双视角、双维度下超大城市的通勤效率——以上海市为例
岳丽莹(1988-),女,山东省莘县人,博士,主要研究方向为人口地理学。E-mail: yliying128@shu.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2023-07-03
录用日期: 2023-10-30
网络出版日期: 2024-02-04
基金资助
教育部人文社会科学青年基金项目(23YJCZH287)
中国博士后科学基金项目(2023M732174)
上海市浦江人才计划(22PJC049)
上海市哲学社会科学规划课题(2023BCK003)
Commuting efficiency in dual dimensions of education and travel mode in Shanghai from the perspectives of average distance and spatial organization
Received date: 2023-07-03
Accepted date: 2023-10-30
Online published: 2024-02-04
居住-就业空间配置决定居民通勤行为,开展通勤效率研究对优化职住空间分布,解决城市交通问题尤为重要,但已有研究鲜有从双视角(平均通勤距离与通勤空间组织)、双维度(学历与出行方式)对其进行考察。以上海市为例,基于2015年1%人口抽样调查数据,采用过剩通勤指标,从双视角、双维度深入分析超大城市的通勤效率及其群体异质性。研究表明:① 整体上,上海市52.12%的居民出行属于过剩通勤,使用了15.38% 的通勤容量,表明城市职住关系优化潜力较大。② 具体维度上,不同学历、出行方式的通勤效率存在明显差异。相较于小汽车出行,公共交通出行的通勤效率更低,职住关系优化空间更大,尤其是低学历就业者。与单一维度相比,双维度的交叉分析呈现更加复杂的结果。③ 视角上,平均通勤距离和通勤空间组织之间存在非线性关系。对于公共交通出行,低学历就业者的实际通勤距离大于高学历就业者,但前者的通勤空间组织更为有序。同时,过剩通勤指标表明相较于短通勤模式,长通勤模式不一定是低效率、无序的。以上结果强调了基于双视角、双维度研究通勤效率的重要性和必要性。此外,值得注意的是,低学历-公共交通出行的职住平衡程度最低,城市应该在未来保障性住房、公共交通体系建设方面更加关注低技能、低收入等弱势群体。
岳丽莹 , 朱宇 , 李开明 . 双视角、双维度下超大城市的通勤效率——以上海市为例[J]. 地理研究, 2024 , 43(2) : 429 -445 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020230532
The jobs-housing spatial relationship determines urban residents' commuting behavior. Research on commuting efficiency is of great significance for optimizing urban spatial structure and alleviating urban traffic problems such as congestion. However, few studies have examined commuting efficiency from dual perspectives (average trip length and spatial organization) and dual dimensions (education level and travel mode). Based on data at sub-district scale from the 1% National Population Sampling Survey in 2015, this paper describes the characteristics of urban commuting efficiency from the perspectives of average travel distance and spatial organization under the excess commuting framework, and explores its heterogeneity across education level and travel mode subgroups in Shanghai. The results show that: (1) 52.12% of the commuting trips belong to excess commuting, and only 15.38% of the commuting capacity is used, which indicates that great capacity exists for optimizing the jobs-housing spatial relationship in Shanghai. (2) There is a significant difference in commuting efficiency across education level and travel mode subgroups. Compared with low education level and car travel, high education level and public transportation travel have a lower degree of commuting efficiency, and a greater potential for jobs-housing relationship optimization. There is an interaction between education level and travel mode. For car travel, the commuting distance of high education subgroup is much greater than that of low education subgroup, but for public transport travel, the trend is opposite. (3) There is a non-linear relationship between the average commuting distance and commuting spatial organization. The bi-dimensional cross analysis shows that the long commuting pattern is not necessarily inefficient and disorderly, and the short commuting pattern is not necessarily efficient and orderly. The above results emphasize the importance of studying commuting efficiency based on dual dimensions and dual perspectives. In addition, it is worth noting that less educated workers by public transit have the highest degree of jobs-housing separation, and the poorest job accessibility. Therefore, urban planners should pay more attention to low-skilled, low-income and other disadvantaged workers in affordable housing and public transportation system in the future.
Key words: jobs-housing balance; excess commuting; commuting efficiency; Shanghai
表1 通勤效率指标计算结果Tab. 1 Results of commuting efficiency metrics |
分组 | P (%) | (km) | (km) | (km) | EC (%) | NEC (%) | NEH (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
全样本 | 100 | 4.01 | 8.37 | 32.36 | 0.253 | 5.50 | 8.03 | 10.07 | 52.12 | 15.38 | 55.22 | ||
学历 | |||||||||||||
低学历 | 7.75 | 4.16 | 5.14 | 39.22 | 0.541 | 5.01 | 5.92 | 9.47 | 18.90 | 2.77 | 20.34 | ||
中学历 | 54.42 | 3.97 | 6.75 | 35.50 | 0.335 | 5.35 | 7.21 | 9.91 | 41.19 | 8.83 | 40.83 | ||
高学历 | 37.82 | 4.17 | 11.35 | 25.12 | 0.156 | 5.54 | 8.93 | 9.88 | 63.26 | 34.28 | 78.03 | ||
出行方式 | |||||||||||||
非机动 | 55.72 | 3.82 | 4.81 | 36.05 | 0.582 | 5.31 | 6.37 | 9.92 | 20.64 | 3.08 | 23.03 | ||
小汽车 | 19.08 | 4.48 | 11.88 | 32.79 | 0.162 | 5.50 | 8.51 | 9.88 | 62.32 | 26.16 | 68.79 | ||
公共交通 | 25.19 | 5.04 | 13.84 | 21.85 | 0.107 | 5.54 | 9.30 | 9.73 | 63.61 | 52.36 | 89.68 | ||
出行方式 | |||||||||||||
低学历 非机动 | 7.17 | 4.17 | 4.72 | 39.71 | 0.677 | 4.98 | 5.62 | 9.41 | 11.65 | 1.55 | 14.50 | ||
低学历 小汽车 | 0.35 | 5.33 | 8.70 | 38.95 | 0.257 | 5.01 | 6.63 | 8.98 | 38.71 | 10.01 | 40.95 | ||
低学历 公共交通 | 0.23 | 6.56 | 15.91 | 34.90 | 0.115 | 5.30 | 8.46 | 9.41 | 58.77 | 32.98 | 77.03 | ||
中学历 非机动 | 39.91 | 3.94 | 4.91 | 36.78 | 0.568 | 5.23 | 6.25 | 9.84 | 19.87 | 2.90 | 22.10 | ||
中学历 小汽车 | 7.21 | 4.59 | 10.45 | 37.47 | 0.196 | 5.35 | 7.84 | 9.71 | 56.10 | 17.83 | 57.07 | ||
中学历 公共交通 | 7.30 | 5.26 | 14.20 | 25.53 | 0.115 | 5.61 | 9.27 | 9.89 | 62.98 | 44.11 | 85.44 | ||
高学历 非机动 | 8.64 | 3.02 | 4.35 | 28.22 | 0.586 | 5.43 | 6.98 | 10.06 | 30.49 | 5.26 | 33.34 | ||
高学历 小汽车 | 11.52 | 4.57 | 12.87 | 29.10 | 0.139 | 5.51 | 8.77 | 9.77 | 64.51 | 33.85 | 76.58 | ||
高学历 公共交通 | 17.66 | 5.06 | 13.66 | 20.04 | 0.101 | 5.48 | 9.23 | 9.57 | 62.94 | 57.42 | 91.78 |
注:P指的是通勤量占比。 |
真诚感谢匿名评审专家在论文评审中所付出的时间和精力,专家对本文研究方法、结果分析、结论梳理方面提出的宝贵意见,使本文获益匪浅。致谢:真诚感谢匿名评审专家在论文评审中所付出的时间和精力,专家对本文研究方法、结果分析、结论梳理方面提出的宝贵意见,使本文获益匪浅。
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