福建海坛岛海岸沙地风蚀坑形态动力学与形态演化特征
|
张绍云(1992-),男,云南曲靖人,博士,讲师,研究方向为水土保持与荒漠化研究。E-mail: zhangshy56@mail2.sysu.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2022-11-16
录用日期: 2023-10-24
网络出版日期: 2024-01-09
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41871006)
Morphodynamics and morphological evolution characteristics of blowouts dunefields: A case study in Haitan Island, Fujian
Received date: 2022-11-16
Accepted date: 2023-10-24
Online published: 2024-01-09
风蚀坑作为一种沙地负地貌形态一直是风沙地貌学关注的焦点,对风蚀坑的研究有利于更好理解其形成演化及其动力机制。选择海岸风蚀坑发育具有典型代表性的海坛岛沿岸沙丘区,以碟形、半碗形、槽形风蚀坑为研究对象,利用RTK GPS技术及二维超声风速仪对风蚀坑形态重复测量与气流观测,采用“空代时”方法探讨了风蚀坑演化模式及其形态与气流反馈机制。结果表明:① 碟形风蚀坑形态沿盛行风向向侵蚀盆后部扩大加深并形成陡坎,入口则沿盛行风向呈后退趋势;半碗形风蚀坑形态沿盛行风向扩展并突入侵蚀壁形成破口,不断扩大加深;槽形风蚀坑侵蚀盆沿盛行风向向积沙区扩展且东侧壁形成分叉并逐渐向后部延伸。② 来流风向与风蚀坑形态影响坑体内气流场分布,而坑体内部不同部位流速差异则促使不同部位发生侵蚀或堆积。③ 风蚀坑演化模式为沙斑或缺口的产生→碟形风蚀坑→半碗形风蚀坑→槽形风蚀坑扩大并消亡四个阶段,地表植被在整个演化过程中起关键作用。其中,受形态与深度限制促使半碗形风蚀坑向槽形风蚀坑转变,槽形风蚀坑则不断扩大形成分叉逐渐走向消亡。
张绍云 , 董玉祥 , 哈斯额尔敦 , 黄德全 . 福建海坛岛海岸沙地风蚀坑形态动力学与形态演化特征[J]. 地理研究, 2024 , 43(1) : 255 -271 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020221266
Blowouts, developed over the dunefield, as a type of coastal aeolian landforms, have been the focus of aeolian geomorphology research. Meanwhile, the core issue of studying blowout is the model of development and evolution of blowout and feedback mechanism between blowout aerodynamic and morphodynamics. Choosing the typical area of blowouts developing in Haitan Island, we investigated the morphodynamics and aerodynamics of the saucer, half-bowl and trough blowouts by conducting field monitoring. Real Time Kinematic GPS was used to topography survey and 2D ultrasound anemometers were to explore wind flow dynamics. "Space for time substitution" has been used to explore the evolution models of blowouts and feedback mechanism between aeolian process and blowouts morphological development. The results show that: (1) The trailing edge of saucer blowout enlarges and erosional basin gets steeper till a scarp occurs along prevailing wind direction. The entrance tends to recede as wind flow approaching. Half-bowl blowout expands and is deepened and the erosional wall is broken into the outlet. The erosional basin of trough blowout enlarges into deflation zone, the east-hand erosional wall is broken and extends the trailing edge. (2) The airflow distribution pattern within the blowout is influenced by wind direction and blowout topography, and the flow velocity fluctuation within blowout determine the erosion and deposition at different spots. (3) The evolution model for blowout can be concluded that erosion notches are initiated, and developed into a saucer blowout, till enlarged into the half-bowl shape blowout, turn into the trough blowout and die out. The vegetation cover plays an important role in the entire evolution cycles, especially the half-bowl shape blowout transfers into trough blowout, and trough blowout enlarges until it dies out, as a result of topography influence and depth limits. Therefore, by analyzing and exploring the morphological changes, morphology and dynamics mechanisms, and evolution patterns of blowouts in the degenerated area of Haitan Island, this study will provide an in-depth understanding of the morphology-dynamics feedback mechanisms, and evolution patterns in the degradation process of coastal blowouts, and will be conducive to providing better scientific guidance for the prevention and treatment of coastal blowouts, so as to better cope with global climate change in terms of the destruction of coastal littoral habitats, erosion of foredunes and shoreline retreat, and the human properties lost, which is of great scientific significance and application value.
Key words: blowout; morphological change; surface airflow; form-flow feedback; evolution
表1 风蚀坑形态特征统计Tab. 1 Statistics on morphological characteristics of blowout |
| 风蚀坑 | 面积 (m2) | 长轴走向 (°) | 长轴长 (m) | 宽度 (m) | 深度 (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 碟形 | 59.13 | 218 | 6.03 | 6.58 | 0.80 |
| 半碗形 | 135.65 | 140 | 12.20 | 11.03 | 2.20 |
| 槽形 | 408.76 | 185 | 23.70 | 15.00 | 2.20 |
表2 不同时段风蚀坑侵蚀/堆积形态参数Tab. 2 Morphological parameters of blowout erosion/accumulation at different time periods (m) |
| 类型 | 测量时段 | 长 | 宽 | 深 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 入口 | 出口 | 西侧壁(前部, 后部) | 东侧壁(前部, 后部) | 侵蚀盆 | ||||
| 碟形 | 测量1~测量3 | -0.29 | 0.51 | 0, 0 | -0.47, 0.35 | — | ||
| 测量3~测量4 | 0 | 0.14 | 0, 0 | 0.11, 0.28 | -0.33 | |||
| 测量3~测量7 | -0.29 | 0.78 | 0, 0 | -0.44, 0.81 | -0.68 | |||
| 测量1~测量7 | -0.58 | 1.29 | 0, 0 | -0.91, 1.16 | — | |||
| 半碗形 | 测量1~测量3 | 0 | 0.60 | 0, 0.25 | 0, 0.23 | — | ||
| 测量3~测量4 | 0 | 0.74 | 0, 0.24 | 0, 0.21 | -0.44 | |||
| 测量3~测量7 | 0 | 2.13 | 0, 0.83 | 0, 0.34 | -0.21 | |||
| 测量1~测量7 | 0 | 2.19 | 0, 1.08 | 0, 0.57 | — | |||
| 槽形 | 测量1~测量3 | 0 | 0.21 | 0, 0.32 | 0, 0.33 | — | ||
| 测量3~测量4 | 0 | 0.42 | 0, 0.18 | 0, 0.24 | 0.32 | |||
| 测量3~测量7 | 0 | 4.90 | 0, 0.35 | 0, 0.76 | 0.85 | |||
| 测量1~测量7 | 0 | 5.11 | 0, 0.67 | 0, 1.09 | — | |||
注:“—”表示无数据,“0”表示几乎无变化。 |
表3 参考站风况条件(z=2 m)Tab. 3 Wind conditions during airflow observations measured at the top of the reference tower (z=2.0 m) |
| 类型 | 合成风速 (m/s) | 合成风向 (°) | 风速 标准差 | 风向 标准差 | Fs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 碟形 | 1.04 | 48 | 0.25 | 19 | 0.23 |
| 半碗形 | 1.40 | 338 | 0.34 | 23 | 0.47 |
| 槽形 | 8.23 | 17 | 0.45 | 2 | 0.06 |
注:z为风杆的高度。 |
| [1] |
|
| [2] |
|
| [3] |
|
| [4] |
|
| [5] |
|
| [6] |
|
| [7] |
|
| [8] |
|
| [9] |
|
| [10] |
|
| [11] |
|
| [12] |
孙禹, 杜会石, 刘美萍, 等. 风蚀坑形态-动力学研究进展. 地理科学, 2015, 35(7): 898-904.
[
|
| [13] |
|
| [14] |
张德平, 王效科, 哈斯, 等. 呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑研究(I): 形态、分类、研究意义. 中国沙漠, 2006, 26(6): 894-902.
[
|
| [15] |
张萍, 哈斯, 王帅, 等. 呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑积沙区的植被分带性. 自然资源学报, 2008, 23(2): 237-244.
[
|
| [16] |
王帅, 哈斯. 呼伦贝尔沙质草原槽形风蚀坑表面气流特征. 中国水土保持科学, 2009, 7(2): 80-85.
[
|
| [17] |
李双权, 哈斯, 杜会石, 等. 沙质草地碟形风蚀坑形态-气流相互作用. 中国沙漠, 2012, 32(5): 1201-1209.
[
|
| [18] |
孙禹, 杜会石, 哈斯, 等. 固定沙丘风蚀坑风沙动力学观测研究. 地理学报, 2016, 71(9): 1562-1570.
[
|
| [19] |
|
| [20] |
车雪华, 罗万银, 邵梅, 等. 青海共和盆地不同发育阶段风蚀坑表面气流场与形态反馈研究. 地球科学进展, 2021, 36(1): 95-109.
[
|
| [21] |
张德平, 孙宏伟, 王效科, 等. 呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑研究(Ⅱ): 发育过程. 中国沙漠, 2007, 27(1): 20-24.
[
|
| [22] |
王帅, 哈斯. 沙质草原槽形风蚀坑表面沉积物粒度特征. 水土保持通报, 2008, 28(6): 122-125.
[
|
| [23] |
张惜伟, 汪季, 高永, 等. 呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑表层土壤粒度特征. 干旱区研究, 2017, 34(2): 293-299.
[
|
| [24] |
王中原, 罗万银, 董治宝, 等. 共和盆地高寒草原风蚀坑表层沉积物粒度特征及动力学意义. 中国沙漠, 2017, 37(1): 7-16.
[
|
| [25] |
周炎广, 陈惠中, 管超, 等. 呼伦贝尔沙地风蚀坑粒度特征及其环境意义. 中国沙漠, 2018, 38(4): 724-733.
[
|
| [26] |
|
| [27] |
李双权, 哈斯, 马玉凤, 等. 沙质草地风蚀坑动态演变特征. 干旱区研究, 2014, 31(5): 955-960.
[
|
| [28] |
|
| [29] |
|
| [30] |
张绍云, 董玉祥. 海岸沙地风蚀坑形态-动力学研究进展. 地球科学进展, 2019, 34(10): 1028-1037.
[
|
| [31] |
|
| [32] |
|
| [33] |
|
| [34] |
|
| [35] |
|
| [36] |
|
| [37] |
|
| [38] |
|
| [39] |
|
| [40] |
|
| [41] |
|
| [42] |
|
| [43] |
吴学忠. 平潭岛全新世孢粉组合及其地质意义. 福建师范大学学报(自然科学版), 1988, 4(3): 87-97.
[
|
| [44] |
董玉祥, 黄德全, 张雪琴. 海岸沙丘形态对台风响应的初步观测. 地理研究, 2016, 35(10): 1925-1934.
[
|
| [45] |
杨林, 董玉祥, 黄德全, 等. 海岸沙席形态及近表层沉积物粒度对台风的响应. 地理科学, 2017, 37(8): 1243-1250.
[
|
| [46] |
张绍云. 海岸前丘风蚀坑形态变化及其动力学机制研究:以中国平潭岛为例. 广州: 中山大学博士学位论文, 2022: 49-131.
[
|
| [47] |
张文开, 李祖光, 汪榕光. 海坛岛风沙地貌类型与形成发育. 福建地理, 1995, 10(1): 31-36.
[
|
| [48] |
黄德全, 董玉祥, 哈斯, 等. 多站差分RTKGPS技术在海岸风沙观测中的应用. 中山大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 46(4): 121-124.
[
|
| [49] |
|
| [50] |
|
| [51] |
吴正, 黄山, 胡守真, 等. 华南海岸风沙地貌研究. 北京: 科学出版社, 1995.
[
|
| [52] |
|
| [53] |
孙小雲, 房彦杰, 赵景峰, 等. 塔克拉玛干沙漠输沙势时空分布特征. 干旱区地理, 2020, 43(1): 38-47.
[
|
| [54] |
|
| [55] |
|
| [56] |
|
| [57] |
|
| [58] |
|
| [59] |
|
| [60] |
|
| [61] |
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |