地投资网络结构演化及影响因素研究. 地理科学进展, 2021, 40(8): 1257-1268.
[
|
[46] |
曹春方, 周大伟, 吴澄澄, 等. 市场分割与异地子公司分布. 管理世界, 2015, (9): 92-103.
[
|
[47] |
马佐澎, 李诚固, 张平宇. 东北三省城镇收缩的特征及机制与响应. 地理学报, 2021, 76(4): 767-780.
[
|
[48] |
樊纲, 王小鲁, 张立文, 等. 中国各地区市场化相对进程报告. 经济研究, 2003, 3(10):9-18.
[
|
[49] |
孙晓华, 李明珊. 我国市场化进程的地区差异: 2001-2011 年. 改革, 2014, (6): 59-66.
[
|
[50] |
钟业喜, 陈琳, 黄洁. 中国500强的行业结构及其区域差异. 地理科学, 2017, 37(2): 190-199.
[
|
[51] |
盛科荣, 王云靓, 樊杰. 中国城市网络空间结构的演化特征及机理研究: 基于上市公司500强企业网络视角. 经济地理, 2019, 39(11): 84-93.
[
|
[52] |
吴加伟, 陈雯, 袁丰, 等. 中国企业本土并购双方的地理格局及其空间关联研究. 地理科学, 2019, 39(9): 1434-1445.
[
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |